Ngo-Apreli 15th, amalungu angaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu eNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kunye namalungu eNdlu yoWiso-mthetho angaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu aye adlulisela lo mthetho mtsha “wokomeleza umlo ochasene nokuxhatshazwa kwamahlelo” kwiBhunga loMgaqo-siseko ukuze kubekwe phambili ulawulo lokungqinelana nomgaqo-siseko ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 61-2 soMgaqo-siseko.
Umthetho udala amanqaku amatsha kwikhowudi yezohlwayo ukwenzela ukuba wenze ubugebengu isenzo "sokuthotyelwa kwengqondo" kunye nokukhuthazwa kweendlela zonyango okanye zokuthintela ezingaqhelekanga.
Ukuxhasa iingxoxo eziphuhliswe ngamaLungu ePalamente ekudluliseleni kwawo, iGalelo laNgaphandle elingezantsi lifakwe kwiBhunga ngoLwesihlanu wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi.
IGALELO NGAPHANDLE
UPatricia Duval, IGqwetha kwiBar yaseParis, okwethutyana ayizilolongi.
1. KwiSiqendu 3 esenza ityala elithile lokubeka umntu phantsi kwemeko yokuxhatshazwa kwengqondo okanye ngokomzimba (iSiqendu 2 sangaphambili)
Ukuxhasa iingxoxo eziphuhliswe yiSenators of the Republican Party (LR), kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ingcamango "yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo" iye yatshitshiswa yiNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu kwisigqibo sayo. AmaNgqina kaYehova aseMoscow v. Russia (C-302/02, 10 Juni 2010) – esi sigqibo kubhekiselwa kuso kwingxoxo yabo ephathelele iSiqendu 12 (ukhetho lonyango nenkululeko yokwala utofelo-gazi).
Kweli tyala, umbutho wamaNgqina kaYehova aseMoscow wawudlulisele kwiNkundla YaseYurophu ngesigqibo seNkundla yaseRashiya sokuba ichithe indawo yawo.
INkundla yasihlolisisa ngokukhethekileyo isityholo sabasemagunyeni baseRashiya sokuba kunyhashwa ilungelo labemi lenkululeko yesazela kuba babecinezelekile engqondweni nakubuchule bokulawula ingqondo.
Emva kokuphawula ukuba amalungu alo mmandla anikela ubungqina kwiinkundla zaseRashiya bokuba ayekhethe unqulo lwawo ngokukhululekileyo nangokuzithandela yaye ngoko alandela imiyalelo yawo ngokuthanda kwawo, iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba akukho nkcazelo yamkelwe ngokubanzi kunye nenzululwazi yokuba yintoni na "ukulawula ingqondo" kwaye akukho ngcaciso yelo gama inikwe kwizigwebo zasekhaya. (§ 128 et 129) [ugxininiso]
Ngokuvisisana noko, iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba “izinto ezifunyaniswe ziinkundla zaseRashiya ngalo mbandela zisekelwe kuqikelelo olungaxhaswanga sibakala” yaza yafumanisa ukuba iRashiya iyalinyhasha ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo okanye yeenkolelo zamaNgqina kaYehova.
Kwangokunjalo, iSiqendu sesi-3 somthetho obhekiswa kwiBhunga loMgaqo-siseko lenza ibe lulwaphulo-mthetho into yokubeka okanye ukugcinwa komntu phantsi kokulawulwa ngokwasengqondweni (iSiqendu esitsha sama-223-15-3 somgaqo-nkqubo wezohlwayo) ngaphandle kokubonelela nayiphi na inkcazo yeli gama kwaye siyishiya ivuleleke kwiijaji. ukucingela ngenkcazelo, ngokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko wokuba amatyala nezohlwayo kufuneka zichazwe ngumthetho.
Kwingxelo engeniswe kwiNkulumbuso ngoJulayi 2008, uMnumzana George Fenech, owayesakuba nguMongameli weMishini yokuHlola kunye nokuPhatha iMiviLUDES (i-MIVILUDES), ichaze ingcamango ephantsi komgaqo-nkqubo waseFransi "ngokuxhatshazwa kwamacandelo". Oku kuchaza ukuba amalungu avunyiweyo eentshukumo eziphawulwa “njengamahlelo” kufuneka athatyathwe njengamaxhoba phantsi kolawulo kwaye imvume yawo ijongwe njengento engekhoyo, nangona abo balandeli benobuchule ngokwasengqondweni phantsi komthetho woluntu. (Ingxelo La ubulungisa ubuso aux dérives amacandelo, iphepha 42)
Le ngcamango ikukunyhashwa ngokuphandle kwelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga nelesazela njengoko likhuselwe nguMgaqo-siseko waseFransi nomthetho weNkundla yaseYurophu.
Ukungachaneki kwegama elithi “psychology subjugation” kwiSiqendu esingeniswa kwiBhunga kuya kunyanzela abagwebi, ukuze balubonakalise ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba bagqibe ukuba loo mntu urhanelwayo ungowalo naliphi na intshukumo edweliswe “njengehlelo” ziinkonzo zikarhulumente ukuze aqinisekise ukuba izenzo zakhe zinokubandakanya ukuthotywa. Kulo mba, iSiqendu 14 somthetho omtsha sibonelela ngamathuba okuba oomantyi badibane nazo naziphi na ii-arhente zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo (umzekelo MIVILUDES) ukucacisa ukusetyenziswa kweSiqendu esitsha 223-15-3 sekhowudi yesohlwayo.
Kwigalelo kwiNgxelo ye-MIVILUDES ka-2008 (iphepha lama-59), i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphakathi izisa ingcaciso engaphezulu malunga nokuba yeyiphi na indlela ekufuneka igcinwe ngayo ukuze kuphawulwe ukuthotywa kwengqondo:
“Umongo othile wokuthotyelwa kwengqondo luphawu lokuxhatshazwa kwamahlelo. Ingcinezelo kufuneka iqalwe nguRhulumente xa inani leenqobo zokugweba lihlangatyezwana nazo: - Umntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu baqala ukuthobela. Iimbono ezahlukileyo kwezo zidla ngokuvunyelwana ngokwentlalontle. Umntu owamkelayo ukhokelela ekubeni atshintshe iireferensi zakhe, ubudlelwane kunye nezenzo. Ubomi bakhe buphuma esandleni, emva koko balathiswa kwaye bulawulwa ngumlahli wengqondo yengqondo. " [ugxininiso longeziwe]
Ikhrayitheriya yesibini ikuxa igalelo lemali lithathwa ngokuba ligqithise.
Ezo zikhokelo zingqina indima yovavanyo lwengcinga urhulumente ajonge ukuyidlala kwaye ayinyanzelise abagwebi.
Ngexesha lombhiyozo weminyaka elishumi yomthetho obizwa ngokuba yi-About-Picard owadala ityala "lokuxhatshazwa kobuthathaka babantu abaphantsi koxinzelelo lwengqondo" (okuthi ngelishwa akuzange kuthunyelwe kwiBhunga loMgaqo-siseko ukuba liphononongwe), uMlawuli weMicimbi yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye noXolelo wavuma ukuba intetho yakhe ethi "inkqubo yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo ngokwayo kunzima ukuyichaza". (2011-2012 Ingxelo ye-MIVILUDES iphepha lama-58)
Wongeze ukuba izikhokelo ezisasazwe liSebe lezoBulungisa ngomhla we-19 kuSeptemba 2011 zabongoza oomantyi ukuba babone ukuba amaxhoba aphantsi koxinzelelo lwengqondo ngokuvavanya izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana "nokwahlulwa kusapho, kubuchwephesha kunye nentlalontle, kunye nokwaliwa konyango oluqhelekileyo". (Ingxelo yephepha 60)
Yiyo loo nto, ukwala unyango oluqhelekileyo lumisela imiqathango yokuba amaqumrhu karhulumente aseke imeko yokuthotyelwa kwaye naliphi na iqela elikhuthaza impilo yendalo ngokomzekelo linokuthathwa njengetyala lokusebenzisa ukuthotyelwa kwengqondo.
Ileyibhile “yempatho-gadalala yehlelo” ngokwayo ayifanelekanga ngokupheleleyo njengoko olu didi lungabhekiseli ekungabandakanyi ukuziphatha ngokwenkcazo yegama elithi “ihlelo”, kodwa kwindlela yokuziphatha ebonwa njengengafunekiyo nguRhulumente kwaye icinezelwe ngolo hlobo.
Kucacile ke ngoko ukuba into yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo edityaniswe kuyo, kwaye kwakunzima ukuyilinganisa ngokutsho koMlawuli weMicimbi yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye noXolelo phantsi komthetho okhoyo (iSiqendu 223-15-2 sekhowudi yesohlwayo), iya kuba. ngakumbi phantsi kweSiqendu esitsha sama-223-15-3 esibhekiselwe kwiBhunga, ekubeni injongo yemeko yobuthathaka bomntu isusiwe.
ISiqendu esitsha sama-223-15-3 esiqulunqwe siSiqendu sesi-3 somthetho siya kuvumela amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba abe nempembelelo engafanelekanga koomantyi malunga nokutolikwa kwegama elithi “ukuthotyelwa kwengqondo” xa lilelona candelo lolwaphulo-mthetho.
Urhulumente wazama ukuyithomalalisa loo miphumo ngokuzisa ezi zivakalisi zibini zilandelayo: “Amaqumrhu karhulumente awazihlolisisi izibakala atyholwa ngazo loo mntu. Izinto ezibonelelwe ngamaqumrhu kaRhulumente zidluliselwa kukhuselo. "
Ezi ziqinisekiso zicingelwa ukuba aziyi kusebenza ngokupheleleyo njengoko ukuba yinxalenye yombutho obizwa “njengehlelo” ziinkonzo zikaRhulumente kuya kubangela ukuba kubonakale ngathi unetyala kumntu otshutshisiweyo. Oku kucingelwa kuthathwa njengembuyekezo ngenxa yokuba imiba ebonelelwe ngurhulumente iya kwaziswa kukhuselo. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho wethu usekelwe ekucingeni ukuba msulwa kunye nokulingana kwezixhobo phakathi kwabatshutshisi kunye nokhuselo, kwaye hayi kwingqikelelo yetyala ephenjelelwa ziinkonzo zolwazi zikaRhulumente.
Isixhobo esipheleleyo esenziwe liSiqendu sama-223-15-3 esitsha somgaqo wesohlwayo sophula umgaqo wokuba amatyala nezohlwayo kufuneka zibonelelwe kwaye zichazwe emthethweni, kunye nelungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala ngobulungisa; lubandakanya ukungenelela kwamagunya olawulo kwimiba yenkundla ekwaphula ngokuphandle uMgaqo-siseko wethu, kwakunye nokunyhashwa kwelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga nesazela sabemi bethu.
2. KwiSiqendu 12 esidala ityala lokukhuthaza ukwenqaba unyango okanye ukubambelela kwiinkqubo ezingekho phantsi kwesiqhelo (iSiqendu 4 sangaphambili)
Apha kwakhona, ukunganyaniseki kwembono yokulawulwa kwengqondo esetyenziswe kweli nqaku ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ababhali okanye abakhuseli beendlela zonyango okanye zokuthintela ezingaqhelekanga zigxininiswa, ekuxhaseni izibheno ezifakwe ngamaLungu ePalamente kunye namaqela e-Coalition of National (LR kunye neRN). ).
Inqaku le-12 lidala iNqaku elitsha lama-223-1-2 lekhowudi yezohlwayo, eyenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho “ukukhuthaza, ngokucinezelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nezenzo kubantu abagulayo, ukuba bayeke okanye bayeke ukulandela unyango lonyango okanye lothintelo xa beyeka okanye bengahoyi. ichazwa njengeyingenelo kubo, xa, kwimeko yangoku yolwazi lwezamayeza, ngokucacileyo ifanele ibandakanye, ngenxa yezifo zabo, imiphumo eyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabo yomzimba okanye yengqondo.”
Xa iimeko apho ulwaphulo olunokubakho lwenzeke nge Imvume ekhululekileyo nenolwazi lomntu ngamnye, ngakumbi xa kukho ulwazi olucacileyo nolupheleleyo malunga nemiphumo yempilo yaloo mntu, ulwaphulo-mthetho alubonakali, "ngaphandle kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umntu wabekwa okanye wagcinwa kwimeko yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo” ngokwentsingiselo yeGatya 223-15-3.
Kule meko, imeko "yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo" iya kwenza imvume yamahhala kunye nolwazi lwesigulane lungasebenzi. Eli lungiselelo linyhasha ilungelo lezigulana lokuvuma unyango oluluthandayo okanye lokwala unyango olucetywayo, olukhuselwe nguMqulu wamaLungelo aSisiseko weEuropean Union okwiGatya lesi-3 (ilungelo lokuthembeka komntu) ubonelela ukuba kwintsimi yezonyango, "imvume ekhululekile kunye nenolwazi lomntu ochaphazelekayo, ngokwemigaqo ebekwe ngumthetho" kufuneka ihlonishwe, kunye noMthetho we-Kouchner we-2002 ngamalungelo ezigulane.
INkundla YaseYurophu Elwela Amalungelo Abantu iye yagweba kwesi sigqibo sikhankanywe ngasentla AmaNgqina kaYehova aseMoscow v. Russia:
- 135. Oyena ndoqo weNgqungquthela kukuhlonipha isidima somntu nenkululeko yomntu kunye neengcinga zokuzikhethela kunye nokuzimela kobuqu yimigaqo ebalulekileyo esekelwe ekutolikweni kweziqinisekiso zayo (jonga uPretty, okhankanywe ngasentla, §§ 61 kunye ne-65). Ubuchule bokuphila ubomi bukabani ngendlela azikhethele yona siquka ithuba lokusukela izinto ekucingelwa ukuba ziyingozi ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ziyingozi kumntu ochaphazelekayo. Kwinkalo yoncedo lwezonyango, nalapho ukwala ukwamkela unyango oluthile kunokukhokelela kwisiphumo esibulalayo, ukunyanzeliswa konyango ngaphandle kwemvume yomguli okhulileyo ophile kakuhle ngokwasengqondweni kuya kuphazamisana nelungelo lakhe lengqibelelo yasemzimbeni kuze kuchaphazeleke. amalungelo akhuselweyo phantsi kweSiqendu 8 seNgqungquthela (jonga uPretty, okhankanywe ngasentla, §§ 62 kunye ne-63, kunye ne-Acmanne kunye nabanye v. Belgium, no. 10435 / 83, isigqibo seKhomishini ye-10 Disemba 1984).
- 136. Inkululeko yokwamkela okanye yokwala unyango oluthile, okanye ukukhetha olunye uhlobo lonyango, ibalulekile kwimigaqo yokuzikhethela nokuzimela geqe. Umguli okhulileyo onobuchule ukhululekile ukuba azenzele isigqibo, ngokomzekelo, enoba uya kutyandwa okanye angalufumani kusini na unyango okanye, ngokufanayo, atofelwe igazi. Noko ke, ukuze le nkululeko ibe nentsingiselo, abaguli bafanele babe nelungelo lokwenza ukhetho oluvumelana neembono nemilinganiselo yabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba olu khetho lusenokubonakala lungekho ngqiqweni, lungekho bulumko okanye lububudenge kangakanani na kwabanye.
ISiqendu 223-1-2 esithe sabhekiswa kwiBhunga sinyhasha ngokuthe ngqo le mithetho-siseko yokuzikhethela kunye nokuzimela komntu ngokudala utshutshiso lolwaphulo-mthetho lwabachasi kunyango oluthile olusemthethweni. Iphula ilungelo lezigulane zokwala unyango, ngokuthintela ukhetho lwazo phantsi kwengcamango engacacanga kunye nengqinisiso "yokuthotyelwa kwengqondo", esekelwe kuphela ngokukhetha kakhulu ukwala unyango oluqhelekileyo (i-abstract evela kwiSetyhula ye-2011 ekhankanywe ngasentla).
Kwaye "ukuvuselela, ngoxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo kunye nezenzo" ezichazwe kwiSiqendu azikhathaleli kuphela ubudlelwane bomntu phakathi kwengcali kunye nesigulane sakhe ngokomzekelo, ekubeni umhlathi wesi-6 weNqaku elifanayo ubonelela ukuba olu lwaphulo-mthetho lunokuthi "lwenziwe" ngokushicilela okubhaliweyo okanye imidiya evakalayo”.
Ukongeza, umhlathi wesibini wenqaku elitsha lama-223-1-2 wenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho “ukukhuthaza ukubambelela kwizenzo ezivezwa njengonyango okanye zothintelo xa kubonakaliswa, kwimeko yolwazi lwezonyango, ukuba ezo zenzo zibandakanya umngcipheko wokufa okanye ukwenzakala okukhokelela ekufeni kwangoko. kukwaphuka okanye ukuba nesiphene esisisigxina.”
Oku kubonisa ukuvinjelwa kwanoma yikuphi ukukhuthazwa kwezenzo ngaphandle kweyeza elisemthethweni, nangona zinokuthi zincedisane, ezifana ne-naturopathy okanye iyeza laseTshayina ngokomzekelo, ukuba abasemagunyeni bezonyango abavunyiweyo nguRhulumente baye bagqiba ekubeni ukuqinisekiswa kwabo akuzange kuqinisekiswe ngokwaneleyo.
Ukophulwa kwenkululeko yokuzikhethela kwezigulane kucacile, kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha neyoluvo. La manyathelo amele ukuphazamiseka okungalinganiyo kwaye akuyimfuneko ngenjongo yokukhusela impilo ekutyholwa ukuba ifanelekile, njengoko imimiselo ekhoyo yomthetho inokwaneleyo ukucinezela ukusetyenziswa kakubi, njengoko kuchazwe kwii-MPs ezahlukeneyo izibheno (ukunyanzeliswa kokusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kweyeza. , ikhemesti, izenzo zorhwebo ezilahlekisayo, njl. njl.).
Eyona njongo yale malungiselelo kunokuthintela naluphi na uluvo oluphikisanayo malunga nempilo ngokuyibiza ngokuthi "ihlelo" kunye nokutshutshisa umbhali wabo, ngokungathi idemokhrasi ekhoyo eFransi, ayisebenzi kwindawo yezempilo apho ilizwi labantu kufuneka libe khona. umlomo.
URhulumente uzama ukuthulisa abagxeki ngokuzisa umhlathi okhankanya ukukhuselwa kwabahlebi (iSiqendu sesi-6 somthetho we-9 kaDisemba 2016) ayisebenzi. Esi sibonelelo sithintelweyo sichaphazela kuphela ukuvezwa kolwaphulo-mthetho nolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye izoyikiso ezimandundu okanye imingcipheko kumdla woluntu.
Kodwa abachasi bonyango oluthile lwamayeza aqhelekileyo, xa bebuza umbuzo wogonyo olungavavanywanga ngokwaneleyo, abavezi naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ityala elimiselwe phantsi komthetho wezohlwayo kunye nabakhuseli bezinye iindlela, xa bekhuthaza amayeza endalo, abavezi naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobuzaza. isoyikiso okanye umngcipheko kumdla woluntu. Ngoko ke abanakuzuza kolu khuseleko.
Okokugqibela, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba umthetho othunyelwe kwiBhunga upasiswe ngenkani kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho nangona inkcaso yeSenethi kunye neBhunga likaRhulumente. Kwaye oku, kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kokuba urhulumente waseFransi wavotela iNgcebiso yeKomiti yabaPhathiswa beBhunga laseYurophu kuMazwe angamalungu malunga nokuchasana nokusetyenziswa kwamatyala ahlukumezayo ngenjongo yokunciphisa inxaxheba yoluntu, ngesiFrentshi. poursuites-bâillons, okuthetha "izimangalo ezifihlakeleyo" - Ingcebiso CM/Rec(2024)2 yeKomiti yabaPhathiswa kuMazwe angamalungu malunga nokuchasana nokusetyenziswa kwamatyala acwangcisiweyo ngokuchasene nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu (SLAPPs) yamkelwe nge-5 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2024.
Kwesi Sincomo, kucelwa ukuba aMazwe angamaLungu “anike ingqwalasela eyodwa kwiiSLAPPs [izimangalo ezifinyazayo] kumxholo wophononongo lwazo lwemithetho yasekhaya efanelekileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo, kubandakanywa ngokuhambelana neNgcebiso CM/Rec(2016)4 kwi ukukhuselwa kobuntatheli kunye nokhuseleko lweentatheli kunye nabanye abadlali beendaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwezibophelelo zaMazwe angamalungu phantsi kweNkomfa”.
Kuya kuba sengqiqweni ukuba iBhunga loMgaqo-siseko libe lelokuqala ukusebenzisa esi Sindululo ngokuvala iSiqendu se-12 somthetho odala “izimangalo ezifihlakeleyo” ezinyhasha amalungelo akhuselweyo nguMgaqo-siseko wethu.
Kuzo zonke ezi zizathu zingentla, njengoko zigcinwe ngamalungu eSenethi e-LR kwisicelo sawo, sisixhobo esipheleleyo esenziwe ngumthetho esinoxanduva lokukhalinyelwa liBhunga.
