Inonzi ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru dzinochengeterwa ruzivo rwechinyakare yenyika yekare, yakachengeta mabhuku enguva dzose. Yakavakwa nevanhu vaitaura chiGiriki vePtolemaic Dynasty yeEgypt muzana ramakore rechitatu BC. Raibhurari yeAlexandria yaive nemazana ezviuru zvenhokwe (maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, dzinenge zviuru mazana manomwe zvadzo) uye yaive chikamu chekuyedza kuunganidza ruzivo rwese pasirese.
Idzo pfungwa huru dzakaungana dzikadzidzisa muAlexandria - guta guru reMedithera, rakavambwa naAlexander Mukuru pachake, aive nebasa rekuchengetedza ruzivo kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Pano tichawana ruzivo rwemasvomhu uye geographers, pamwe chete nemashoko aAristarko - nyanzvi yekutanga yekuongorora nyeredzi yaifunga kuti mapuraneti aitenderera zuva. Iye nevamwe vazhinji vaionekwa sevavambi veLibhurari yeAlexandria nevatsigiri vayo vane shungu kwazvo. Apa ndipo apo vanhu vakangwara vepanguva iyoyo vakanakidzwa neruzivo rwenyika uye vakateya nheyo dzebudiriro yatinoziva nhasi.
Ipapo kunouya Julius Caesar uye anoraira zviri pamutemo kupiswa kweiyi dura rakapfuma. Nguva pfupi mushure maizvozvo kwakauya kuwa kwehushe hweRoma, uye uku ndiko kwaivewo kutanga kwenguva dzerima dzakatevera nekuda kwekushaikwa kweruzivo pamusoro peBudiriro yekuMadokero.
Iyi nyaya yerudo zvechokwadi inotaridzika zvakanaka uye inonakidza, asi inouya nemubvunzo mumwechete: ichokwadi here?
Ngano pamusoro peLibhurari yeAlexandria zvechokwadi dzinokatyamadza uye dzinopa zvakawanda zvakakomba zvinoshamisa kune chero anoyemura wechokwadi, asi pane chinhu chimwe chakakosha, zviyero zveraibhurari inoratidzirwa inoita kuti ive idiki pane inorumbidzwa. Kana Raibhurari yeAlexandria yaivepo, anodaro purofesa wenhoroondo yemaraibhurari ekare - Thomas Hedrickson, saka ruzivo pamusoro payo ishoma. Kunyange ngano yake yakakwanisa kukurudzira nyika yose yekare, saka munhu anofanira kunyatsotsvaga mamwe mashoko.
Ngano yese inotanga kutenderedza 3rd century BC uye zvinonzi Raibhurari yeAlexandria yaive nedura guru panguva iyoyo. Mumwe murume anonzi Aristeas anotumira tsamba kumunun’una wake Philocrates uye anotaura kuva mutumwa womutongi weEgipita, Ptolemy II. Tsamba yake inorondedzera zvizere chiono uye kunaka kweichi chisiko chesayenzi.
Tsamba yacho inotaura kuti Dhemetrius (mutungamiriri weraibhurari) akabhadharwa sei kuti atore mabhuku ose aaigona kuwana. Aristeas akatova nemukana wokumubvunza kuti mabhuku mangani aivapo, uye mukuru wacho akapindura kuti zvimwe zvaipfuura zviuru mazana maviri. Mune ramangwana, vaida kuunganidza vanenge 200 zviuru. Mabhii eiyi nhau anopa mashoko akawanda pamusoro peraibhurari imene uye anoratidzira ukoshi hwayo hwapose pose, kuunganidza zivo yenyika yekare.
Kuna Hendrickson, zvisinei, iyi inzira yakachena yekubiridzira. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinoona tsamba sezana ramakore gare gare, zana ramakore rechipiri BC, uye vane kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba pamusoro pechirevo uye umboo hwekutanga hwakanyorwa hwekuvapo kweraibhurari. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi vepanguva iyoyo, iyi ibhii renhema uye mashoko anoparadzirwa e“chiJudha,” ane chinangwa chokuratidza zvinoreva shanduro yechiGiriki yeBhaibheri Rekare rechiHebheru. Tsamba yomunyori inoedza kuwedzera ukuru nokukosha kweraibhurari umo Ptolemy II akasimbirira kuti iri bhuku dzvene chairo ribatanidzwe uye rive manyuko ezivo yose yenyika.
Sezvineiwo, kunyangwe vamwe vanyori vekare vakaratidza kusava nechokwadi kwavo pamusoro pezviri muLibhurari yeAlexandria nehukuru hwayo. Seneca akanyora muna AD 49 uye akafungidzira kuti mabhuku anosvika 40,000 700 akapiswa mushure mekunge Julius Caesar arayira kuti aparadzwe. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika weRoma Ammianus Marcellinus achanyora kuti mazana manomwe enhokwe akapiswa, ayo akaunganidzwa panzvimbo imwe uye moto wavo waigona kuonekwa kure kwazvo. Nyanzvi yefizikisi yeRoma Galen aizonyora kuti Ptolemy II akakwanisa kuunganidza muunganidzwa wakakura kudaro nokuti akanga aita kuti ngarava dzose dzevatengesi dzaisvika dzipe mabhuku adzo adzaitakura muchikepe kuti anyorwe uye ipapo makopi acho akadzoka apo okutanga akasara muraibhurari.
Munyori wenhoroondo Roger Bagnall anofunga kuti nhamba yevatanhatu inoyevedza zvechokwadi, asi pane dambudziko rimwe chete, dai munyori wega wega wechiGreek muzana remakore rechitatu BC akakwanisa kunyora mapepa makumi mashanu enhokwe, zvinoreva kuti taingove nemabhuku/papyri 6 chete. Kusvika panhamba yakaita se3 kana 50 zviuru zvematehwe zvinoreva kuti muGreece yekare inenge 31,250% yevanyori venhoroondo nenyanzvi vaifanira kugadzira mazana emakopi akafanana echinyorwa chimwe nechimwe kuti vatumire kuraibhurari.
Hapana anonyatsoziva ukuru hwenzvimbo iyi, asi zviri pachena kuti yaive nhoroondo iyi yakabvumira vanhu kuti vatange kuunganidza mabhuku nekugadzira maraibhurari, kusanganisira yemazuva ano. Kesari akadzokera kuRoma nepfungwa yokuti aizovaka raibhurari youkuru hwakafanana, kunyange hombe kupfuura yaPtolemy, nokudaro anokwanisa kumushatirisa zvikuru. Octavian Augustus akatangawo pfungwa yacho ndokutanga kuvaka raibhurari. Gare gare, mutongi wose weRoma aizoedza kuvaka zvishomanene zveizvi, asi zvakare hazvina kujeka kuti akashanda sei uye kuti yakawanda sei yezivo yavo yakarasika.
Bhuku rimwe nerimwe rekare raiva rinokosha zvikuru, kunyanya sezvo rakanyorwa nemaoko. VaRoma vaikoshesa zvose izvi uye vaiwanzoshandisa mabhuku semari. Zvave zvichinzi maraibhurari eRoma Yekare aiita basa remamiziyamu kwete matura. Uye zvakadaro tichawana Egypt ichihwina zvakare mumujaho wemuseum. Yokutanga yakadaro yakavakwawo muEgipita. Zita rayo rinoreva kuti "Chair of the Muses".
Vanyori vezvakaitika kare nanhasi vanotaura kuti hapana imwe raibhurari ichawanwa yakaparadzwa kakawanda seraibhurari yeAlexandria. Vanyori vekare nevanyori venhoroondo vakakwikwidza kuratidza vavengi vevatorwa vakarwisa nhare yezivo. Kazhinji, Julius Caesar ndiye ari mudzi wedambudziko rose, araira kuti azvipise. Zvokwadi yakati siyanei zvishoma, Kesari anoraira kuti chiteshi chezvikepe cheguta ripiswe, asi mwoto unokwanisa kusvika ndokutapura raibhurari yacho imene.
Akanga asiri iye ega musiki wekuparadza, mamwe madzimambo eRoma aivewo nembiri nekuda kwekuparadzwa kweAlexandria. Uye ngatirege kukanganwa kuti muna 391 mamongi echiKristu ndivo vakakonzeresa kuparadzwa kweSerapeum - hanzvadzi raibhurari yeAlexandria. Pane imwe nguva, anenge muvengi wese waPtolemy akakwanisa kukwenya tsvimbo yenhoroondo yenyika. Kupisa mabhuku ibasa rakakosha rekutora pfungwa, asi hapana anotenda kana anogona kufungidzira kuti dura raparadzwa zvechokwadi. Zvinogoneka kuti yakangoparara nekufamba kwenguva, sekunyora kunoita munyori wenhoroondo Bagnall.
Mipumburu yenhokwe yakanga iri nyore zvikuru kuparadza, uye hapana aigona kurarama nemamiriro okunze ane mwando ari pedyo negungwa. Zvingangodaro, raibhurari pachayo ingadai yakapona zvishoma zviri nani mukati meEgypt, uko mamiriro ekunze ari kuoma zvakanyanya. Kuti mashoko ose arambe aripo, mapepa enhokwe aifanira kukopwa kakawanda, kuchida kopi itsva pashure pemakore mashomanana oga oga. Ptolemy haana kusiya mari yekuchengeta tsika iyi kunyangwe afa, saka zvinogoneka kuti ichi chiyeuchidzo chetsika chakarasikirwa nerunako nekufamba kwenguva. Kune vanyori venhoroondo vakakwana vanotenda kuti Alexandria yanga isiri mhosva yezera rerima riri mberi, uye ruzivo rwakanyorwa harugone kupa ruzivo rwakakwana kuti rureruke kuburikidza navo. Chokwadi ndechokuti vatongi vokuMabvazuva neMadokero vakanga vasina chido nechishuvo chokupfuurira kana kuti kuchengeta maraibhurari avo.
Iyi pfungwa yaizobudirira zvakare muRenaissance, apo vanhu vakatora danho idzva uye vakatsvaga kuwedzera ruzivo rwavo, uye vobva vadzika nheyo dzemazuva ano. Uye ngatisakanganwa kuti Alexandria yakasiya mapepa enhokwe ekare anenge 2,000 79 akanga akachengetedzwa panguva iyoyo ndokuendeswa kunzvimbo yakakotsekana. Kuputika kweVesuvius kwaizokwanisa kuvaparadza makore XNUMX gare gare. Zvisaririra zvakaongororwa ndokuzonzwisiswa pave paya nemasayendisiti akashandisa tekinoroji yeX-ray kuti anzwisise yekare kwazvo iripo pasi pano.
