Watsekeredwa, chifukwa chiyani? Analandidwa ufulu wake chifukwa chakuti anali wosokonezeka ndipo ankaimba nyimbo zaphokoso madzulo. Woyandikana naye nyumba adayimbira apolisi, omwe adapeza kuti m'nyumba mwake muli chipwirikiti ndikumupempha kuti akamuyezetse. Iye sanali psychotic, ndipo sankakhulupirira kuti amafunikira thandizo la akatswiri. Amadziwa bwino zomwe zingachitike, anali atatsekeredwa m'chipinda cha anthu odwala matenda amisala zaka zingapo zapitazo. Komabe anamutengera kuchipatala cha anthu odwala matenda amisala kumene anatsekeredwa patatha ola limodzi.
Sanapalamulapo mlandu uliwonse, sanali wodzipha kapena woopsa kwa aliyense. Mayi wazaka 45 ankadziwika ndi anzake kuti ndi Mkhristu wamtendere komanso wokangalika m’dera lawo. Koma nthawi zina moyo wake unkasokoneza kwambiri ndipo izi zinali choncho apa. Amadziwa kuti akufunika kupuma ndipo amapita kutchuthi, ndipo amaimba nyimbo pokonzekera ulendo wake tsiku lotsatira. Malingaliro ake anali kwinakwake pamene apolisi analiza belu kachiwiri madzulo amenewo. Iye sanathe kufotokoza izo ndipo anakathera m'chipinda chotsekedwa cha anthu amisala.
Nkhani yomwe ili pamwambayi singakhale yachilendo ku Denmark, chifukwa anthu ambiri akutsekeredwa m'zipatala zamisala. Ndipo sizikungochitika kwa achifwamba owopsa amisala, zimachitikiranso anthu ambiri. Ngakhale kuti panali lamulo loletsa, ndondomeko zotetezera momveka bwino, komanso ndondomeko yomveka bwino yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoumiriza m'maganizo, chaka chatha chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri chikulandidwa ufulu wawo wamisala. Ndipo yakhala ikuchulukirachulukira kwa zaka zambiri.
The Psychiatry Act
Pali njira zingapo zomwe munthu angalandidwe ufulu wake muzamisala ku Denmark. Mikhalidwe, njira ndi zodzitetezera ku nkhanza zafotokozedwa mulamulo lapadera, Psychiatry Act. Kulandidwa kwa ufulu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kukakamiza kapena kukakamiza kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati sizingatheke kupeza mgwirizano wodzifunira wa munthuyo ndipo kulowererapo kumaonedwa kuti kukugwirizana ndi mfundo yochepetsera njira [zochepa zosokoneza].
Lamulo limafuna kuti munthu azitha kumangidwa ngati akufunika chithandizo, sangavomereze dala kuvomerezedwa ndipo zotsatirazi zikukwaniritsidwa:
- munthuyo ndi wamisala kapena ali mu chikhalidwe chofanana ndi misala ndi
- Sichanzeru kusamutsekera munthuyo kuti apereke chithandizo chifukwa: (a) Chiyembekezo cha kuchira kapena kusintha kwakukulu ndi kotsimikizika kwa matendawo chikhoza kulephereka kwambiri; kapena (b) Munthuyo ali ndi chiwopsezo chodziwikiratu kwa iye kapena kwa ena.
Palibe mlandu wa khoti womwe uyenera kuchitidwa kuti alandidwe ufulu kukhala wovomerezeka. Ikhoza kuchitidwa pamene katswiri wa zamaganizo atsimikizira kuti malinga ndi maganizo ake chithandizo chimene amakhulupirira kuti angapereke ndi chofunikira. Munthu wogonjetsedwa akhoza kudandaula, koma izi sizilepheretsa kuphedwa kwa kulandidwa ufulu.
Izi zapangitsa kuti kuchulukirachulukira kwa njira izi kumangirira anthu masauzande ambiri chaka chilichonse.
Ziwerengero 3 za zomwe mwachita mwadala
Zowonjezera
Kuthekera kutsata anthu osiyanasiyana otere ndi kulowererapo kwakukulu - kulandidwa ufulu - kudayamba mu 1920s ndi 1930s, pomwe eugenics idakhala chofunikira komanso gawo lofunikira lachitukuko cha anthu ku Denmark. Pa nthawiyo olemba mabuku ochulukirachulukira adawonetsa chikhumbo choti ngakhale "opatuka" omwe sali oopsa akanaloledwa kugonekedwa m'chipatala chamisala.
Mphamvu yoyendetsa ganizo limeneli sikunali kudera nkhaŵa kwa munthu payekha, koma kudera nkhaŵa anthu kapena banja. Lingaliro la gulu lomwe zinthu "zopotoka" ndi "zovuta" zinalibe malo.
Malinga ndi woyimira milandu wina waku Danish wa Supreme Court yemwe anali wotchuka panthawiyo, Otto Schlegel, m’nkhani ya Danish Weekly Journal of the Judiciary, olemba onse, kupatulapo mmodzi, anaganiza kuti “kuthekera kwa kugonekedwa m’chipatala mokakamiza kuyeneranso kukhala kotsegukira kumlingo wakutiwakuti kwa anthu amene mwinamwake sali owopsa koma amene sangathe kuchita zinthu m’dziko lakunja, amisala ovutitsa amene khalidwe lawo limawopseza kuwononga kapena kunyozetsa achibale awo. Mfundo zochiritsira zimaganiziridwanso kuti zilungamitsa kugonekedwa m'chipatala mokakamizidwa nthawi zina. "
Chifukwa chake, Danish Insanity Act ya 1938 idapereka mwayi wotsekera anthu amisala omwe si oopsa. Lingaliro loyendetsa kumbuyo kwa lingaliro lakuchotsera okhudzidwa ufulu wake, ndipo potero kuchotsa iwo omwe sakanatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira pagulu - otchedwa amisala ovuta komanso opotoka omwe sanali owopsa - sanali okhudzidwa ndi munthu, koma nkhawa kwa anthu. Sizinali kukhudzidwa kwachifundo kapena lingaliro lothandizira anthu osowa zomwe zinayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuthekera kumeneku mu malamulo, koma lingaliro la anthu omwe zinthu zopotoka ndi "zovuta" zinalibe malo. Ndipotu khalidwe lawo likhoza kuopseza achibale awo kapena kuwachititsa manyazi.
Kulandidwa ufulu kwa amisala kunali kozikidwa pa mfundo ya lamulo langozi. Kufikira mu 1938, maziko alamulo ochotsera amisala ufulu wawo anali akali kupezekabe m’Chilamulo cha Danish 1-19-7 cha 1683 ndi m’malamulo amtsogolo. Malamulo oletsa ufulu wa amisala amakhudza anthu amisala okha omwe angawoneke ngati oopsa kwa chitetezo chamba kapena kwa iwo eni kapena malo omwe amakhala.
Ndi eugenics inakhudza Insanity Act ya 1938 izi zinasintha, ndi Kuthekera kotsekera anthu omwe si owopsa omwe akunenedwa ngati vuto lachitukuko kwasungidwa kuyambira mu Psychiatry Act yatsopano..
Zosungira
Kulandidwa ufulu wopita ku chipatala cha matenda amisala kuphatikiza kunyamula anthu m'nyumba zawo kapena mumsewu kungachitidwenso kwa anthu omwe adzigoneka m'chipatala mwakufuna kwawo.
Ngati munthu amene adadzilola yekha ku chipatala cha amisala apempha kuti atulutsidwe, dokotala wamkulu ayenera kusankha ngati wodwalayo atha kutulutsidwa kapena kusungidwa mokakamiza. Chikhumbo cha munthuyo kuti atulutsidwe chikhoza kukhala chodziwikiratu (akufuna kuti atulutsidwe), koma chikhoza kukhalanso khalidwe la munthuyo lomwe liyenera kufanana ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuchotsedwa.
Malinga ndi lamulo, wodwala wololedwa mwaufulu akhoza kumangidwa ngati munthuyo apempha kuti atulutsidwe panthawi yomwe akwaniritsa zofunikira zovomerezeka mokakamizidwa pansi pa Psychiatric Act.
Izi zisanachitike, chilolezo cha wodwalayo kuti apitirize kuvomereza mwaufulu chidzafunidwa malinga ndi mfundo ya njira zochepa.
Kwa zaka zoposa 25 pakhala pali chifuno chodziwika bwino cha ndale ndi cha boma chochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kwachipatala ku Denmark. Komabe, cholingachi sichimawonekera m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi machitidwe m'mawodi amisala. Chifukwa chake, wina amawonanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusungitsa mwadala.
Kuphatikiza pa kudzipereka kwanthawi zonse ndi kusunga, palinso njira ina yosadziŵika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza kudzipereka kwa anthu odwala matenda amisala popanda kuwoneka ngati kudzipereka kopanda dala, ngakhale ikusemphana ndi chilolezo cha munthu amene akukhudzidwayo. Izi ndi zomwe khoti lalamula kuti alandire chithandizo chamankhwala amisala malinga ndi lamulo la Criminal Law. Anthu masauzande ambiri masiku ano amakhala pakati pa anthu koma akhoza kutengedwa nthawi iliyonse yomwe sangatsatire malangizo a chithandizo ndikutsekeredwa m'chipinda cha odwala matenda amisala. Izi zikachitika, sizimatengedwa ngati kudzipereka kopanda dala.
Chilamulo choyambitsa kukakamiza
Kulandidwa ufulu wopita ku zamisala kukuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo zikupitilira kuchuluka kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda amisala kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Ndi zoyesayesa zakusintha maboma a Danish ndi cholinga chandale chogwirizana chochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokakamiza muzamisala, kugawidwa kwazinthu ndi zoyeserera zapakati kuti zithandizire izi zitha kungowona mfundo chabe ya kukhalapo kwa kuthekera kwalamulo kugwiritsa ntchito kapena amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito kuumiriza monga chifukwa cha kutsetsereka mchitidwe, ndi kuwonjezeka kulandidwa ufulu mu misala.
