Yakanyorwa naarchimandrite assoc. Prof. Pavel Stefanov, Shumen University "Bhishopi Konstantin Preslavski" - Bulgaria
Kuona Jerusarema rakazara nechiedza chomudzimu chinopenya kunonakidza uye kwakasiyana nemamwe. Riri pakati pemakomo marefu ari mumahombekombe emupata wakadzika, guta racho rinogara richipenya risingaori. Kunyange dai yakanga isina revo yakati yenhau, yaizongomutsa mirangariro yakasimba nechitarisiko chayo chisina kujairika. Inoonekwa kubva panhongonya dzeSkopos neEleon, iyo horizoni yakazara nemasvingo ekare uye shongwe, madhiri akashongedzwa, shongwe, zvisaririra zvinoputsika kubva panguva dzeRoma neArab. Kuripoteredza kune mipata nemateru, anoshandurwa kuita patsangadzi yakakura, yakasvibira inoshandura kunyange zvinhu zvechiedza. Maonero acho anonakidza.
Maererano netsika dzaMambo Dhavhidhi, anonzi Jebhusi. MuchiHebheru, Jerusarema rinoreva kuti “guta rorugare” (iyi etymology haina kunyatsodudzwa – pr), inova gangaidzo, nokuti munhoroondo yaro yemakore ane chiuru yakaziva nguva shomanana dzorugare. MuchiArabic, zita rayo ndi al-Quds, zvinoreva kuti "mutsvene". Iri iguta rekare reMiddle East riri pamvura pakati peMediterranean neGungwa Rakafa panzvimbo yakakwirira ye650-840 m. Inomiririra musanganiswa unoshamisa wezviyeuchidzo zvenhoroondo, tsika uye vanhu vane huwandu hukuru hwekuona. Kubva kare, guta diki redunhu iri rainzi “guvhu” kana kuti “pakati” renyika nokuda kwekukosha kwaro kwechitendero (saka rinodanwawo mumuporofita Ezekieri 5:5 – b. r). [I] Panguva dzakasiyana, Jerusarema raive humambo hweJudhiya, Nyika yeAlexander Mukuru, Seleucid Syria, Humambo hweRoma, Byzantium, Arab Caliphate, maCrusaders, Ayyubid State, Tatar-Mongols, the Mamluk, Humambo hweOttoman, uye Humambo hweBritish.[ii]
Nguva yeJerusarema inopfuura makore 3500.[1] Ongororo yezvinocherwa mumatongo yeguta iri, iro rine nzvimbo yakasarudzika munhoroondo yezvemweya yenyika, yakatanga muna 1864 uye inoenderera nanhasi.[2] Zita rokuti Shalem (Salem) rakatanga kutaurwa muna 2300 BC. mumagwaro eEbla (Syria) uye mune zvakanyorwa zveXII yemadzimambo eIjipiti. Maererano neimwe shanduro, ingangove yakatangira Jerusarema.[3] Muzana ramakore rechi 19 BC panotaurwa nezvaMerkizedeki, mambo weSaremu. Maererano neBhaibheri, akasangana naAbrahama namambo weSodhoma mushure mehondo yokukunda uye akamupa chingwa newaini, achitora chegumi kwavari ( Gen. 14:18-20 ). Mutsamba yeTestamente Itsva kuvaHebheru ( 5:6, 10; 6:20; 7:1, 10-11, 15, 17, 21 ) St. Muapostora Pauro anobvumikisa kukudzwa kwouprista kwaJesu Kristu munhevedzano yaMerkizedeki.
Muzana XIV remakore BC. panguva yekuchera kwakaitwa neMadzibaba eFrancisca akatenderedza "Dominus Flevit" ("Kuchema kwaIshe") chapel, zvinhu zveceramic uye zvevhu zvemuzana ramakore rechi 16 BC, pamwe nechishongo chechimiro che scarab beetle kubva kuEgypt. akawana. Kuwana mukana, seti yemahwendefa ecuneiform kubva kuTell el-Amarna muUpper Egypt (munenge muna 1350 BC), inojekesa nezvenzvimbo yaichengetwa yamambo yaAmenhotep III nemwanakomana wake Akhenaten. Pakati pezviziviso zvinenge 400 pavhu remachinda nemadzishe muPalestine, Fenikia neSiriya yokumaodzanyemba pane zvisere naAbdu Heba, mutongi weJerusarema uye mutongi weIjipiti. Mutsamba dzake dzinonetsekana kuna Farao, Abdu Heba anokumbira kusimbiswa, kwaasingagamuchiri, uye anorasikirwa nenyika yaFarao "kubva kuhabiru". Ndivanaani vaiva aya madzinza e“habiru”? Kubatana pakati pavo nevaJudha vekare kunoramba kuri nyaya yekufungidzira.
Nhoroondo yeJerusarema inotanga nenguva yeproto-muguta, iyo inovigwa akawanda. Nekugara kwayo kwekutanga muLate Bronze Age, yakave guta revaJebhusi, dzinza revaKenani. Iri paGomo reOferi (kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweJerusarema remazuva ano). “Asi vanakomana vaJudha vakanga vasingagoni kudzinga vaJebhusi, vagari vomuJerusarema, naizvozvo vaJebhusi vakagara muJerusarema pamwe chete nevanakomana vaJudha kusvikira nhasi.”— Isa. 15:63 .
Kubva muna 922 kusvika muna 586 BC. Jerusarema ndiro guta guru rehumambo hwemaJuda. Guta rakatorwa nemaJuda, vachitungamirwa naMambo David (mumakore gumi apfuura, pfungwa yakakunda kuti guta harina kutorwa nechisimba - br). Dhavhidhi akawana nzvimbo tsvene yekare yaivamo akatumidza zita reguta reZiyoni.[5] Akavaka muzinda ( 2 Madzimambo 5:11 ), asi nheyo dzayo hadzisati dzawanikwa. Mambo akavandudza guta nemadziro, kusanganisira inonzi Miro ( 1 Makoronike 11:8 ). Zvinorehwa nezwi iri hazvina kujeka, asi zvinofungidzirwa kureva maturu uye nheyo dzeacropolis. Soromoni anoshandura Jerusarema kuva dzimbahwe remaoresa. Akawedzera ukuru hweguta nekaviri uye akavaka chivako chetemberi paGomo reMoria ( 2 Makoronike 3:1 ).[6] Mambo Hezekia akazvipira (727-698) akavakazve masvingo enhare ndokuchera mugero wemvura.[7] Mambo weAsiria Saniheribhi akakomba Jerusarema muna 701, asi mutumwa waJehovha akauraya varwi vake 185,000 XNUMX uye vapambi vakadzokera.
Muna 598 BC. mambo weBhabhironi Nebhukadnezari anokomba Jerusarema, rinowa, uye mambo weJudha Jekonia anoendeswa senhapwa kuBhabhironi. Zedhekia akagadzikwa pachigaro somubati. Akamukira, achitarisira kubatsirwa kubva kuIjipiti. Muna 587, uto reBhabhironi rakadzoka ndokuparadza Jerusarema. Vanenge vagari vose vemo vakaendeswa senhapwa kuBhabhironi. Muna 539 BC mambo wePezhiya Koreshi Mukuru akakunda vaBhabhironi ndokubudisa murayiro waibvumira vaJudha kudzokera kuJerusarema kundovakazve temberi.[8]
Igore 332 BC. Vagari veJerusarema vakakanda mapfumo pasi vasingapikisani naAlexander Mukuru, uyo akasimbisa maropafadzo akapiwa kuguta navatongi vePersia.[9]
Pasi pehutungamiriri hwehama dzaMaccabee, kumukira kwemaJuda kwakatanga, kwakatanga kubva muna 167 kusvika 164 BC. Vagari veSyria vaAntiochus IV Epiphanes, avo vaiita zvechihedheni, vakadzingwa kunze.[10]
Mauto eRoma achitungamirirwa naPompey akatora Jerusarema muna 63 BC. Guta racho rakazova muzinda weRoma yaidzivirira Judhiya.[11] Hurongwa hwemazuva ano hweJerusarema hunotangira panguva yaHerodhi Mukuru (37-34 BC).[12] Satrap uyu ndiye muvaki mukuru munhoroondo yeguta. Akavakazve madziro eHasmonean uye akawedzera shongwe huru nhatu, akavaka imba yamambo-yekutonga mugomo rekumadokero, rakazonzi "praetorium", uye akavakazve temberi. VaJudha vokune dzimwe nyika vanoshuva guta racho, vachitungamirirwa nenyanzvi dzakakurumbira dzakadai saPhilo wokuAlexandria.[13]
Hudzvinyiriri hweRoma hwakakuchidzira bato rokusunungura zvakavanzika revaZealot. Muapostora waKristu Judhasi Iskariyoti zvimwe ndewavo.[14] Muna 66-70, maJuda akatungamira kumukira vaRoma. Pashure pokunge rakombwa kwenguva refu, Jerusarema rinowa. Kumukira kwakakundikana kunodzika munhoroondo seHondo yemaJuda. Pasinei nemurayiro wemukuru weuto reRoma Titus wekuchengetedza temberi, yakapiswa ndokuparadzwa pana 9 Aug 70.[15] Gare gare, nekuraira kwamambo Hadrian, kuvakwa kweguta rainzi Elia Capitolina mukukudza mambo (Elius Hadrian) uye Capitoline triad (Jupiter, Juno naMinerva) yakatanga pamatongo eJerusarema. Guta rakavakwa pamuenzaniso wemusasa wemauto eRoma - sikweya umo migwagwa inopindirana pamakona akarurama. Nzvimbo tsvene yeJupiter yakavakwa panzvimbo yetemberi yechiJudha.
Vashatiriswa nokuiswa kwechitendero chechihedheni, vaJudha vakamukira kechipiri vapanduki veRoma. Kubva muna 131 kusvikira ku135, Jerusarema rakanga riri mumaoko evapanduki vechiJudha vaShimon bar Kochba, avo vakatogadzira mari yake amene. Asi muna 135 mauto eRoma akatorazve guta racho. Mambo Hadrian akapa chirevo chinorambidza vanhu vese vakadzingiswa kupinda muguta. Mushure mekuparara kweHumambo hweRoma, nguva yeByzantine yakatanga uye guta rakatanga kuita sechiKristu zvishoma nezvishoma.[16]
Panzvimbo yeGorogota, vaRoma vakavaka temberi yaAphrodite. Muna 326, St. Helena naBhishopi Macarius vakatungamira kuvakwa kweChurch of the Holy Sepulcher. Mamirioni evafambi vanobva kumativi ose enyika akatanga kudirana kuno kwemazana emakore.
Muna 1894, mufananidzo wakakurumbira unoratidza St. George wakawanwa muChechi yeOrthodox yeSt. George muMadaba (yava kunzi Jordan). Nyika neJerusarema. Yakabva muzana ramakore rechitanhatu uye nhasi inoyera 6 x 16 m. Mufananidzo mukurusa uye une udzame zvikuru uri pakati pebasa racho ndeweJerusarema nezviratidzo zvaro.[5]
Muna 614, guta rakatorwa rikapambwa nePersian Shah Khozroi, uye Chechi yeHoly Sepulcher yakapiswa. Mushure memakore makumi maviri nemana, St. Patriarch Sophronius akavhura mikova yeguta kune mutsva mukundi - muArab caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, uye Jerusarema zvishoma nezvishoma rakatanga kuwana chimiro cheMuslim. Kwapera kanguva, Mu'af I, muvambi wedzinza reUmayyad, akaziviswa kuva caliph muJerusarema. Musikiti wakavakwa panzvimbo yetemberi yechiJudha yakaparadzwa, iyo kuvaMuslim iri yechitatu tsvene pashure peiyo iri muMecca neMedina.
Muna 1009, anopenga caliph al-Hakim akaraira kuparadzwa zvachose kweChurch of the Holy Sepulcher. Uku kusazvitsaurira kunokonzeresa kuratidzira kuMadokero uye kunogadzirira zera remaCrusades. Muna 1099, vatori vechikamu mumushandirapamwe wekutanga pasi pehutungamiri hwa Count Gottfried weBoulogne vakatora Jerusarema, vakauraya vose vaMuslim nevaJudha uye vakashandura guta kuti rive guta guru reHumambo hweJerusarema hunotungamirirwa naMambo Baldwin I. Muna 1187, mushure mekukomba kwenguva refu. , mauto eEgypt Sultan Salah-at -din (Saladin, 1138-1193) akakunda Jerusarema. Makereke ese emuguta kunze kweAscension Church akashandurwa kuita mamosque. [18]
Asi maKristu ekuMadokero haana kuora mwoyo uye muna 1189-1192 vakaronga Hondo Yechipiri vachitungamirirwa namambo weChirungu Richard the Lionheart. Guta racho rinowirazve mumaoko eVarwi. Muna 1229, Friedrich II Hohenstaufen akava mambo weHumambo hweJerusarema, uyo akakwanisa kudzoreredza kwechinguva simba reVarwi veCrusader muJerusarema nekutora mukana wekupokana pakati penyika dzeMuslim. Zvisinei, muna 1244, maMongol-Tatars akakunda guta racho. Muna 1247, Jerusarema rakatorwa namambo weEgipita wedzinza reAyyubid. MaMamluk akatanga kutonga - varindi vevaSultan veEgypt, avo uto ravo rakatorwa kubva kuvaranda veTurkic neCaucasian (kunyanya Circassian) mavambo. Muna 1517, uto roUmambo hweOttoman, pashure pokukunda muSiria vaMamluk, rakakunda nyika yeEretz-Israel (nharaunda yePalestine) pasina kudeurwa kweropa.
Mukati meHondo yeNyika I, Britain yakagadza udzori paPalestine .[19] Kubva muna 1920 kusvikira muna 1947, Jerusarema rakanga riri muzinda wokutonga wenharaunda yakatumwa neBritain yePalestine. Munguva iyi huwandu hwemaJuda hwakawedzera ne1/3 kunyanya nekuda kwekutama kubva kuEurope. UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181 yaNovember 29, 1947, inozivikanwa seChisungo pamusoro peKukamura kwePalestine, yaifungidzira kuti nzanga yepasi rose yaizotora kutonga kweramangwana reJerusarema mushure mekupera kweBritish Mandate (Chivabvu 15, 1948). [20] Muna 1950, Israel yakazivisa Jerusarema seguta guru uye mapazi ese ehurumende yeIsrael aivemo, kunyangwe sarudzo iyi isina kugamuchirwa nenharaunda yenyika. Rutivi rwokumabvazuva rweguta rwakava rutivi rwaJoridhani. [21]
Mushure mekukunda kwayo muHondo yeMazuva matanhatu muna 1967, Israel yakawana hutongi hwenzvimbo yese yeguta, yakapatsanura zviri pamutemo East Jerusalem kubva kuWest Bank uye yakazivisa hutongi hwayo pamusoro peJerusarema. Nemutemo unokosha waChikunguru 30, 1980, Israel yakazivisa Jerusarema seguta guru rimwechete uye risingaparadzanisiki. Mahofisi ese ehurumende nehurumende eIsrael ari muJerusarema. [22] UN nenhengo dzayo dzese hadzicherechedze kutorwa kweEast Jerusalem. Dzinenge nyika dzese dzine vamiriri vadzo munzvimbo yeTel Aviv, kunze kwenyika dzakati wandei dzeLatin America, dzine mahofisi evamiriri ari mumusha weJerusarema weMevaseret-Zion. Kare muna 2000, US Congress yakatora danho rekutamisa embassy kuJerusarema, asi hurumende yeAmerica yaigara ichimisa kuita sarudzo iyi. Muna 2006, vamiriri veLatin America vakatamira kuTel Aviv, uye ikozvino hakuna maembassy ekunze muJerusarema. East Jerusalem inogara maconsulates eUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzine hukama nePalestine Authority.
Mamiriro eJerusarema anoramba ari musoro unopikiswa zvikuru. Vese Israeri nePalestine Authority vanoti zviri pamutemo Jerusarema seguta guru uye havazive kodzero iyoyo kune chero imwe nyika, kunyangwe hutongi hweIsrael pamusoro pechikamu cheguta husingazivikanwe neUN kana nyika zhinji, uye zviremera zvePalestinian Authority hazvina kumbovapo. kwete muJerusarema. MaArabu anotoramba chose chose nhambo yechiJudha yenhau yeJerusarema, nokudaro vachipokanidza Bhaibheri, rinogamuchirwa sechizaruro muKorani yavo. Mushure mekukunda kwechimurenga cheIslam muIran, Ayatollah Khomeini akatanga zororo idzva musi wa5 Gumiguru - zuva reAl-Quds (Jerusarema). Gore negore pazuva iri, maMuslim anonamatira guta kuti risunungurwe kubva kumauto eIsrael.[23]
Mukuwirirana nenhamba dzazvino uno, vagari veJerusarema vanosvika 763,800 1948, nepo muna 84,000 vaingova 96 43 bedzi. Kune makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu echiKristu, makumi mana nematatu echiIslam uye makumi matatu nematanhatu enzvimbo dzechiJudha dziri munharaunda yeguta rekare, iro rinongovhara 36 square km. Anobatanidzwa nerunyararo kuburikidza nezita rake. Iguta riri pakati nepakati, repurovhinzi, munzira dzakawanda rine mwero asi risingadzivisiki guta rinoyevedza rinoshamisa uye rinoshamisa. Zvitendero zviviri zvenyika zvakavambwa muJerusarema, uye chechitatu, chiIslam, chakagamuchira magamuchidzanwa acho akasiyana-siyana muchitendero chacho. Asi pachinzvimbo chekufanana nezita raro rekuti “guta rorugare”, Jerusarema rinoshanduka kuva nhandare yekurwisana.
Mhirizhonga inoenderera mberi sezviito mumutambo usingaperi wekare, asi umo musina catharsis. Kubva pamadziro mamwechete akakwirwa nevaRoma muna AD 70 neveCrusaders muna 1099, vechidiki vekuPalestine vakapakata zvombo saDavidi nezvipfuramabwe vachipfuura motokari dzemapurisa dzine zvombo nematombo. Helicopters denderedzwa pamusoro, achidonhedza magaba eutsi hwemisodzi. Pedyo, mumigwagwa yakamanikana, manzwi ezvitendero zvitatu zvinobata guta dzvene zvinoramba zvichikwira - inzwi remuezzin richidana maMuslim kuti atendeke kumunyengetero; kurira kwemabhero echechi; rwiyo rwevaJudha vainyengetera paWestern Wall - chikamu chega chakachengetedzwa chetemberi yekare yechiJudha.
Vamwe vanodana Jerusarema kuti "necrocracy" - iro chete guta iro sarudzo yesarudzo inopiwa kune vakafa. Kwese pano munhu anonzwa mutoro unorema wekare uchiremera zvazvino. KuvaJudha, nguva dzose iguta guru rendangariro. KuvaMuslim ndeye al-Quds, kureva. Nzvimbo tsvene, kubva pakubuda kweIslam muzana ramakore rechinomwe kusvika nhasi. KuvaKristu, ndiwo musimboti wekutenda kwavo, unechekuita nekuparidza, rufu nekumuka kwemunhu waMwari.[7]
Jerusarema iguta rine mweya wenhoroondo zuva nezuva uchikumbirwa zvisingaregi uye nemashura nenyika dzinokwikwidza. Jerusarema mufananidzo wepesvedzero yendangariro pandangariro dzavanhu. Iguta rezviyeuchidzo rine mutauro wavo. Vanomutsa ndangariro dzinorwisana ndokuvaka chimiro charo seguta rinodiwa navanhu vanopfuura mumwe, rinoyera kukutenda kunopfuura kumwe. MuJerusarema, chitendero chinovhengana nezvematongerwo enyika. Anorarama akanyura zvikuru mukufadzwa kwezvitendero zvine simba nezvitendero.[25] Ruremekedzo uye kunyanyisa kwezvitendero nemarudzi aripo pano zvinopindirana. Kwakanga kusina kana chokwadi chimwe chechitendero muJerusarema. Kwagara kune chokwadi chakawanda uye mifananidzo inopokana yeguta. Iyi mifananidzo inoratidza kana kukanganisa mumwe nemumwe uye zvakapfuura zvinopinda mune zvazvino.
Munguva yedu, vanhu vakatsika mwedzi vachitsvaka nyika itsva dzakapikirwa neJerusarema idzva, asi kusvikira zvino Jerusarema rekare harisati ratsiviwa. Anoramba akabatisisa pamusoro pefungidziro, achibatirira zvitendero zvitatu panguva imwe chete pedyo uye kure kutya netariro yeApocalypse inoratidzwa nemitsara inochinjika.[26] Pano, kurwisana kwechitendero kukunda nharaunda inzira yekare yokunamata. Rudzi rwenyika uye chitendero zvakagara zvakapindirana muJerusarema, uko pfungwa yenyika yechipikirwa uye vanhu vakasarudzwa yakatanga kuziviswa kumaJuda makore 3,000 apfuura.
Vanyori nevaprofita vomuJerusarema vakapikisa pfungwa yakanga iripo yekare yokuti nhoroondo inofamba-famba, ichizvidzokorora yadzokororwa. Zvinoratidza tariro huru yokufambira mberi kusingachinjiki kuupenyu huri nani uye hunokosha zvikuru. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzePentateuch nemabhuku aJoshua, Samueri, neMadzimambo zvakatenderera muJerusarema setsika dzaitaurwa nemuromo mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi7 kana rechi9 BC. Umbowo hwezvinocherwa mumatongo uye hweepigraphic hunoramba huchisimbisa nekururama kunoshamisa mashoko echokwadi emanyuko ebhaibheri. Pano Mambo Dhavhidhi akanyora nhetembo dzeMapisarema, uye Soromoni akavaka temberi ndokunakidzwa nemazana emadzimai ake. Pano Isaya anoshevedzera ari murenje, uye Jesu anopfeka korona yeminzwa uye anorovererwa pamwe chete nemakororo. VaKristu vakaungana mushure mekufa kwake muguta iri uye muzita retariro vakakunda hushe hweRoma nenyika yese yeMeditera. Pano, maererano nengano yechiIslam, Muhammad anouya akatasva bhiza jena risinganzwisisiki uye anokwira kudenga nemanera echiedza. Kubvira muzana ramakore rechi 12, vaJudha vave vachinyengetera paWestern Wall katatu pazuva, kuti vagogona “kudzokera netsitsi kuguta Renyu reJerusarema ndokugara mariri, sezvamakapikira.”
Zviuru zvina zvemakore enhoroondo, hondo dzisingaverengeki uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba zvikuru, kumwe kwacho kwakakonzera kuparadzwa zvachose kwezvivako nemadziro, zvakasiya chiratidzo chavo pamusoro penzvimbo yeguta. Yakasangana nekukomba kunoparadza 20, nhambo mbiri dzedongo rakakwana, kudzorerwa 18 uye kanenge ka11 kutendeuka kubva kune chimwe chitendero kuenda kune chimwe. Jerusarema rinoramba riri dzvene kumaJuda, maKristu nemaMuslim, kuvanhu vese vepasi. “Kumbirai Jerusarema rugare” ( Pis. 121:6 )!
Notes:
[i] Wolf, B. Jerusalem und Rom: Mitte, Nabel – Zentrum, Haupt. Die Metaphern «Umbilicus mundi» und «Caput mundi» in den Weltkuva Antike und des Abendlands bis in die Zeit der Ebstorfer Weltkarte. Bern iwe, 2010.
[ii] Encyclopedic duramazwi. Chikirisitu. TIM 1997, p. 586. Cf. Otto, E. Das antike Jerusalem. Archaeology und Geschichte. München, 2008 (Beck'sche Reihe, 2418).
[1] Eroni, A. Jerusarema: Guta reMirror. London, 1996, p. 30.
[2] Whiting, C. Geographical Imaginations of the “Holy Land”: Biblical Topography uye Archaeological Practice. – Gumi nepfumbamwe Contexts, 29, 2007, Nhamba 2 & 3, 237-250.
[3] Elon, A. Op. cit., p. 54.
[4] Nezve nhoroondo yekare yeguta, ona Harold Mare, W. The Archaeology yeJerusarema Area. Grand Rapids (MI), 1987; Jerusarema muNhoroondo Yakare uye Tsika. Ed. naTL Thompson. London, 2004 (Copenhagen International Semina).
[5] Cogan, M. Jerusarema raDavidi: Zvinyorwa neKufunga. – Mu: Tehillah le-Moshe: Zvidzidzo zvebhaibheri neJudhiya muKukudza Moshe Greenberg. Yakapepetwa naM. Cogan, BL Eichler, naJH Tigay. Winona Lake (IN), 1997.
[6] Goldhill, S. Temberi iri muJerusarema. S., 2007.
[7] Bhuku rinonzi Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period rakatsaurirwa kunhoroondo yeBhaibheri yeJerusarema. Ed. naAG Vaughn naAE Killebrew. Atlanta (GA), 2003 (Symposium Series, 18)
[8] Encyclopedic duramazwi. Chikirisitu. TIM, 1997, 587. cf. Ritmeyer, L. Jerusalem munguva yaNehemia. Chicago, 2008.
[9] Ameling, W. Jerusalem als hellenistische Polis: 2 Makk 4, 9-12 und eine neue Inschrift. – Biblische Zeitschrift, 47, 2003, 117-122.
[10] Tromp, J. Kukosha Kwechitendero kweJerusarema kuvaJudha munguva yeGirisi neRoma. – Mu: À la recherche des villes saintes. Actes du colloque franco-néerlandais “Les Villes Saintes”. Ed. A. Le Bouluec. Turnhout, 2004 (Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études. Sciences religieuses, 122), 51-61.
[11] Mirasto, I. Kristu Akamuka (Munyika yaMwari mukati meSvondo Dzvene). S., 1999, p. 9.
[12] Julia Wilker, Fuer Rom neJerusarema. Die herodianische Dynastie im 1. Jahrhundert n.Chr. Frankfurt am Main, 2007 (Studien zur Alten Geschichte, 5)
[13] Pearce, S. Jerusalem se“Mai-Guta” muzvinyorwa zvaPhilo wekuAlexandria. - Mu: Kutaurirana Diaspora: Maitiro echiJudha muHumambo hweRoma. Ed. naJMG Barclay. London neNew York, 2004, 19-37. (Raibhurari yeZvidzidzo zveTemberi Yechipiri, 45).
[14] Hengel, M. MaZealot: Kuferefeta muBato reRusununguko remaJuda muNguva kubva kuna Herodhi I kusvika 70 AD. London, 1989.
[15] Rives, JB Flavian Religious Policy uye Kuparadzwa kweTemberi yeJerusarema. -Mu: Flavius Josephus naFlavian Roma. Eds. J. Edmondson, S. Mason, uye J. Rives. Oxford, 2005, 145-166.
[16] Belayche, N. Déclin ou reconstruction? La Palaestina romaine après la révolte de 'Bar Kokhba'. – Revue des études juives, 163, 2004, 25-48. Cf. Colbi, P. Nhoroondo Pfupi YechiKristu Munyika Tsvene. Jerusarema, 1965; Wilken, R. Nyika Inonzi Tsvene: Palestine muNhoroondo yechiKristu nePfungwa. New York, 1992.
[17] Damyanova, E. Jerusalem senzvimbo yenzvimbo uye yepamweya yeMadaba mosaic. – Mu: Reflections yezvidzidzo zvouMwari. Kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu. S., 2005, 29-33.
[18] Shamdor, A. Saladin. Gamba rakanaka reIslam. Petersburg, 2004. cf. L'Orient kana temps des croisades. Zvinyorwa arabes zvinoratidzwa et traduit par A.-M. Eddé et F. Micheau. Paris, 2002.
[19] Grainger, J. Hondo yePalestine, 1917. Woodbridge, 2006.
[20] Nhaka yechiKristu muNyika Tsvene. Ed. NaA. O'Mahony naG. Gunner naK. Hintlian. London, 1995, p. 18.
[21] Keay, J. Kudyara Mhepo: Mbeu Dzekurwisana kuMiddle East. New York, 2003.
[22] Tessler, M. Nhoroondo yeIsrael-Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington (IN), 1994. cf. Kailani, W. Kudzorera Jerusarema: Kuvakwazve kweIsrael kweChita chechiJudha Mushure me1967. - Middle Eastern Studies, 44, 2008, No. 4, 633-637.
[23] Emelyanov, V. Chii chekuita nedambudziko re al-Quds - Jerusarema? MuMoscow, vakapemberera zuva rekurangarira rakavambwa makore makumi maviri nemanomwe apfuura naImam Khomeini. – https://web.archive.org/web/27/https://portal-credo.ru:20071011224101/site/?act=news&id=80&cf=, Gumiguru 57418, 8.
[24] The Christian Heritage.., p. 39.
[25] Kalian, M., S. Catinari, U. Heresco-Levi, E. Witztum. "Nzara Yemweya" munzvimbo Tsvene: Chimiro che "Jerusarema Syndrome". – Utano Hwepfungwa, Chitendero & Tsika, 11, 2008, No. 2, 161-172.
[26] Elon, A. Op. cit., p. 71.
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