Hupenyu uye Zvinodhaka (chikamu 2), Iyo Cannabis

Cannabis ndiyo inonyanya kudyiwa muEurope ne15.1% yevanhu vane makore 15-34 vane 2.1% vari vanoshandisa cannabis zuva nezuva (EMCDDA European Drug Report June 2023). Uye 97 000 vashandisi vakapinda mukurapwa kwezvinodhaka zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwecannabis muna 2021 uye vakabatanidzwa mu25% yeacute toxicity mharidzo, kazhinji yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Cannabis ine doro musuwo wezvinodhaka kune vechidiki vanotungamira kune zvakasikwa zvezvinodhaka.

Cannabis chirimwa che dioecious (chirimwa chikadzi uye chirimwa murume). Cannabis ine 3 subspecies: Cannabis sativa sativa L., inosvika 1.80 m kusvika 3 m kureba, ine fiber refu yekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri (yakanzi "hemp"), ine nguva yemaruva yemazuva 60-90; diki C. s. indica (1m), maruva nekukurumidza 50-60 mazuva uye C. s. ruderalis, rudzi rwemusango. France ndiyo inogadzira hemp yepamusoro muEurope uye yechitatu pasi rose.

Kubva pakuona kwekushandisa zvinodhaka, chete maruva esativa uye indica anonakidza nekuti akapfuma mune cannabinoids ari mune akawanda madiki vesicles, iwo trichomes, anowanikwa akatenderedza ruva kuti adzivirirwe kubva kune zvikara mumamiriro ezvinhu echikafu vs. kupona!

Pakutanga the c. sativa yaifungidzirwa nekuda kwayo euphoric mhedzisiro, ichigadzira iyo "yakakwirira" nepo iyo C. indica inoburitsa kuzorora kwecerebral chiitiko, ichigadzira mhedzisiro "dombo", inonamatira. Sekureva kweUNODC, Morocco, muRif, ndiyo inogadzira pasi rose ye psychoactive cannabis zvidyarwa zvekugadzira hashish (resin fomu) asi kubvira 2021 tsika yacho inodzorwa.

Zvinhu zveCannabinoid zvakawanikwa muma1960 muIsrael nechikwata chaRaphael Mechoulam. Zvinopfuura zvinhu zve113 zvakaparadzaniswa muchirimwa asi mazhinji emhedzisiro uye mabasa avo achiri pasi pekudzidza. Zvese zvinonyungudika mu lipids, madoro uye organic zvinonyungudutsa asi zvinenge zvisinganyunguriki mumvura.

Kune 3 marudzi e cannabinoids: - phytocannabinoids yechirimwa chitsva; ivo vanoshandurwa pasi pechiito chekupisa, chiedza, uye panguva yekuoma; - synthetic cannabinoids yakagadzirwa murabhoritari; - endocannabinoids: 8 ikozvino yakanyorwa. Izvo zvinogadzirwa nezvimwe zvipenyu, zvakatorwa kubva kumafuta acids mumasero membranes, iwo anoumba iyo endocannabinoid system.

A) Pakati pe phytocannabinoids (mamorekuru ane 21 carbon atomu): -CBG (Cannabigerol) inobva ku cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), kusanganiswa mumuti we olivetolic acid uye geranyldiphosphate. CBGA, ine acidic, inoputsika zviri nyore kuita CBG nekurasikirwa kwe CO2. Iyo CBG (isingasviki 1% yechirimwa) inoonekwa se "cannabinoid strain" ine yakaderera kuvira (52 ° C) uye saka inoshanduka nyore! Inofanira kunge isiri-psychotropic. -THC (TetraHydroCannabinol). Delta 9-THC ndiyo psychotropic drug inokonzera euphoric yakakwirira uye isina simba psychotropic isomer, iyo Delta 8-THC. THC inotorwa kubva kune isiri-psychoactive asidhi: THCA. -HHC (HexaHydroCannabinol-a hydrogenated THC) yakave yakaparadzaniswa muhuwandu hudiki mumbeu nemukume, yakagadzirwa muna 1947 naAdams Roger. Yayo psychotropic chiito inofananidzwa neTHC, inoshandura maonero enguva. Muna 2023 HHC yatove zvisiri pamutemo munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEU (Onawo infra).

Ngatiyeukei kuti kusiyana nealkaloid psychotropic mamorekuru secocaine uye morphine, iyo Delta 8-THC uye Delta 9-THC zvinodhaka tricyclic terpenoid. The cannabinoids ikirasi ye lipophilic molecules, kuchengetedza mumiviri ine mafuta inosanganisira uropi (60% ye lipids) uye nyore kuyambuka phospholipid cell membranes. Saka, THC inoonekwa kusvika kumazuva gumi nemana muropa, mazuva makumi matatu muweti uye mwedzi mitatu mubvudzi. -Iyo inozivikanwa CBD (Cannabidiol) yakawanikwa muna 14 iripo muchirimwa. Iyo zvakare inotora kubva ku cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) asi ine synthesis nzira yakasiyana neTHC. Oiri yeCBD inogona kutorwa kubva mumaruva kungave nekutonhora kudzvanya kana nekushandisa inotonhora kabhoni dhaikisaidhi (CO30) kana nemakemikari zvinonyungudutsa (ethanol, butane,…) Oiri yeCBD inyaya yekukosha kushambadzira uye mishandirapamwe yekushambadzira inorumbidza hutano hwayo.

CBD yaisaonekwa seyakapindwa muropa kana yakachena, asi muna 2016 Merrick J. and unto. yakanga yaratidza kuti munzvimbo ine acidic, CBD inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuita Delta-9 uye Delta-8 THC. Uye chii chiri gastric nharaunda kana isiri iyo acidic nharaunda! Uyezve, yakaratidzwa naCzégény et al, 2021, iyo 25% kusvika 52% yeCBD inoshandiswa mu-e-fodya (tembiricha yakatenderedza 300 ° C) inoshandurwa kuita THC. Saizvozvowo mabasa eRudo CA and said, 2023, inoratidzira njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzehutano hwekufema kune vashandisi veCBD vaping zvigadzirwa. Iko kune zvakare pfungwa yekubatanidza CBD neTHC mune zvekurapa kesi, neCBD inodzora zvinodzima psychotropic mhedzisiro yeTHC. Todd and said (2017) inoratidza kuti kana mubatanidzwa wekutonga uchigona kubatsira munguva pfupi kwazvo, pane zvinopesana zvingave nemhedzisiro inogona kuitika yeTHC mukufamba kwenguva.

CBD ndicho chinhu chesimba rekushambadzira network kune veruzhinji. Nekudaro, muna Chikumi 2022 iyo EFSA (European Food Safety Authority Panel) ichifunga kusavimbika kwakakosha uye gap data, inogumisa kuti kuchengetedzeka kweCBD seNovel Chikafu hakugone kusimbiswa parizvino: hapana data rakakwana pamhedzisiro yeCBD pachiropa, gastrointestinal turakiti, endocrine system, nervous system uye pamagariro evanhu epfungwa. CHERECHEDZA: Iyo semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC (Hexahydrocannabinol) yatowanikwa munyika makumi maviri dzeEurope se 'kutsiva cannabis' uye zvakare 20 itsva: iyo HHC-acetate, iyo HHcannabiphorol uye Tetrahydrocannabidiol zvese zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa CBD yakatorwa kubva pasi-THC. cannabis (EMCDDA Chirevo 3). Kuwanikwa kwavo kuri kukonzera kushushikana nezve vechidiki uye hutano hweveruzhinji uye HHC yatove zvisiri pamutemo munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEU.

B) The synthetic cannabinoids ndiyo inonyanya kudyiwa seSpices pamavambo ekuzviuraya, iyo Buddha Blues, isingadhure, yakaenzana ne95% ye psychoactive zvinhu, inozivikanwa zvikuru nevechiri kuyaruka, inotenderera mumakoreji uye zvikoro zvepamusoro. Mamwe mazita : Black Mamba, AK-47, Shooting Star, Yucatan, Moon Rocks,… Vaporized kana kumwiwa, the synthetic cannabinoids inokonzera kugwinha, moyo netsinga uye psychosis. Iyo yepamusoro yekuita iri pakati pe2 ne5 maawa kusvika maawa makumi maviri.

Yakagadzirwa kubva ku1960's kutanga kutsvaga mareceptor muuropi, iwo lipophilic mamorekuru e22 kusvika ku26 kabhoni, ane yakakwirira kusunga hukama kusvika ku100%, inosarudza kana kwete, kune imwechete receptors seTHC uye iwo ekupedzisira ligands. . Saka isu tine mhuri gumi nesere dzakanyorwa muna 18 umo iyo CP (cyclohexylphenols), HU (iyo HU-2019 inoumbwa analog yeTHC ine simba rakapetwa ka210), JWH, AM, AB-FUBINACA, XLR, nezvimwe.

Zvidzidzo zveScientific Reports (2017, 7: 10516), zvinoratidza kuti izvi zvinogadzirwa cannabinoids zvinoshandisa zvakakomba migumisiro pamwe chete neproconvulsive properties (Schneir AB et al, 2012) apo vamwe vanyori vanoratidza anticonvulsive mhedzisiro muzviitiko zvepfari yakanyanya (Devinsky O. et al, 2016).

CHERECHEDZA: Izvo zveTHC zvemafaro (uye zvisiri pamutemo) cannabis zvinowanzo 15% kusvika 30% zvichienzaniswa ne0.2-0.3% yechirimwa chepakutanga isati yaitwa genetic manipulation. Synthetic THC ine simba rakapetwa ka100 uye inogadzira zombies.

C) Iyo EndoCannabinoid System (ECS) ndeimwe yeakakosha uye akaomarara ekutaurirana masisitimu emuviri anobatsira kune homeostasis. Iyo phylogenetically yekare kwazvo, iripo kubva kune invertebrates kune vertebrates kunze kweprotozoa uye zvipembenene (Silver RJ, 2019). ECS inoumbwa ne:

1) Membrane receptors ine 7 transmembrane helices ine 3 yakawedzera uye 3 intracellular loops. Iyo NH2-terminal ndeye extracellular uye COOH-terminal intracytoplasmic. Mareceptors akaroora neG mapuroteni (guanosine triphosphate binding) ari padivi remukati uye anofambisa chiratidzo. Iwo ndiwo: a) -Iyo CB1 Receptor, yakawanikwa muna 1988 (William and unto.) uye akazozivikanwa naMatsuda L. and unto. (1990). Inonyanya kuwanikwa muma neuroni eCentral Nervous System uye isina simba muuropi. Munharaunda, inowanikwa mumapapu, gastrointestinal system, testicles uye ovaries. Kuwanikwa kwayo kunonyanya kuve pre-synaptic. Inobatanidzwa mu psychotropic effects. Iyo exogenous agonist ndeye THC. Sagan S. and unto. (2008), ratidza kuti glial masero (astrocytes) anewo G protein-coupled receptors, inoshandiswa ne cannabinoids, asi yakasiyana neCB1 receptor. b)-Iyo CB2 receptor (1993 naMunro S. and unto.) inonyanya kutenderera. Zvikuru zvine hukama nemasero e immune system, kusanganisira spleen uye amygdala. Zvimwe zvinobatanidzwa mu immunomodulatory effects.

2) Endogenous ligands. Nenzira imwechete iyo endogenous opioid system inoshandisa endorphins, iyo endocannabinoid system ine yayo yekusaina mamorekuru: iyo endocannabinoids (8 yakanyorwa). Aya maeuromediators uye neuromodulators akagadzirwa mumasero etsinga uye astrocytes "pakudiwa" nekukurumidza nekupinda kwecalcium muuron uye haana kuchengetwa mumavhesi. Izvo zvinogadzirwa mu neuronal membrane kubva ku phospholipids. Ivo vane inhibitory mhedzisiro pakuburitswa kwe dopamine, serotonin, glutamate nevamwe. Vane retrograde synaptic siginecha (kubva kune postsynaptic neuron kusvika kune pre-synaptic). Kunyanya kudzidza ndeiyi: a)- iyo AEA yeN-ArachidonoylEthanolAmide inonzi Anandamide (kubva kuSanskrit ananda=felicity) yakaparadzaniswa mu1992 neboka raMechoulam; AEA inoratidzwa zvakanyanya muhippocampus, cerebral cortex uye cerebellum uye zvakare mu hypothalamus uye brainstem. AEA ine hukama hwepamusoro kune CB1 receptor uye yakaderera hukama hweCB2. AEA inoshandawo pane mamwe masisitimu akadai se vanilloid, peroxisome uye glutamate receptors uye inomisa zvinyorwa zvekunyora kuburikidza neMAP-kinase nzira. AEA yakawanikwa zvakare mucocoo (di Tomaso E. and said, 1996). b)- iyo 2-AG ye2-Arachidonoylglycerol, monoglyceride ester kana ether, yakaparadzaniswa muna 1995. Iine hukama hwepamusoro hweCB2 receptors, uyewo CB1. Kusungwa kwe ligand (AEA kana 2-AG) pane receptor yayo (CB1 kana CB2) uye activation yeG-protein (GTP/GDP) ndiwo matanho maviri ekutanga anodiwa pakufambisa kwechiratidzo mukati mesero kuburikidza ne maitikiro azvinoita. Zvakare zvinosanganisirwa adenylate cyclase, modulation yeion channels kusanganisira calcium (Ca 2+) uye potassium (K+), uye kupindira kwephospholipase C.

3) Synthesis enzymes seN-acyltransferase, phospholipases A2 uye C.

4) Degradation enzymes. Maererano Cravatt BF and said. 2001; Uida N. and said. 2000, iyo 2 mikuru ndeiyi: a) -Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) ine imwechete transmembrane domaine, inosvibisa bioactive fatty acid amides kirasi inosanganisira AEA (anandamide) uye 2-AG. FAAH inowanikwa mune post-synaptic neurons. b) -Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inactivates 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) pa85% uyewo AEA.

Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvakaratidzwa kuti EndoCannabinoid System inobatanidzwa mu: ndangariro, mafungiro, chido, kurara, kupindura marwadzo, kusvotwa, manzwiro, thermoregulation, kudzivirirwa, kubereka kwemurume nemukadzi, mabasa ekubereka, chirongwa chemubairo uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvepfungwa. .

Psychoactive zvinhu zvinobata pane ino ECS dunhu nekugadzirisa kemikari yeNervous System, iyo, isiri yakasikwa uye yakarongeka, ichapesvedzera kudzora kwekufamba uye manzwiro, kugadzira iyi euphoria uye kunyepedzera kwekugara zvakanaka uye kugadzira kutsamira zvakanyanya kana zvishoma. zvishoma nezvishoma, maererano naThorndike's Law of Effect (1911): "Mhinduro inonyanya kudzokororwa kana ikaita kuti kugutsikana kwehupenyu uye kusiiwa kana ikaguma nekusagutsikana".

Iyo psychoactive zvinhu zvinokanganisa nzvimbo dzakanangana dzehuropi, iyo inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha izvo zvinoenderana nedzidziso zvinotsanangura hunhu hwedu uye hunhu hunhu zvinoenderana nekurudziro yavo:

-reptilian kana archaic brain inotangira makore mazana mana emamiriyoni emakore. Inonyatsovimbika, inokurumidza, inogadzirisa maonero uye mabasa anosanganisira: chikafu, zvepabonde, homeostasis, maitiro ekupona (kurwisa kana kutiza), asi inomanikidzira. -ipapo kunouya uropi hwemakumbo emhuka dzinoyamwisa, 400 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura nezvikamu zviviri: Paleolimbic yemhuka dzepasi uye Neolimbic iyo inosiyanisa zvakanaka kubva kune zvakaipa. Inovandudza kudzidza, ndangariro uye manzwiro, ndiwo moyo wemubairo uye chirango muvanhu. -uye pakupedzisira cerebral cortex kana neo-cortex yeprimates uyezve vanhu. Ndiyo nzvimbo yekuongorora, kuita sarudzo, kungwara, kugadzira, ine pfungwa yeramangwana, uye kuita kuti mutauro ugoneke. Uropi hunoumbwa nemasero anosvika mabhiriyoni 100, anoumbwa ne<em>neuron akaputirwa zvikuru uye ma<em>glial cells. Kukura kwayo kunopera pazera re2 neshanduko yakakosha panguva yekuyaruka, shanduko kubva pakutsamira kwehudiki kuenda kuzvimiririra kwevakuru.

Padanho rehuropi, iyo Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) yemesolimbic midbrain ndeimwe yematunhu ekutanga ehuropi. Maneuroni ayo anogadzira iyo neurotransmitter dopamine iyo maaxon avo anonangidzira kune nucleus accumbens. VTA inokonzerwawo ne endorphins uye ndiyo chinangwa cheopiate zvinodhaka (morphine uye heroin). -Iyo nucleus accumbens inotora chikamu chepakati mumutambo wemubairo (Klawonn AM uye Malenka RC, 2018). Basa rayo rinogadziriswa ne dopamine iyo inokurudzira chido uye mubairo nepo serotonin ine inhibitory basa. Iyi nucleus inobatanidzwawo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa mubhadharo system, kusanganisira hypothalamus. -Iyo prefrontal cortex, ichangoburwa dunhu, irelay yakakosha yemubairo wedunhu. Basa rayo rinogadziriswawo ne dopamine. -Dzimwe nzvimbo mbiri dzeiyo limbic system dzinotora chikamu mumubairo wedunhu: iyo hippocampus, inova mbiru yekurangarira uye amygdala, iyo inonyora maonero.

-Iyo neurotransmitter dopamine (inofadza molecule) inotora chikamu chepakati mukusimbisa kwakanaka uye inobatsira mukupindwa muropa. -Iyo GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), inhibitor inowanikwa zvikuru mueuroni dze cortex, inobatanidzwa mukutonga kwemotokari uye inodzora kufunganya. -Iyo amino acid Glutamate ndiyo inonyanya kunakidza neurotransmitter muuropi. Inobatanidzwa nekudzidza nekuyeuka. Inogadzirisa kusunungurwa kwe dopamine mu nucleus accumbens. (Glutamate zvakare chinowedzera chikafu: E621). Iyo membrane receptor ndiyo NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic).

Mhedzisiro ye "yakakwirira" kana kuti euphoria inokonzerwa nehupfumi hweTHC iyo inosunga zvakanyanya kupfuura AEA kune CB1 receptors (60% vs. 20%) zvichiita kuti kuwedzerwa kwakanyanya kwekubudiswa kwe dopamine uye kuwedzeredza kwenguva refu kwemeso-limbic dopaminergic. neurons, meso-accumbic (iyo nucleus accumbens) uye meso-cortical neurons yeuropi, muhurongwa hwemubairo uye kupa mafaro, izvo zvinozotungamira mukutsvaga kwezvinodhaka uyezve kuvimba.

The Adolescence:

Maitiro evechiri kuyaruka anowanzo kuratidzwa nekukasira, kutsvaga-kunzwa uye maitiro ekutora njodzi. Izvi zvine hukama nekutevedzana kwehuropi maturation nekukurumidzira kukura kwe limbic zvimiro (kunzwa kune manzwiro uye zvemagariro masaini) uyezve ye prefrontal cortex (inonzwisisika uye zvirongwa zviri mberi) iyo shanduko yekukura inononoka uye saka inononoka (Giedd, JN. and unto. 1999; Casey, BJ and unto. 2008). Nokudaro, vechidiki vanogona kuva nemanzwiro akadzama uye akaoma asi havagoni kuzvidzora zvakakwana. Naizvozvo kutora njodzi uye kumhanyisa pasina kufungidzira mhedzisiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti kuyaruka kuve nguva ine njodzi yehupenyu, asi zvakare izere nemikana uye nekuchinjika kukuru nekuda kwehuropi plasticity uye synaptic pruning.

Pathologies:

Cannabis yakave yakabatanidzwa epidemiologically nekukosha kwe fetal malformations uye kenza induction muvana uye vanhu vakuru.

1) Chirwere chegomarara chetesticular chinowanzoitika muhuduku pakati pemakore gumi nemashanu ne15 vachishandisa cannabis maererano neCancer Research Foundation. Kune njodzi yakawedzera ye testicular germ cell tumor (Gurney J. and said. 2015) nekubviswa kweiyo hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Chokwadi, CB1 uye CB2 receptors varipo mu:

-iyo hypothalamus apo THC inovhara hormone inodzora kukura kwepabonde panguva yekuyaruka uye kubereka, iyo ovulation hormone lutein uye testosterone;

-pa testicular tissue, THC inoderedza kugadzirwa kwe testosterone mumasero eLeydig uye ine pro-apoptotic effect paSertoli masero;

-pa spermatozoa, THC inoshandura kusungirirwa, kuverenga uye motility nezvinetso zvekushaya mbereko uye kukanganisa spermatogenesis (Gundersen TD and said. 2015). THC yaizokwanisa kukuvadza DNA kusvika chromotripsis (kuputika) yekromosome ine mukana wekutapurirana kwemajini (Reece AS naHulse GK 2016).

2) Dong and unto. 2019, yakatosimbisa iyo neural uye immune mhedzisiro ye cannabinoids pakukura kwe fetus uye vana.

3)Hjorthoj C. and said 2023, yakaratidza zvakajeka kushamwaridzana pakati pekushandisa cannabis kusagadzikana uye schizophrenia inokanganisa nzira iyo munhu anofunga, anonzwa uye maitiro.

4) Nekutarisa kwemakore makumi maviri, kurapwa zviri pamutemo kwecannabis muColorado muna 20 kwakaratidza (Reece naHulse, 2000) muvakadzi vari pasi pemakore makumi maviri nemana vachidya THC panguva yekuzvitakura kwavo, kuwedzera kashanu kwechiitiko cheteratogenic muvacheche. zvakadai sepina bifida, microcephaly, trisomy 2019, kusavapo kwezvikamu pakati pemoyo atria kana ventricles, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvisizvo zvinogona kuwirirana nekuita kwe cannabinoids inozivikanwa kushandura histones (kusanganisira H24) pamwe chete nemethylation yeCytosine-Phosphate- Guanine nzvimbo dzeDNA, nokudaro kushandura masisitimu ekudzora ejini kutaura.

Costentin J. (CNPERT, 2020) inoyeuchidza kuti kushandiswa kweTHC kunotungamirira kune epigenetic modifications inobata immune system, mabasa ekuziva, kukura kweuropi, nekuvandudzwa kwehutano hwepfungwa. Muzvigadzirwa zvekubvisa nhumbu kubva kunanamai-vanoshandisa cannabis, nucleus accumbens (mune limbic system) yeaya mafetus inoratidza kudzikira kwemRNA (RNA messenger) kukodha yeiyo dopaminergic D2 receptors uye kusawanzoitika kweaya mareceptor. Izvi zvishoma-zvinoreva kushandura dunhu remubairo zvaizogonesa gare gare kufarira kwezvinodhaka nevechidiki.

Saka, maererano nehukama hwecannabis-wechidiki, -isu tinofanirwa kubata chinhu ichi chakakurumbira zvakanyanya uye kuunganidza humbowo hunopesana nepesvedzero inokuvadza yemakakatanwa akarerekera uye ezvekutengeserana, -tinofanirwa kuita kuti data idzi dzizivikanwe zvakanyanya kuchengetedza vadiki. kuruzhinji uye nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Kune huwandu hukuru hwezvinogona kukanganisa kune vechidiki sekudzivirira uye / kana njodzi zvinhu. Ndivo: mhuri, chikoro nevadzidzisi, vezera, nharaunda, nhandaro, midhiya, tsika nemutemo. Asi chikuru chinoramba chiri vabereki uye maitiro ekurera vana. Zvechokwadi, vanogona kubatsira (kana kuti kwete) kudzivirira vana nokuteerera uye kuvatungamirira nomuenzaniso.

Zvichienderana nekubatana kwakatangwa muEurope yose nevazvipiri vedu vane vechidiki, vabereki, masangano, vadzidzisi, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, vashandi vehutano, vatungamiri vemunharaunda uye venyika, kuchengetedza nemapurisa, Chokwadi Nezvezvinodhaka mushandirapamwe wakagadzirwa zvine mutsindo. Uyu ndiwo mushandirapamwe wekudzivirira nedzidzo pamusoro penjodzi dzehutano, wakanangana nevechidiki uye ruzivo rweveruzhinji pamusoro pekukuvadza kunogona kuitika kwembanje nezvimwe zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo, kuitira kuti njodzi dzinyatsonzwisiswa.

«Kusaziva kunopofumadza uye kunotitsausa. Vhura maziso ako Ô vanhu vanosiririsa » akadaro Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Nokudaro, vachipiwa simba nechokwadi chechokwadi pamusoro pezvinodhaka, vechidiki vachakwanisa kutarisana nerucidity zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinetso zvehupenyu zvine chokuita nekushandisa zvinodhaka, kuita sarudzo yakarurama uye kukwanisa kunyatsoona zvavanokwanisa.

Iyi nzira inonyatsoenderana nedingindira re2023 reUN International Day: "Vanhu chekutanga: misai rusarura uye rusarura, simbisai kudzivirira" .

"Dai zvinhu zvaizivikanwa uye kunzwisiswa zviri nani, tese taizorarama hupenyu hunofadza” L.Ron Hubbard (1965)

References:

Bvunza zvakare mutemo muEU: -Kunakidzwa kwekushandisa cannabis - Mitemo nemitemo mune yakasarudzwa EU Nhengo dzeNyika https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/749792/EPRS_BRI(2023)749792_EN. pdf

-International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking - EU action against zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733548/EPRS_ATA(2022)733548_EN.pdf

Nezvemishonga shanyira: www.fdfe.eu ; www.drugfreeworld.org