Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights rakasarudza kusatambira chikumbiro chepfungwa chakapihwa neCouncil of Europe's Committee on Bioethics (DH-BIO) pasi peChikamu 29 chebumbiro remutemo. Chibvumirano cheKodzero dzevanhu uye Biomedicine (“Musangano weOviedo”). The chisarudzo ndeyekupedzisira. DH-BIO yakakumbira Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights kuti ripe maonero ekupa mazano pamibvunzo miviri ine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye chiremerera chevanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa pavanotarisana nekuiswa kwekuzvipira uye / kana kurapwa. Dare rakaramba chikumbiro ichi nekuti, kunyangwe rakasimbisa, kazhinji, masimba ekupa mazano pasi peChikamu 29 cheOviedo Convention, mibvunzo yakamutswa haina kuwira mukati mesimba reDare.
Aka kakanga kari kekutanga kuti Dare reEuropean Court rigamuchire chikumbiro chezano pasi peChikamu 29 cheOviedo Convention. Zvikumbiro zvakadaro hazvifanirwe kuvhiringika nezvikumbiro zveruzivo rwechipangamazano pasi peProtocol No. 16, iyo inobvumira matare epamusoro-soro nematare edzimhosva, sezvakatsanangurwa neNyika dzenhengo dzakachibvumirana, kukumbira maonero echipangamazano pamibvunzo yemisimboti ine chekuita nekududzirwa kana kushandiswa. yekodzero nerusununguko zvinotsanangurwa muEuropean Convention on Human Rights kana kuti Zvibvumirano zvayo.
kumashure
Chikumbiro chezano rekuraira chakaunzwa musi wa3 Zvita 2019.
Mibvunzo yakabvunzwa neBioethics Committee yaive nechinangwa chekuwana kujekeswa pane zvimwe zvikamu zvekududzirwa zviri pamutemo kweChikamu chechinomwe cheOviedo Convention, nechinangwa chekupa gwara kune. basa rayo razvino uye remangwana munzvimbo ino. Mibvunzo yaive yakadai:
(1) Tichifunga nezvechinangwa cheGungano reOviedo “sokuvimbisa munhu wose, pasina rusaruro, ruremekedzo nokuda kwekuvimbika kwavo” (Chisungo 1 Oviedo Chibvumirano), izvo “zvidziviriro” zvinorehwa muChikamu chechinomwe cheOviedo Kokorodzano iyo Nhengo yeNyika inoda kudzora kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvishoma zvedziviriro?
(2) Kana kurapwa kwechirwere chepfungwa kunofanira kupiwa pasina kubvumirwa nemunhu ane hanya uye nechinangwa chekudzivirira vamwe kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakanyanya (iyo isina kufukidzwa neChikamu chechinomwe asi inowira mukati mezvisungo zveChisungo 7. (1) yeOviedo Convention), mamiriro ekudzivirira mamwe chetewo anofanira kushanda seaya anotaurwa pamubvunzo 1?
Muna June 2020 Mapato Anobvumirana kuEuropean Convention on Human Rights (“European Convention”) akakokwa kuti agadzirise mubvunzo wesimba reDare, kuti ape tsinhiro dzawo pamusoro pechikumbiro cheDH-BIO, uye kuti ape mashoko pamusoro pezvakakodzera. mutemo wepamba uye maitiro. Masangano anotevera akapihwa mvumo yekupindira munyaya iyi: Kuvimbika; the International Disability Alliance, ivo European Disability Forum, Kusanganisira Europe, Autism Europe uye Mental Health Europe (pamwe chete); uye Center for the Human Rights of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry.
Chikumbiro chekududzirwa chakaongororwa neDare Guru.
Sarudzo yeDare
Dare rose rakaziva kuti raive nesimba rekupa mazano pasi peChikamu 29 cheOviedo Convention, uye rakasarudza chimiro, chiyero uye miganhu yehutongi ihwohwo. Chisungo 29 cheOviedo Convention chinopa kuti Dare rinogona kupa mazano ezve "mibvunzo yepamutemo" ine chekuita ne "dudziro" ye "ikozvino Convention". Mashoko iwayo anogona kurondwa zvakajeka kare muna 1995 apo Dare rakatsigira pfungwa yokuita basa rokuturikira, richitora mashoko ezvava kunzi Article 47 § 1 yeEuropean Convention. Sezvo kushandiswa kwechirevo chechirevo chekuti "zvemutemo" muchinyorwa ichocho kwairatidza chinangwa chekubvisa masimba kuDare redzimhosva maererano nenyaya dzemitemo uye chero mibvunzo yaipfuura nekungodudzira zvinyorwa, chikumbiro chiri pasi peChikamu 29 chinofanira kuenderana nezvakafanana. kuganhurirwa uye chero mibvunzo inobvunzwa inofanirwa kunge iri "yemutemo".
Maitiro aya aisanganisira chiitwa mukududzira chibvumirano, kushandisa nzira dzakarongwa muZvikamu 31-33 zveVienna Convention. Nepo Dare rinotora Chibvumirano sechinhu chipenyu kuti idudzirwe maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, yakafunga kuti pakanga pasina hwaro hwakafanana muChikamu 29 hwokutora nzira imwe cheteyo kuOviedo Convention. Kuenzaniswa neEuropean Convention, Oviedo Convention yakaenzanisirwa sechinhu chegadziriro / chibvumirano chinotsanangura zvakakosha zvikuru kodzero dzevanhu uye nheyo munzvimbo yebiomedicine, kuti iwedzere kuenderera mberi maererano neminda chaiyo kuburikidza nemitemo.
Kunyanya, nepo zvibvumirano zvine chekuita neChibvumirano zvisingarambidze kupihwa kwedare redzimhosva maererano nezvimwe zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu zvakapedzwa mukati mehurongwa hweCouncil of Europe, izvi zvaive pasi pemutemo wekuti hutongi hwayo huri pasi pe. chiridzwa chayo chakaramba chisina kukanganiswa. Yakanga isingagoni kushanda nzira yakapiwa muChikamu 29 cheOviedo Convention nenzira isingaenderani nechinangwa cheChikamu 47 § 2 yeChibvumirano, chaive chekuchengetedza basa rayo rekutanga rekutonga sedare repasi rose rinotonga pasi peChibvumirano.
Mune zvakaonekwa zvakagamuchirwa kubva kuHurumende, vamwe vakafunga kuti Dare rakanga risingakwanisi kupindura mibvunzo, maererano neChikamu 47 § 2 yeEuropean Convention. Vamwe vakapa zvikarakadzo zvakasiana-siana pamusoro peicho “migariro yedziviriro” inofanira kudzorwa neUnited States bato kuOviedo Convention. Vazhinji vavo vakaratidza kuti mutemo wavo wepamba unopa kupindira kusingaite kune vanhu vanorwara nechirwere chepfungwa apo izvi zvaive zvakakodzera kudzivirira vamwe kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakanyanya. Kazhinji, kupindira kwakadaro kwaitungamirirwa nemitemo yakafanana, uye yakanga iri pasi pemamiriro akafanana ekudzivirira sekupindira kune chinangwa chekudzivirira vanhu vane hanya kubva pakuzvikuvadza ivo pachavo. Kuedza kusiyanisa pakati pezvigadziko zviviri zvekupindira kwekuzvidira kwaive kwakaoma zvikuru, zvichipiwa kuti zvirwere zvakawanda zvinokonzera njodzi kune munhu ane hanya uye kune vechitatu zvakafanana.
Dingindira rezvipo zvitatu zvakagamuchirwa kubva kumasangano anopindira raive rekuti Zvinyorwa 7 ne26 zveOviedo Convention zvaisaenderana ne Chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara (CRPD). Pfungwa yekuisa kurapwa pasina mvumo yaipesana neCRPD. Kuita kwakadai kwaipesana nemisimboti yechiremera, kusarura uye rusununguko uye chengetedzo yemunhu, uye yakatyora nhevedzano yezvirongwa zveCRPD, kunyanya Chisungo 14 chechimbo ichocho. Vese Mapato eMusangano weOviedo akange abvumidza CRPD, sezvakangoita kunze kweimwe ye47 Contracting States kuEuropean Convention. Dare rinofanirwa kuyedza kududzira zvinoenderana pakati pezvipimo zvinoenderana neEuropean Convention, Oviedo Convention neCRPD.
Mukuona kweDare, zvisinei, "zvidziviriro" izvo nhengo dzeNyika "dzaifanira kudzora kuti dzizadzise zvidiki zvinodiwa zvedziviriro" pasi peChikamu chechinomwe cheOviedo Convention haigone kutsanangurwa zvakare nekududzirwa kwekutonga. Zvaive pachena kuti gadziriro iyi yairatidza sarudzo nemaune yekusiya chidimbu chelatitude kuNyika Mapato kuti vaone, zvizere, mamiriro edziviriro anoshandiswa mumutemo wavo wepamba mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Kana iri zano rekuti ritore pamisimboti yeConvention, Dare rakadzokorora kuti kutonga kwaro pasi peOviedo Convention kwaifanira kushanda zvinoenderana nekuchengetedza masimba ayo pasi peEuropean Convention, pamusoro pezvose nebasa rayo rekutanga rekutonga sedare repasi rose rinotonga. kururamisira. Naizvozvo haifanire kududzira muchirevo chechinyorwa chino chero zvipimo zvakakosha kana misimboti yemutemo yeChibvumirano. Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzeDare pasi peChikamu chemakumi maviri nepfumbamwe dzaive dzechipangamazano uye nekudaro dzisingabatanidzi, mhinduro yaizongove ine chiremera uye yakanangana neEuropean Convention pachayo sezvakaita Oviedo Convention uye yaigona kukanganisa kutonga kwayo kwegakava.
Zvakadaro, Dare rakaratidza kuti, kunyangwe paine chimiro chakasiyana cheOviedo Convention, izvo zvinodikanwa zveNyika pasi peChisungo 7 zvinoenderana nezviri pasi peEuropean Convention, sezvazvino, nyika dzese dzakabvumirana zvekare. akasungwa nevekupedzisira. Saizvozvo, chengetedzo mumutemo wepamba inoenderana ne "dziviriro mamiriro" eChikamu chechinomwe cheOviedo Convention inofanirwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nezvinodiwa zveEuropean Convention, sezvakagadzirwa neDare kuburikidza nemutemo waro wakakura une chekuita ne kurapwa kwekusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Zvakare, mutemo iwoyo unoratidzwa nemaitiro eDare ane simba ekududzira Chibvumirano, icho chinotungamirwa nekuvandudzwa kwemitemo yenyika uye yezvekurapa. Naizvozvo, zviremera zvemudzimba zvine hunyanzvi zvinofanirwa kuona kuti mutemo wenyika uye unoramba uchienderana zvizere nemitemo iri pasi peEuropean Convention, kusanganisira iyo inoisa zvisungo zvakanaka kuNyika kuti ive nechokwadi chekunakidzwa kwekodzero dzakakosha.
Nezvikonzero izvi, kana kugadzwa kwezvishoma zvinodikanwa zve "murau" pasi peChikamu chechinomwe cheOviedo Convention, kana "kuwana kujekeswa" maererano nezvinodiwa maererano nemitongo yeDare uye mitongo ine chekuita nekupindira kwevanhu vasina kuzvipira kune vanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa. kuve musoro wezano rezano rinokumbirwa pasi peChikamu 7 chechiridzwa ichocho. Mubvunzo 29 naizvozvo wakanga usiri mukati mekukwanisa kwedare. Kana uri mubvunzo wechi1, wakatevera kubva kune wekutanga uye waienderana nawo zvakanyanya, Dare rakaonawo kuti raisakwanisa kuupindura.
