Mubvunzo wekunamatwa kwezvidhori unoita seunoshanda, uchipihwa kuti icon-pendi ibasa rinoshandiswa nechechi. Asi muChechi yeOrthodox akagamuchira rondedzero yezvoumwari yakakwana zvikuru, yechokwadi. Ndeupi hukama hwakadzama pakati peOrthodoxy uye kunamata mifananidzo? Uko udzame hwokuyanana naMwari hunogona kuitika pasina mifananidzo, mumashoko oMuponesi: “Nguva iri kuuya yamusingazonamati Baba pagomo iri kana muJerusarema” ( Johani 4:21 ). Asi mufananidzo unoratidza hupenyu munguva inouya, hupenyu muMweya Mutsvene, hupenyu muna Kristu, hupenyu naBaba Vekudenga. Ndicho chikonzero Chechi ichikudza icon yake.
Iconoclasm (kurwisana nemifananidzo inoyera) yakamutsa mubvunzo wakagara kwenguva refu: kurambwa kwemifananidzo kwave kuripo kwenguva yakareba, asi mutsva weIsaurian, dzinza reumambo muByzantium rakashandura kuva mureza wetsika nezvematongerwe enyika.
Uye munguva yekutanga yegomba rekutambudzwa, chiratidzo chechiKristu chakavanzika chakaonekwa. Zvose zvakavezwa uye zvinoyevedza zvinoratidzira muchinjikwa wequadrangular (dzimwe nguva sebhii X), njiva, hove, ngarava - zvose zvinonzwisisika kune zviratidzo zvechiKristu, kunyange izvo zvakakweretwa kubva kungano, zvakadai saOrpheus nembira kana mapapiro ake akave mifananidzo yengirozi. . Muzana remakore rechina, zana remakore rekusununguka, rakaunzwa mumatemberi echiKristu kare sezvishongedzo zvinowanzogamuchirwa pamadziro mifananidzo yose yebhaibheri nemifananidzo yemagamba matsva echiKristu, martyrs uye ascetics. Kubva pachiratidzo chakapambwa mumifananidzo yemakore IV, tinoenda kumifananidzo inobatika yezviito zvebhaibheri neevhangeri uye kuratidzwa kwevanhu kubva munhorondo yekereke. St. John Chrysostom anotizivisa nezvekugoverwa kwemifananidzo - mifananidzo yeSt. Meletius weAndiyoki. Blazh. Theodoret anotiudza nezvemifananidzo yaSimiyoni muPilgrim inotengeswa muRoma. Gregory weNyssa anosvimha misodzi nemufananidzo wechibayiro chaIsaka.
Eusebius weKesariya haana kuteerera chido chehanzvadzi yaMambo Constantius chokuva nemufananidzo waKristu. Hunhu hwehumwari hahufungidzike, “asi tinodzidziswa kuti nyama Yake inonyungudutswawo mukubwinya kwehuMwari, uye chinofa chinomedzwa nehupenyu… Saka, ndiani angagona kufananidzira nemavara akafa uye asina mweya uye mimvuri yemwaranzi inopenya neinopenya. chechiedza chekubwinya kwake nerukudzo? »
Kumadokero, mu Speini, paKanzuru yeElvira (zvino rava guta reGrenada) (c. 300), murayiro wakadzikwa wairambidza mifananidzo yakapendwa pamadziro mumachechi. Mutemo wechi36: "Placuit picturas in ecclesiis de non debere, ne quod colitur aut adoratur, in parietibus depingatur." Uyu murairo kurwisana kwakananga nenhema iconoclasm, kureva. nekunyanyisa kwechihedheni mumapoka echiKristu ayo madzibaba ekanzuru aitya. Naizvozvo, kubva pakutanga, pakanga paine kurwisa kwemukati uye kwechechi kwekurangwa kweiyo iconoclasm.
Monophysitism, ine tsika yezvemweya yekudzikisira hunhu hwevanhu muna Kristu, pakutanga yaive iconoclastic current. Kunyange mukutonga kwaZeno mukr. Muzana ramakore rechi 5, bhishopi weMonophysite weSyria weHierapolis (Mabuga) Philoxenus (Xenaia) aida kubvisa zvidhori mudhiocese yake. Severus weAntiokia akarambawo mifananidzo yaJesu Kristu, ngirozi, uye mifananidzo yoMweya Mutsvene muchimiro chenjiva.
KuMadokero, muMarseilles, Bhishopi Seren muna 598 akabvisa pamadziro emachechi ndokurasa mifananidzo, iyo, maererano necherechedzo dzake, yairemekedzwa nenzira yokutenda mashura neboka rake. Pope Gregory Mukuru akanyorera Seren, achimurumbidza nokuda kwokushingaira kwake, inconsideratum zelum, asi achimushora nokuda kwokuparadza zvidhori zvinobatira vanhuwo zvavo panzvimbo pemabhuku. Papa akarayira kuti Seren adzorere mifananidzo uye atsanangure kuboka zvose zvaanoita uye nzira yechokwadi uye zvinoreva kunamatwa kwemifananidzo.
Kubva muzana remakore rechinomwe chiIslam neruvengo rwayo kumarudzi ose emifananidzo (inoyevedza uye yakavezwa) yezviso zvevanhu nepamusoro-soro (mifananidzo isina munhu yenyika nemhuka haina kurambwa) yakamutsa kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekodzero yemifananidzo; kwete kwose kwose, asi munzvimbo dzakapoteredza maArabu: Asia Minor, Armenia. Ikoko, pakati peAsia Minor, kwaigara dzidziso dzekare dzinopesana nechechi: Montanism, Marcionism, Paulicianism - anti-tsika uye anti-iconic mumweya wedzidziso yavo. Kwavari chiIslam chainzwisisika uye chaitaridzika sechiKristu chakakwana, "chakanyanya pamweya". Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, madzimambo, vachidzinga kurwiswa kwechiIslam chinonyanyisa kwemazana emakore, hapana zvingaita kunze kwekuedzwa kubvisa chipingamupinyi chisingakoshi kunharaunda ine rugare nechitendero chaMuhammad. Hazvisi pasina kuti vadziviriri vezvidhori vakadana emperors-iconoclasts "σαρακηνοφρονοι - Saracen sages." (AV Kartashev, Ecumenical Councils / VII Ecumenical Council 7 /, https://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/787/).
Iwo maconoclastic emperors akarwa neshungu dzakaipa nemamongi nemamongi kwete zvishoma pane nemifananidzo, vachiparidza kusarudzika kwete kwenzvimbo dzemamongi chete asiwo yehupenyu hwemagariro munharaunda dzese dzetsika nemabhuku. Vachikurudzirwa nefariro dzenyika, madzimambo akakweverwa kumudzimu mutsva we“nyika” wenguva yacho.
Iyo iconographic canon seti yemitemo uye zvimiro zvinogadzirisa kunyorwa kwezvidhori. Iyo ine chaizvo pfungwa yemufananidzo uye chiratidzo uye inogadzirisa izvo zvimiro zveiyo iconographic mufananidzo unoparadzanisa humwari, nyika yekumusoro kubva pasi (yepasi) nyika.
Iyo iconographic canon inoonekwa mune iyo inonzi erminia (kubva kune yechiGiriki tsananguro, kutungamira, tsananguro) kana mune yeRussia vhezheni-yekutanga. Izvo zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvakawanda:
mavambo echiso - aya madhirowa (maratidziro) umo iyo huru kuumbwa kweiyo icon yakagadziriswa, ine inowirirana mavara mavara; mavambo ekududzira - ipa tsananguro yemuromo yemhando dzemifananidzo uye kuti vatsvene vakasiyana-siyana vakapendwa sei.
Sezvo Orthodoxy yakava chitendero chepamutemo, vapristi veByzantine nevadzidzisi vechitendero vakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma mitemo yekunamatwa kwemifananidzo, iyo yaitsanangura zvakadzama mabatirwo ayo, chii chaigona uye chisingafaniri kufananidzirwa.
Mitemo yeSeventh Ecumenical Council inopesana neIconoclasts inogona kutorwa seye prototype yeiyo iconographic yepakutanga. Iconoclasts vanopikisa kunamatwa kwemifananidzo. Vaiona mifananidzo inoyera sezvidhori, uye kunamata kwavo sekunamata zvidhori, vachitsamira pamirau yeTestamende Yekare uye chokwadi chokuti hunhu hwoumwari hahufungidziki. Mukana wekududzirwa kwakadaro unomuka, nekuti pakanga pasina mutemo wakafanana wekurapa mifananidzo, uye muruzhinji vaive vakakomberedzwa nekunamata mashura. Semuenzaniso, vakawedzera imwe pendi kune icon muwaini yechirairo uye vamwe. Izvi zvinomutsa kudikanwa kwedzidziso yakakwana yeChechi pamusoro peiyo icon.
VanaBaba Vatsvene veSeventh Ecumenical Council vakaunganidza zvakaitika muchechi kubvira pakutanga ndokuumba dzidziso yokunamatwa kwemifananidzo kwenguva dzose nevanhu vanozviti vanotenda Orthodox. zvakafanana naYe. Dzidziso yokunamata mifananidzo inosimbisa kuti kunamatwa uye kunamatwa kwechifananidzo hakurevi chinhu, kwete danda nependi, asi kune chinoratidzwa pachiri, naizvozvo hachisi chinhu chokunamata zvidhori.
Kwakatsanangurwa kuti kunamata mifananidzo kwaibvira nemhaka yokuva munhu kwaJesu Kristu muchimiro chomunhu. Kusvika kwaakaita Iye pachake kuvanhu, kuratidzwa Kwake kunogonekawo.
Uchapupu hunokosha ndiyo isina kugadzirwa mufananidzo weMuponesi - kudhindwa kwechiso Chake pamucheka (tablecloth), saka wekutanga mufananidzo wemifananidzo akava Jesu Kristu pachake.
VanaBaba Vatsvene vakasimbisa kukosha kwemufananidzo semaonero uye pesvedzero pamunhu. Mukuwedzera, kuvanhu vasingagoni kurava nokunyora, mifananidzo yakashanda seEvhangeri. Vapristi vakapiwa basa rokutsanangurira makwai nzira yechokwadi yokunamata mifananidzo.
Mitemo inotaurawo kuti mune ramangwana, kuitira kudzivirira maonero asina kururama ezvidhori, vanababa vatsvene veChechi vachagadzira kuumbwa kwemifananidzo, uye maartist achaita chikamu chehunyanzvi. Nenzira iyi, basa remadzibaba vatsvene rakazoitwa neiyo iconic yepakutanga kana erminia.
Zvirinani madziro machena pane akashata murals. Chii chinofanira kuva chiratidzo kuzivisa Mwari womunhu muzana rino ramakore rechi 21? – Zvinotaurirwa neVhangeri kuburikidza nemashoko, chiratidzo chinofanira kuburitsa nemufananidzo!
Iyo icon nemasikirwo ayo inonzi inomiririra isingaperi, ndosaka yakagadzikana uye isingachinji. Izvo hazvidi kuratidza izvo zviri zvefashoni yemazuva ano, semuenzaniso, mukuvaka, mune zvipfeko, mukugadzira - zvese izvo muapostora akadana "mufananidzo wekuchinja wezera rino" ( 1 Cor 7: 31 ). Mupfungwa yakanaka, iyo icon inodanwa kuratidza kusangana uye kubatana kwevanhu naMwari. Mukuzara kwayo kwose, kubatana uku kucharatidzwa kwatiri chete muupenyu hwezera rinotevera, uye nhasi uye zvino tinoona “sokunge negirazi risina kujeka, kuuka” ( 1 VaK. 13:12 ), asi tichiri kutarira. kusvika nokusingaperi. Naizvozvo, mutauro wemifananidzo unofanirwa kuratidza iyi mubatanidzwa wenguva nekusingaperi, mubatanidzwa wemunhu naMwari Asingagumi. Nekuda kweizvi, akawanda maficha muiyo icon anoramba asina kuchinjika. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kutaura zvakawanda nezvekusiyana kwezvitaera mumifananidzo yekupenda munguva dzakasiyana uye nyika. Chimiro chenguva chinoratidza chiso cheimwe nguva kana imwe uye chinoshanduka kana maitiro enguva achinja. Isu hatifanire kutarisa maitiro enguva yedu munzira yechero akakosha mabasa, inouya organically, zvakasikwa inodiwa. Kutsvaga kwekutanga kunofanira kunge kuri kutsvaga mufananidzo wemunhu akabatana naMwari.
Basa reunyanzvi hwemachechi emazuva ano nderekunzwazve dzikamo iyo madzibaba ematare ekare akamisa nokuchenjera. Kune rumwe rutivi, kwete kuwira mune zvakasikwa, kunyengera, manzwiro, apo manzwiro anotonga, anokunda. Asi kunyange kana ikasawira muchiratidzo chakaoma, chakavakirwa pamusoro pekuti vamwe vanhu vakabvumirana pane imwe chirevo cheichi kana chifananidzo ichocho. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kuti muchinjikwa mutsvuku mudenderedzwa dzvuku zvinoreva kurambidzwa kwekupaka zvinonzwisisika kana munhu akadzidza zviratidzo zvemugwagwa. Pane zvinowanzogamuchirwa "zviratidzo zvekuona kutaurirana" - mugwagwa, orthographic, asi kunewo zviratidzo zvekuti kune vasina kudzidza hazvibviri kunzwisisa ... Chiratidzo hachina kudaro, chiri kure nesoteric, ndicho Zvakazarurwa.
Kuwandisa kunze chiratidzo chehurema/hurombo hwemweya. Laconism inogara yakakwirira, inokudzwa uye yakakwana. Kuburikidza neasceticism uye laconicism, mibairo mikuru inogona kuwanikwa kumweya wemunhu. Nhasi isu tinowanzo kushaya chokwadi chekuzvinyima uye chechokwadi laconicism. Dzimwe nguva tinoenda kune dzimwe nyika mapfumbamwe mugumi, tichikanganwa kuti Amai vaMwari vanogara vachiona uye vachinzwa kwose kwose. Imwe neimwe icon inoshamisa nenzira yayo. Kutenda kwedu kunotidzidzisa kuti vese Ishe naAmai vaMwari, uye mumwe nemumwe wevatsvene vedu, vanonzwa kero yedu kwavari. Kana takatendeka uye tichitendeukira kwavari nemoyo wakachena, tinogara tichiwana mhinduro. Dzimwe nguva hazvitarisirwi, dzimwe nguva zvakaoma kuti tigamuchire, asi mhinduro iyi inopiwa kwete muJerusarema chete, kwete muRila Monastery chete.
Orthodoxy inogona kukunda kwete kana inotuka avo vanotadza, avo vasingazivi Kristu, asi kana isu pachedu, kusanganisira kuburikidza neGreat Canon yeVenerable Andrew weKrete, tinoyeuka gomba rakadzikadzika rinotiparadzanisa naMwari. Uye, tichirangarira ikoku, tinovamba nebetsero yaMwari kukurira iri gomba rakadzika-dzika, “kudzorera” mufananidzo waMwari matiri timene. Pano tinofanira kuzvibvunza isu kwete zvitayera, asi mufananidzo waMwari, uyo unofanirwa kuratidzwa mukati meumwe neumwe wedu. Uye kana izvi zvikaitika mukati memwoyo wevanhu, zvino, nenzira imwe kana imwe, zvinoratidzwa: nevanyori vemifananidzo - pamapuranga, naamai uye vanababa - mukurerwa kwevana vavo, nemunhu wese. - mubasa rake; kana ikatanga kuzviratidza mukushandurwa kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe, nzanga - ipapo chete Orthodoxy inokunda.
