Mumakore epashure pehondo, kwakanga kune vaJudha vakawanda kwazvo muindasitiri yokubudisa mabhuku yokuAmerica zvokuti vamwe vanyori vakatanga kugadzira mashoko okuvarondedzera: “Mafia ezvinyorwa.”
Mafia aya, vaidavira kuti, akava nechokwadi pachivande kuti mabhuku echiJudha nevanyori vaizobudiswa nedzimba huru dzokutsikisa, dzakafukidzwa mumapepanhau uye dzichitsigirwa kumasangano makuru edzidzo—pamutengo wavamwe, vanyori vasiri vaJudha, kana kuti kunyange “ zvakaipa” marudzi evanyori vechiJudha.
Kutenda kwakadaro, dzimwe nguva kunosundwa nekupesana uye dzimwe nguva nekunzwa kwakajairwa kwekutama uye kushushikana kwebasa, kwakagovaniswa nenhamba dzinosanganisira. Truman capote naFlannery O'Connor kuti vatsanangure manzwiro avakanzwa vachiona vezera ravo rechiJudha vakaita saPhilip Roth, Saul Bellow naCynthia Ozick. Muzvinyorwa zvenguva yenguva, ivo nevamwe vanyori vane mukurumbira vaitenda kuti maindasitiri ane simba maJudha ndiwo aikonzeresa kuti chero basa ravo rimiswe.
Izwi iri rakashandiswawo, kuzvidzora, nevakawanda vemaJuda aive akatanhamara aishanda munharaunda yezvinyorwa, kubva kudzimba dzekutsikisa kuenda kumagazini ezvinyorwa kusvika kudzidzo. MaJuda aya dzimwe nguva vaiita majee pamusoro pekuti vangani mamwe maJuda avaisangana nawo pamusoro pemaindasitiri avo, kana kuratidza kushushikana kuti vaive vasiri mukati mavo.
Josh Lambert, director weChidzidzo chechiJudha chirongwa paWellesley College, anoongorora chiitiko che "literary mafia" mubhuku rake idzva: "The Literary Mafia: MaJuda, Publishing, Uye Postwar American Literature," yakaburitswa svondo rino neYale University Press. . Kutora kubva mutsamba dzevanyori vechiJudha vane mukurumbira, vapepeti, vatsikisi uye vadzidzi vepanguva iyoyo, kusanganisira mupepeti weKnopf Harold Strauss, mupepeti weEsquire Gordon Lish, purofesa weColumbia University Lionel Trilling uye munyori Ann Birstein, bhuku racho rinobvisa ngano ye "mafia ezvinyorwa. .” Asi Lambert anopokanawo kuti maJuda ari munzvimbo dzesimba vanogona kuda kubatsira mamwe maJuda, nekuti network yavo nehunyanzvi inoumbwa nemaJuda.
Mubhuku iri, Lambert anoburitsa hukama hwehunyanzvi uye hwepauzima hwakazivisa nguva ino yezvaanodaidza kuti "kunyoreswa kwemabhuku echiJudha" - uye nzira idzo mamburekidzo akadaro anoenderera mberi kusvika panguva yazvino.
Hurukuro iyi yakapfupikiswa uye yakapepetwa.
JTA: Ngatitangei nemubvunzo wakakura ungabvira: Paive ne "mafia echiJudha ekunyora"? Uye kana yaivepo, chaive chii?
Lambert: Ini ndinofunga nzira yakanakisa yandinogona kupindura mubvunzo uyu ndeyekuti, kwete, pakanga pasina, asi hazvisi zvisingafadzi kutaura nezvazvo zvakadaro. Pakanga pasina mafia echiJudha aifunga naTruman Capote kuti ndipo paakati, "Ah, vanhu ava vari kurangana uye vanorangana." Uye pakanga pasina kunyange mafia echiJudha aifungwa nemunyori wechiJudha Meyer Levin, apo [aifunga] vanhu vaiungana pamapati ndokuti, “Hatisi kuzombotaura nezvebhuku rake.” Izvozvo hazvina kuitika.
Mubvunzo wandinofunga kuti unonyanya kufadza ndewekuti: sei vanhu vakakomba vakatotaura nezvazvo? Sei pfungwa iyi, iyi meme kana trope, yakagara kwemakore makumi maviri kana makumi matatu? Uye mhinduro yacho iri nyore chaizvo, ndinofunga, kune chero munhu anoshanda munhau, kana indasitiri yetsika. Kana wakashanda mune chero indasitiri yakadai kwemaminitsi mashanu, unogona kuti kune vamwe vanhu vaive nazvo zviri nyore, vaive negwara rakapfava. Vakabatsirwa, vaive nemabhenefits, nzvimbo dzavo dzakagamuchirwa nekukurumidza. Kunyangwe kunze kweizvozvo, une hukama nevanhu, uye vanouya kuzotakura kuti ndiani anokupa mukana wekuita zvinhu kana anokubatsira kunze.
Uye zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti sei mumwe munhu ari kudivi risiri iro, mune dzimwe nguva, anonzwa sekuti hazvina kunaka, anonzwa sekunge chimwe chinhu chiri kutadza, anonzwa sekunge pane dambudziko. Saka iyi trope ye "literary mafia," ingori nzvimbo iyo vanhu vanoisa manzwiro avo pamusoro pekushandisa zvisina kunaka kana kusarongeka kwesimba - kana iri bhuku rangu, muindasitiri yekutsikisa.
Pane zviitiko apo vanhu vakashandisa simba ravo zvisina kufanira here? Zvechokwadi. Ndinotaura nezvavo mubhuku. Asi zvakare, ndinofunga isu tinofanirwa kutaura nenzira inofungisisa nezve, chii icho simba, iro pesvedzero, kugona kuumba izvo zvinoverengwa kana kuburitswa? Uye ndiani anaro uye vanorishandisa sei simba iroro?
Iwe uri nyanzvi yetsika dzechiJuda uye zvinyorwa zvechiJudha uchitaura nezve pesvedzero yemaJuda muindasitiri yekutsikisa. Pane chikamu mubhuku rako rauri kungonyora maJuda avo parizvino kana aimboshanda mukutsikisa. Sei uchikwevera ngwariro kune izvi kana izvi zvichigona kukurudzira kuverengerwa kusingafadzi kwenhoroondo yauri kuratidza?
Ndinofunga kuti kana paine kufanana kuripo pakati pebhuku rino nebhuku rangu rokupedzisira [“Miromo Yakasviba: Kunyadziswa, vaJudha, neTsika dzeAmerica”], ndizvozvo chaizvo. Ini handidi kupa nhaurirano kune antisemite, zvisinei kuti yakasimba sei kana kuti inotyisa sei. Havafanire kunge vari ivo vanozosarudza matauriro atinoita nezvemhando idzi dzenyaya.
Mubhuku rangu rekupedzisira pamusoro pezvinonyangadza, antisemites akaishandisa nenzira inotyisa, nenzira isina kufanira, nenzira yakaipa. [David Duke tweeted achiyemura nezve "Miromo Isina Kuchena," uye yakadudzwa mune mamwe mabhuku eanopikisa se "uchapupu" hwekuti vaJudha vaiita zvepabonde.] Ndakanga ndichiziva kuti vaizozviita. Uye vangazviita nebhuku iri. Uye chinhu ndechekuti, ndinofunga David Duke achaita zvaanoita, zvisinei nezvandinoita, saka handisi kuzonetsekana nazvo.
Asi ndinofunga vateereri vandinoda kutaura navo, vanova vaJudha vari muAmerica nevasiri vaJudha vane hanya nehurongwa hwekunyora vasiri antisemites - ndinofunga pfungwa yokuti hatina kukwanisa kutaura nezvekubudirira kwechiJudha, pesvedzero yechiJudha, Simba rechiJudha rinongokanganisa chete uye rinotitadzisa kunzwisisa zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvine zvazvinoreva.
Saka, runyoro irworwo: Kuita ndaza yerudzi rwupi norwupi rwomuJudha kunonzwa kusinganzwisisiki. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, kuramba kana kunyepedzera kuti haipo kunonzwa kusagadzikana.
Iwe unodaidza nguva yeshure kwehondo mumabhuku inguva ye "kunyoreswa kwemaJuda kunyora." Chii chakasunda izvozvo, uye ndezvipi zvakanga zviri zvimwe zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira uku kukwidziridzwa kwakamwe kamwe kwavaJudha kunzvimbo dzesimba mukutsikirira, magazini nedzidzo?
Ndanga ndichitsvaga temu, uye "enfranchisement" ndaifarira nekuti haikuudzi zvichaitwa nemunhu. Inongotaura kuti vane mukana mutsva uye nzira itsva yekuishandisa. Uye chii chakakonzera izvo chaizvo zvichiri kunetsa kupatsanura kubva kune dzimwe shanduko dzemagariro nehupfumi dziri kuitika kumaJuda. Tinoziva munguva yehondo, maJuda ari kuita zvirinani mune zveupfumi. Kune rumwe rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kumaJuda nenzira dzakasiyana. Uye kubudirira muindasitiri yekutsikisa kune chekuita nezvese izvo, asi zvakare zvine chekuita nekukura kwemakambani aya akavambwa nemaJuda kuma1910 nema1920s ari kubudirira zvakapusa, uye izvo zvisiri kusarura vashandi vechiJudha.
Zvakanyanya kuoma kuputira musoro wako kuti chii Zvanzikunyoreswa kwaiita senge, izvo zvaisareva kuti hapana muJudha mumwe chete aikwanisa kuburitsa chero chinhu, kana kuti hapana muJudha aigona kuita chimwe chinhu, asi zvaireva kuti sechinhu chakajairika, maJuda aive asiri munzvimbo dzekuita sarudzo. Nepo munguva yapashure pehondo zvinova zvisingashamisi zvachose, mupfungwa chaiyoiyo, kuti vaJudha vaiva nebasa ripi neripi mumunda.
Iwe unofunga iwe pachako: Chii chinoshanduka kana pasina munhu kubva muboka iri revashoma [iye zvino] ane basa rekuchengeta gedhi muindasitiri ino? Kumupepeti wepa[imba inotsikisa yechiJudha] Knopf, Harold Strauss, mhinduro ndeyokuti, kana vanhu veboka revashoma vangove panzvimbo iyoyo, vari kuburitsa pfungwa dzavo pamusoro pekuti boka iri chii, zvarinofanira kuva. , pakuita zvisarudzo zvavo. Boka rose revapepeti vechiJudha vanowana mukana wekugadzira chirongwa chekutsikisa uye vanoti, aya ndiwo marudzi emabhuku andinofunga kuti vanhu vachada kuverenga. Uye ndinofunga kuti ibhegi rakasanganiswa zvachose.
[Knopf] akaita basa rakanaka kwazvo rekutsikisa Yiddish mushanduro. Nei yakakwanisa kuita izvozvo? Nokuti vainyanya kufarira zvinyorwa zvepamusoro zveEurope, uye vanogona kupa mamwe mabhuku eYiddish kwete senhetembo ye sweatshop, asi saDostoyevsky naTolstoy. Panguva imwecheteyo, chimwe chezvaaive akasununguka Knopf kupfuura vamwe vaparidzi, nekuti yakanga iri imba yechiJudha, yaiva zvinhu zvandinofunga kuti vazhinji vedu taizotarisa uye toti zvaipikisa. Zvinhu zvakaita saHL Mencken achinyora zvinyorwa zvishoma nezvemaJuda seboka rakaipisisa revanhu panyika.
Zvakanga zvakaita sekuti, nekuti ivo vaizviziva ivo pachavo semaJuda, kuti vakanzwa sekunge vaigona kuburitsa mamwe eichi chinyorwa chinopikisa senzira yekudzima kupomedzerwa kuti vaive chikamu chezvinyorwa zvemafia.
Une zvitsauko pamusoro pekuvenga vakadzi kwakadzika midzi uye zviitiko zviri pachena zvekusarurana pakati pevaJudha mudzimba dzinobudisa mabhuku. Ndezvipi zvidzidzo izvo vaJudha vanofanira kutora kubva munhoroondo idzi dzekukanganisa kwevatungamiriri vemabhuku venguva iyoyo?
Ini ndichataura kune nepotism chidimbu nekuti ndinofunga ndicho chikamu chenzvimbo iyo yakajeka. Nepotism isimba guru iri munharaunda yedu. Kana ukafunga nezveshamwari dzako, vanhu vaunoziva, vanhu vawakakura navo, zvinoita mutsauko mukuru kwazvo muhupenyu hwevanhu vangave vaine vabereki vakapfuma nanasekuru kana kuti kwete. Izvi ndizvo zvinowanzoita tsika dzekuMadokero. Chinhu chakasiyana ndechekuti, zvizvarwa zvitatu kana zvina zvakapfuura, maJuda mazhinji ekuAmerica aisagona kutarisira rudzi irworwo rwenhaka. Uye mumakore 20, 30, 40 apfuura, zvave kuwanda.
Haisi kwese kwese. Haasi munhu wese munharaunda yemaJuda ekuAmerica, asi zvinochinja panogara maJuda, kuona vamwe vanhu muAmerica, maererano nezvavakanakira. Chii chaunoda kuita nemabhenefiti neropafadzo nesimba raunopihwa? Kana tikakwanisa kubvumirana kuti zviri nyore kune wechidiki wechiJudha uyo anenge ari bookish kuti awane basa rekudhinda, kuti abudirire mubasa iroro, uye isu tine hanya nenyaya dzakakura dzehutongi hwemagariro evanhu, ndinofunga kuti zvinotisundira kuda bvunza mibvunzo yakadai, tingaitei?
Semubereki pachangu, ndinoziva: ndinoda vana vangu. Hazvina kuti ndinoda kuti vana vangu vasabudirire. Asi ini ndinoda kugadzira masisitimu asiri kutaura kuti vana vevanhu vane rombo rakanaka vacharamba vari vanhu vane rombo rakanaka pane ese.
Pulitzer anohwina wegore rino ngano, Joshua Cohen's "The Netanyahus," ishanduro yakanyatsojeka yehupenyu hwemaJuda ekuAmerica uye zvematongerwo enyika mukati memaJuda. Hazvina kufanana nechiitiko chaunoratidza mubhuku raPhilip Roth naSaul Bellow nevamwe vese maJuda vanohwina mibairo mikuru yekunyora muma'50s. Pfungwa ye "mafia ezvinyorwa zvechiJudha" ichinesu here?
Hapana mubvunzo kuti maJuda vachiri vane mukurumbira uye vakabudirira uye vari kubudirira. Uye kana iwe wakandipa vana vatatu vekoreji vari kuda kushanda mukutsikisa uye mumwe aive mwana wechiJudha, mari yangu yaizova pavari kuti vangave nemukana wakanyanya wekubudirira - nekuti vanozove nekubatana kwakanyanya, nezvimwe.
Sarudzo iyoyo yePulitzer, kana mubairo wakadaro ukaitika, inonzwa sekunge inokuudza chimwe chinhu nezvenguva yetsika. Dare rePulitzer rinozivisa pachena mazita evatongi veboka iroro vakapa mubairo kubhuku raJosh Cohen. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti usafunge nezvayo sePulitzer, asi sehurukuro yakaitika pakati pevanhu vatatu kana vana. Chii chatinoziva nezvavo uye zvavanofarira? [Nhengo dzevatongi ve2022 Fiction Pulitzers vaive Whiting Foundation director Courtney Hodell, Kirkus Ongororo Mupepeti-mukuru-Tom Beer, Wall Street Journal munyori wenganonyorwa Sam Sacks, purofesa weNorthwestern University Chris Abani naDeborah Heard, aimbova director weHurston/Wright. Foundation inotsigira vanyori veBlack.]
Mubairo haumbori chinangwa kana kumiririra kwebhuku. Inogara ingori nyaya yeboka revanhu uye zvavari kufara nazvo mune imwe nguva.
Uyu mubvunzo wemeta: Iwe unotaura nezve hukama hwawakakwanisa kukwevera pauri, semudzidzi wechiJudha munzvimbo yekutsikisa, kuti uburitse bhuku rino, uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvandiri kukubvunzurudza ndechekuti tinoziva mumwe nemumwe. zvimwe nemunzvimbo dzakafanana: iwe waive murairidzi wepachikoro chegiredhi wangu, uye ndakazotora chikamu muruwadzano rwekunyora rwechiJudha rwawaimhanya. Uri kufunga sei nezvemhando idzi dzehukama paunenge uchifamba nenyika nebasa rako pachako?
Ini ndinokoshesa mubvunzo uyu nekuti ndinongofunga, pane imwe nhanho yakakura, ndizvo zvandiri kuda kuti bhuku rifunge nezvazvo. Imwe, kubuda pachena pamusoro pazvo zvakanaka. Zvakanaka kuti titaure kuti tinozivana. Ini handifunge kuti zvinoita kuti chokwadi chekuti uchaburitsa chidimbu nezvebhuku rangu zvine huwori zvisingaite, kana chiratidzo chechimwe chinhu chakakanganisika. Asi zvakanaka kutaura kuti ndichakuitirai nyasha kana ndikakwanisa, uye pamwe ndadaro, uye ndingazvitenda kana mukandiitirawo nyasha.
Ini ndinonzwa sekunge iwe paunonyanya kutarisisa kune izvo, zvinofanirwa kuve zvine chekuita nemabatiro aunoita uye nekushandisa kwaunoita chero simba rawakaunganidza. Chimwe chezvinhu izvo Wellesley anazvo iyi inoshamisa alumni network, apo alums kubva kuchikoro anomanikidzwa nepfungwa yekubatsira mudzidzi wemazuva ano. Uye ini ndinoti kwavari, zvakakodzera kufunga nezve izvo zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana mune iyo alumni network kune Harvard alumni network. Nekuti kana izvo zvinoitwa nealumni network yako kutora vanhu vane rombo uye vane mukana wakawanda wesimba uye kuvapa kuwedzera kwesimba kwesimba, ungada kufunga kuti handicho chinhu chakanakisa chekutsigira. Asi kana iwe uri kufunga nezve maindasitiri umo vakadzi nevanhu vasiri bhino vanga vachigara vachimiririrwa uye vachisarurwa, uye Wellesley alumni network inogona kubatsira kusundira kune humwe kururamisira uye kuenzana mune izvo minda, saka chinhu chinoshamisa.
Kusvikira padanho randinoita semuperekedzi uye mutsigiri wevadzidzi, ndiri kuedza kufunga nezvazvo: Ndivanaani vadzidzi vangangowana rubatsiro? Zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo zvandinoda kuvatsigira nekuti vangangoita sevasina kufanana neni kana zvinangwa zvavo zvingasaenderana neni. Asi ini ndinogona kuedza kutsvaga nzira yekushandisa chero zvakanakira zvandinazvo kuvabatsira - kuunza rudzi rwehana kune wandinobatsira netsamba dzekurumbidza, wandinoedza kumisikidza nemikana, rudzi irworwo rwechinhu.
Iwe unopokana kuti "tinoda mamwe mafia ekunyora," uye iwe unotsanangura izvo zvingaite senge mumakore makumi maviri, makumi matatu kana pakangoerekana paine vanhu vatema vakawandisa munzvimbo idzi dzesimba rekutsikisa, kana mamwe mapoka akashongedzerwa, uye kuti izvo zvingakanganisa sei. vaJudha zvakare. Unogona kuzvipaza here?
Kana isu tese tichigona kubvuma kuti maJuda vakaita basa iri rakakurisa uye, nanhasi, vakatamba izvo muindasitiri yekutsikisa, chimwe chezvinhu zvaunogona kubvisa kubva kune icho ndechekuti, zvakanaka kana boka riine zvisingaenzaniswi. simba.
Pane pfungwa yekusiyana izvo zvinoreva kuti chikamu chako muindastiri iyi chinofanirwa kuenderana nechikamu chako muhuwandu. Uye ini handifunge kuti maindasitiri anoshanda saizvozvo, uye simba harishande saizvozvo. Zvaungade kuona haisi nzira yekuratidzira yekusiyana-siyana inotora vanhu vakati wandei ichivaisa munzvimbo dzesimba, asi shanduko chaiyo, panogona kunge paine pfungwa yekuti hakuna kumbonyanya kuwanda.
Uye ndinofunga zviri kuitika mukutsikisa izvozvi mune simba chairo uye rinonakidza pfungwa. Kubva pakupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, pane kufamba, kutarisisa kwehukuru hwevachena mutsika dzeAmerica. Indasitiri yekutsikisa yakahaya vamwe vapepeti veAfrica muAmerica munzvimbo dzine mukurumbira. Uye ndinofunga kuti zvakanaka. Uye chandaitarisira chaizvo, chandinovimba nenhoroondo yemaJuda, ndechekuti mushure mekunge vahaya vanhu vane mukurumbira munzvimbo idzi, vanofanirwa kuhaya mazana mana.
