Zaka 205 kuchokera pamene mmodzi wa akazi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19 anamwalira
Anna Stahl, kapena dzina lake lonse - Anne Louise Germain de Stahl, yemwe adadziwika kuti Madame de Stahl, ndi mlembi wodziwika bwino wa Chifalansa ndi Switzerland, woimira machitidwe omasuka mu chikondi cha ku France komanso wotsutsa Napoleon.
Iye ndi wochokera ku chikhalidwe chapamwamba. Anabadwira m'banja la banki ndi nduna ya zachuma ya Louis XVI. Ukwati wake woyamba anali Eric Magnus, Baron de Stahl-Holstein, kazembe Swedish ku Paris.
Madame de Stael anadziwika pamene, madzulo a Chisinthiko cha ku France, adalenga salon yolemba mabuku ku Paris, kumene andale, olemba ndi asayansi anayamba kusonkhana. Anawonekera ngati wotsutsa Napoleon ndipo anayenera kuchoka ku Paris. Anasamukira ku Switzerland. Kumeneko anakumana ndi wandale Benjamin Constant de Roebeck ndipo pamodzi ndi iye anapita maulendo ambiri ku Ulaya.
Anabwerera ku France pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Napoleon. Madame de Stael anali mlembi yemwe adadziwika chifukwa cha zolemba zake "Dolphin" (1802) ndi "Corinne" (1807), komanso ntchito "On Influence of the Passions on Individual and Nations" (1796), "Pa Literature". Amaganiziridwa mu Ubale wake ndi mabungwe aboma "(1800), "About Germany" (1810), etc.
Madame de Stael adatchulidwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akazi otchuka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19. Anzeru ambiri a nthawi yake amanena kuti iye ankawopa Napoleon yekha, ndipo amasilira ndi maganizo owala monga Goethe ndi Pushkin.
Mnzake wapamtima wa Madame de Stahl - Countess Victorine de Chastanet analemba kuti: "Maulamuliro akuluakulu atatu akumenyana ndi Napoleon chifukwa cha moyo wa Ulaya - England, Russia ndi Madame de Stahl." Mawu awa amalimbikitsa ulemu weniweni wa umunthu wa baroness, yemwe mwiniwake akufanizidwa ndi mayiko awiri amphamvu pa nkhondo ndi mfumu.
Kukumana kwake koyamba ndi Napoleon kunali pa Januware 3, 1798 ku Hotel Khalifa ku Paris. The Baroness de Stael mwiniyo analemba zotsatirazi ponena za mmene anamuwonera: “Pamene ndinawona Napoleon Bonaparte, ndinayamba kuda nkhaŵa kwambiri. Iye ndi munthu wopanda kutengeka… Chilichonse chimapangidwa ndi munthu m'modzi, ndipo palibe amene angatenge ngakhale sitepe, kapena kulakalaka chilichonse popanda icho. Osati ufulu wokha, komanso ufulu wakudzisankhira umaoneka ngati utachotsedwa padziko lapansi.
Mayi de Stael ndi chinsinsi chenicheni. Iye amakhalabe pang’onopang’ono m’masamba a mbiri yakale, ndipo chisonkhezero chake pa zaluso ndi ndale za nthaŵi imene anakhalamo chinali chachikulu. Sizikudziwika kokha ndi bwenzi lake lapamtima Goethe, komanso Byron, komanso Pushkin. Onse amasirira chikhalidwe chodabwitsa cha mkazi uyu ndi khalidwe lolimba.
Iye anabadwa pa April 22, 1766. Amayi ake ndi ochokera ku Franco-Swiss - mkazi wokongola yemwe anakwatiwa ndi bambo ake a Anne - Jacques Necker, mwamuna yemwe ali ndi ntchito yochititsa chidwi m'bwalo lachifumu la France. Anthu ambiri otchuka ankasonkhana ku salon ya amayi a Anne ku Paris. Ali ndi zaka 11, Ann adalankhula nawo modekha ndipo adapeza chidziwitso - moyo komanso ndale. Anne anali wachibadwa, ndipo amayi ake adamupatsa chilango chokhwima m'maphunziro ake, kuti asasocheretsedwe muzinthu zazing'ono. Motero, ali ndi zaka 16, Anne anachititsa chidwi chenicheni pakati pa anthu okhwima ndi odziwa zambiri ndi nzeru zake.
Mayi ake a Anne anali ocheperapo kwa bambo ake ndi zaka 18, ndipo ngakhale kuti banja lawo silinali losangalala, ankalemekeza mwamuna wake ndipo anamuberekera ana asanu. Ndipo tsogolo la Madame de Stahl, monga amayi ake, ngakhale kuti sanasangalale m'maukwati awo onse, anabala ana awiri kuchokera kwa iwo ndi mwana wina kuchokera kwa wokondedwa wake.
Kodi iye anali wokonda zachikazi? - Mwina inde, ngakhale monyanyira nthawi zina, chifukwa adalembapo kuti: "Ndikamadziwana kwambiri ndi amuna, ndimakonda kwambiri agalu."
Kwa nthawi yake, Madame de Stael ndi mkazi womasuka kwambiri yemwe amaimirira maganizo ake, komanso amalemekeza maganizo a ena. Iye analemba m’buku lake kuti: “Pakadapanda kulemekeza maganizo a anthu, sindikanatsegula zenera langa kuti ndione Bay of Naples nthawi yoyamba imene ndinapita kukalankhula ndi munthu wanzeru amene sindinamuonepo. ”.
Madame de Stael ndi mzimu wodziyimira pawokha womwe umalemekeza anthu omwe amakhala maso. Kulankhula kwaufulu ndi mopanda mantha kwa mzimayi pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri za ndale ndi anthu monga Napoliyoni zinamupangitsa kukhala wankhondo wokhala ndi nyerere pamaso pa anthu ambiri.
Pa nthawi ya ukapolo - pakati pa 1803 ndi 1810, kutali ndi Paris, Madame de Stael anapita ku mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya. Amalemba "Corin" ndi "For Germany". Ena mwa anthu othawa kwawo omwe anakumana nawo kunja anali nduna yakale ya nkhondo ya France - Count Louis de Narbonne. Chilakolako chenicheni chinayamba pakati pa awiriwa, chipatso chake chinali ntchito ya Madame de Stahl "Pa chikoka cha chilakolako pa chisangalalo cha anthu ndi mayiko".
Tsoka ilo, ubale wapakati pa awiriwo unasokonekera komanso kupatukana.
Madame de Staël anali woyamba kuyerekeza kupandukira nkhanza za Mfumukazi Marie-Antoinette ku France ndipo adafalitsa kabuku kosadziwika bwino kakuti “Refléxion sur le procès de la Reine, par une femme (1793), komwe adayesa kudzutsa chifundo kwa anthu. mfumukazi yosakondwa.
Ali ku Switzerland, amayi a Madame de Stael anamwalira, ndipo anaika kholo lawo kumeneko. Kwa zaka ziwiri iye ankasamalira bambo ake, amene ankamumvera moona mtima ndi kuyamikira maganizo awo ndi khalidwe. Mu 1804, adasindikiza ntchito "Vie privée de Mr. Necker" yoperekedwa kwa abambo ake.
Ku Switzerland, Madame de Stahl anakumana ndi nthawi zambiri zachisoni, monga imfa ya amayi ake, komanso misonkhano yambiri yolimbikitsa, komanso kukopa chikondi - ndi Benjamin Constant.
M'buku lake lakuti "Dolphin", wolembayo akufotokoza za tsoka la mkazi waluso kwambiri yemwe adalowa mu nkhondo yosagwirizana ndi nkhanza za maganizo a anthu. Zowonadi, momwemonso tsogolo lake. Mu Constant, samapeza chilakolako chokha, komanso kumvetsetsa.
Panali pamene awiriwa adachoka pamodzi ndikukhala ku Germany kuti Anne anakumana ndi Goethe, Schiller, Fichte, Humboldt ndi Schlegel. Kenako, ali ku Italy, anakumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo Vincenzo Monti. Kukondana kumadzutsidwa pakati pa awiriwo. Kulemberana kumasungidwa komwe kumatsimikizira kukondana kwawo, ngakhale Anne akadali ndi chibwenzi ndi Constant.
Pambuyo pake, atabwerera ku Switzerland, Anne de Staal akuitana wolemba ndakatulo kuti akamuchezere, koma akuwonetsa kuti ndi wofooka komanso wamantha kuti asawononge mkwiyo wa Napoleon, kuti asayankhe pempholo. Izi zimathetsa malingaliro ake pa iye. Pambuyo pake, nayenso anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi Benjamin Constant, wapamtima pake. Atabwerera kuchokera ku Germany kupita ku Geneva, adamva kuchokera kwa anzake kuti anali ndi ukwati wachinsinsi ndi Charlotte Gardenberg.
Ann kufunafuna mitu yambiri yofunika kwa anthu kumamupulumutsa ku sewero laumwini. M'nkhani yake "Pa Literature ..." mayi wochititsa chidwi kwambiriyu akufufuza mgwirizano pakati pa chipembedzo, makhalidwe aumunthu ndi malamulo olembedwa. Mitu yonse yomwe ili yovuta kwa anthu.
Mu 1812, Madame de Stahl nayenso anapita ku Russia. Iye amasirira mphamvu ya anthu Russian, koma ananena kuti America ali ndi udindo waukulu mu dziko. Amalangiza Ajeremani ndi aku Italy kuti agwirizane m'chitaganya. Kuchokera ku Petersburg, akupita ku Stockholm. Anabwerera ku Paris atamva kuti Napoleon wathamangitsidwa ku Elba.
Pa February 21, 1817, paphwando lokonzedwa ndi nduna yaikulu ya Louis XVIII, Anne de Stael anagwa mosasamala ndipo anadwala matenda otaya magazi muubongo. Anakhalanso chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zinapangitsa imfa yake. Anamwalira pa tsiku lofunika kusonyeza chiyambi cha Great French Revolution - July 14. N'zosadabwitsa, koma Anne de Stael anamwalira pa Tsiku la Bastille - July 14, 1817, ali ndi zaka 51 zokha, ali ndi zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake.
Kuwonjezera pa mabuku ndi ntchito zake, mayi wochititsa chidwi ameneyu anatisiyira mfundo zake, zimene zimafotokoza momveka bwino za maganizo ake okhwima.
Ndipo duwa lokongola, lowoneka bwino komanso losowa kwambiri limatchedwa mzimu wake wachikondi.
Madame de Stael - zolemba
Maganizo ndi pakuzindikira kufanana pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi kusiyana pakati pa zinthu zofanana.
Ndimaphunzira moyo kuchokera kwa olemba ndakatulo.
Sosaiti imapanga nzeru, koma luso lake ndi chifukwa cha kulingalira.
Malingaliro aumunthu nthawi zonse akupita patsogolo, koma uku ndiko kupita patsogolo kwa moyo.
Kufunafuna chowonadi ndiko kulondola kopambana kwa munthu; kufalitsidwa kwake ndi udindo.
Genius kwenikweni amalenga; imanyamula chidindo cha mwini wake.
Kulimba mtima kwa mzimu ndikofunikira kuti apambane anzeru.
Munthu ayenera kusankha m’moyo, pakati pa kunyong’onyeka ndi kuvutika.
Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kumapangitsa kupita patsogolo kwa makhalidwe kukhala kofunika; pakuti ngati mphamvu ya munthu iwonjezeka, macheke omwe amamuletsa ku nkhanza ayenera kulimbikitsidwa.
Changu chimapereka moyo kwa zosawoneka ndi chidwi ku zomwe sizingakhudze chitonthozo chathu m'dziko lino.
Kutengeka kumatanthauza Mulungu mwa ife.
Chikumbumtima, mosakayikira, n'chokwanira kutsogoza ngakhale munthu wozizira kwambiri kunjira ya ukoma.
Liwu la chikumbumtima ndi losavuta kuti likhale chete; koma n’zoonekeratu kwambiri moti n’zosatheka kulakwitsa.
Ulemu ndi luso losankha zabwino kwambiri pakati pa malingaliro anu.
Amuna amanyengedwa ndi kudzikonda, ndipo akazi - chifukwa ndi ofooka.
Kutchuka kungakhale kwa mkazi kulira kowala kwa chisangalalo.
Chikondi ndicho chizindikiro cha muyaya; imasokoneza malingaliro onse a nthawi; amachotsa kukumbukira konse kwa chiyambi ndi mantha onse a Mapeto.
Pazinthu za mu mtima, palibe chowona koma chodabwitsa.
Timasiya kukondana ngati palibe amene amatikonda.
Chimwemwe chachikulu ndikutembenuza malingaliro anu kukhala zochita.
Chinsinsi cha kukhalapo ndi kugwirizana pakati pa zolakwa zathu ndi masoka athu.
Pamene tikukula m’nzeru, timakhululukira mwaufulu.
Tikathetsa tsankho lakale, timafunikira ukoma watsopano.
Maphunziro ochokera ku moyo amapangitsa kuganiza bwino, koma kumawononga zinthu zopanda pake.
Moyo wachipembedzo ndi kulimbana, osati nyimbo.
Pemphero ndi loposa kusinkhasinkha. Posinkhasinkha, gwero la mphamvu ndi inuyo. Munthu akamapemphera amapita ku gwero la mphamvu zoposa zake.
Kupemphera pamodzi, m’malilime kapena mwambo uliwonse, ndi ubale wachifundo wa chiyembekezo ndi chisoni umene anthu angalowemo m’moyo uno.
Moyo ndi moto umene umalowetsa kuwala kwake kupyolera mu mphamvu zonse; mu moto uwu mulipo; kuyang'anitsitsa ndi zoyesayesa zonse za afilosofi ziyenera kutembenukira kwa Umwini umene uli pakati ndi mphamvu yamalingaliro athu ndi malingaliro athu.
Kodi simunaone kuti chikhulupiriro kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri mwa anthu amene makhalidwe awo angatchedwe ofooka kwambiri?
Nzeru yaumulungu, imene imafuna kuti tikhalebe padziko lapansi kwa kanthaŵi, yachita bwino kubisa chiyembekezo cha moyo wamtsogolo; pakuti ngati maso athu angazindikiritse gombe lija, adzatsala ndani pa gombe la namondwe?
Choyamba timamvetsa imfa ikaika dzanja lake pa munthu amene timamukonda.
Ndizowona chotani nanga kuti posachedwapa, opanduka aakulu amakakamizika kugwada pansi pa goli la tsoka!
Zomangamanga ndi nyimbo zachisanu!
Nyimbo zimatsitsimutsa zikumbukiro kuti ziwakhazike mtima pansi.
Chithunzi: Anne de Stahl, chithunzi cha baroness, wolemba wosadziwika
