Kuuya kumusoro wemunamato wechiMuslim, munhu weOrthodox anopinda mune imwe nzvimbo, zvikamu zvakawanda izvo zvichamutungamirira mukuvhiringidzika kukuru. Pasinei nezita rinowanzozivikanwa reichi chikamu chemitemo yechitendero, munamato weOrthodox hauna chinhu chakafanana nemunamato wechiMuslim, kunze kweizwi rinowanzozivikanwa (Mwari, kutendeuka, kupfava, kuzvininipisa, nezvimwewo), pamwe chete nenyaya yekuti, sa Orthodox, vaMuslim vanoona kuzadzika kwayo kwakakosha uye vanoiisa semabasa anosungirwa (fard).
Munamato (salat) muIslam nderimwe remabasa mashanu akakosha evaMuslim. Korani inotoidaidza kuti “hwaro hwetsika dzechiIslam” (K.2:153). Uyezve, maererano neKurani, kucheneswa kwemwoyo wemunhu kunotsamira pakuita kwakarurama kwerutivi rwekunze rwemunamato: “Namata Ishe wako nemamwe mabasa netsika. Uye muchava nemwoyo yakachena izere nerukudzo” ( K. 2:21 ). Sharia inoshingairira kutarisisa kuita chaiko kwetsika yemunamato nevatendi. (Kubva pane zvinotevera zvichava pachena kuti hazvina kana kushingaira maererano nechikonzero). Hapana zvipingamupinyi: zvisikwa-mamiriro ekunze, mhuri, maindasitiri - zvinogona kukanganisa "orthodox" kubva pakuzadzika kwebasa guru iri. Zvinonakidza kuona pakarepo kuti maMuslim vanoona munamato sebasa, semurairo unobva kumusoro, usingakwikwidzwe. Sezvazvichaonekwa iye zvino, muMuslim panguva yemunamato anofunga nezvechimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose - sei kusapokana, kana kusatyora chero chezviito uye zvinzvimbo zvemuviri, semugumisiro wekuti munamato wake uchaonekwa seusina maturo, uye basa risina kuzadzikiswa.
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, chete mushure mekugezwa kwakanyatsoitwa munhu anogona kutanga kunyengetera, kana zvisina kudaro munamato wake uchabviswa. "Izvi zvakarondedzerwa kubva mumashoko aAbu Hurairah, Allah vafare naye, kuti Mutumwa waAllah akati: "Munamato kubva kune akasvibiswa haugamuchirwe kusvika ageza" (Al Bukhari)" [1]. Paanotanga kunyengetera, muMuslim anofanira kurega zvokudya zvinorambidzwa uye zvinwiwa, mabasa ezvivi, anofanira kuziva pachake amire pamberi paMwari uye anonzwa ari muranda anozvininipisa uye anozvininipisa pamberi pake. Zvakakosha kubvisa zvachose kubva kune zvose zvinogona kukanganisa munhu kubva pamunamato uye kuita kuti zvive zvisina maturo. Gamuchidzanwa rinorondedzera kuti rimwe zuva, apo Muhammad akanga achinyengetera, chidimbu chakavhomorwa kubva pagumbo rake, chaasina kuteerera uye akaramba achinyengetera.
MuIslam, kune marudzi matanhatu eminamato inosungirwa, pamwe neyekuwedzera kana yekusarudza. Zvinosungirwa zvinosanganisira: zuva nezuva munamato kashanu (mangwanani, masikati, masikati, manheru, masikati kana manheru (K.17:78); munyengetero pamusoro pemufi; munyengetero pakutenderera (tavvafa) uchipoterera kaaba munguva huru nediki. Hajj, prayer ayat, munamato unoitwa nemwanakomana mukuru kuvabereki vake, munamato wemubhadharo, mhiko nemhiko.Inokurudzirwa (sunnah) kana minamato inodiwa inosanganisira mimwe: zororo, mariro, minamato yenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, minamato yekunayisa mvura.
Nyanzvi dzechiIslam dzine maonero akasiyana maererano nemunamato wakapetwa kashanu. Vamwe vavo vanoti pakutanga munamato wacho wakaitwa katatu. Nekudaro, maMuslim vanoona chirevo ichi sechisina hwaro uye vanobvuma semunamato wezuva nezuva unosungirwa kashanu chete. Pane Hadith inotaura nezvekukwira kudenga (miraji) kwaMuhammad kudenga. Usiku ihwohwo, Muhammad, pane chimwe chisikwa chedhimoni (burak), sezvazvairatidzika kwaari, akakwira kudenga repamusoro-soro (rechisere), uko kunyange Jabrieri aisagona kupinda, uye akakudzwa nekurukurirano naAllah. Mukati mekurukurirano iyi, akagamuchira murairo wakabva kuna Allah wokunyengetera ka50 pazuva. Nekudaro, nezano raMosesi, Muhammad kwenguva yakati akataurirana naAllah kuti aderedze huwandu hweminamato. Pakupedzisira, kutaurirana kwakagadzirisa kashanu munamato, asi nemamiriro ekuti mumwe nemumwe wavo aikosha gumi, mushure mezvo Muhammad haana kuzoshinga kukumbira kuderedzwa kukuru. Mukurangarira chiitiko ichi, 17th sura yakagamuchira zita - "al-isra" - "night transfer". Pane imwe Hadith inopa imwe shanduro yakasiyana yemabviro emunamato wakapetwa kashanu. Maererano naro, ngirozi Jabrieri (Gabrieri) yakaburuka pasi kashanu pazuva rimwe ndokuita munamato wechiMuslim pamberi paMuhammad, uyo, pashure pokunge agamuchira tsika iyi, akaidzidzisa kuvateveri vake.
Korani inoti: “Chokwadi, kunyengeterera vatendi murairo pane imwe nguva” ( K.–4:103 ). Imwe neimwe yeminamato mishanu inosungirwa zuva nezuva inoverengwa zvakanyanya pane imwe nguva yezuva uye ine imwe nhamba yerak'ahs (rak'ah inhamba yemunamato wakazara unosanganisira uta, mazwi ekukudza anotaurirwa kuna Allah uye kuverenga ma suras e. Korani). “Ita tsika yemunamato kubva panguva iyo zuva parinotanga kunyura kubva pakati pedenga rakananga kumadokero, uye enderera kusvika kwasviba. Iyi minamato: az-Zuhr (munamato wepakati pemasikati), al-Asr (munamato wemasikati), al-Maghrib (Munamato pakuvira kwezuva) uye al-Ishaa (munamato wemanheru). Namata al-Fajr (Munamato mambakwedza). Nokuti ngirozi ndivo zvapupu zvemunamato uyu” ( K. 17:78 ). Mutemo wechiMuslim wekunamatira zuva nezuva unosanganisira:
Munamato wemangwanani (salat as – subh), unosanganisira maraka maviri.
Munamato wepakati pemasikati (salat az – zuhr) – rak'ah ina.
Munamato wemasikati (salat al-asr) – rakaah ina.
Munamato wemanheru (salat al – maghrib) – maraka matatu.
Munamato wemanheru (salat al-isha) - rak'ah ina.
1) Nguva dzekunamatira
Nguva yemunamato yemangwanani inotanga nekushevedzera kumunamato (azan) uye inopera nekubuda kwezuva. Munguva ino yenguva, zvinodikanwa kuita salat se-subh. Zviri nani kuita izvi pakarepo mushure me adhan kana padyo pairi sezvinobvira. Mune mazwi akadai muKurani: “…kusvikira shinda jena tanga kusiyana nedema riri pamberi pako mambakwedza” (K.2:187). VaMuslim vanotaura mashoko aya semambakwedza ekubuda kwezuva. Mushure mezvinonzi "mambakwedza enhema" - tambo yechiedza yakatwasuka, iyo nemagumo ayo akamanikana inogara padenga, mutsetse wechiedza unonyatso kusiyanisa unooneka mudenga, wakafanana neshinda yemwenje inoganhurana nerima rehusiku. . Mushure mayo, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera, mafashamo denga nechiedza, zvinotendwa kuti "mambakwedza echokwadi" asvika uye iwe unogona kuita munamato wemangwanani.
Nguva yeminamato yemasikati neyemasikati inotanga masikati uye inopera pakuvira kwezuva. Kune vaMuslim vakabudirira, tsananguro yehafu yezuva haina kuoma, asi kune avo vari kunyimwa mabhenefiti ebudiriro, Sharia yakagadzira nzira yekusarudza hafu yezuva. "Sekureva kweSharia, masikati anogona kutariswa kana tsvimbo kana zvimwe zvakadaro zvakanamira zvakati sandara panzvimbo yakati sandara, uye pakubuda kwezuva mumvuri wayo unowira kwakanangana nekunyura kwezuva. Sezvo zuva richibuda, mumvuri waro unodzikira. Mushure memasikati, mumvuri wedanda unofamba uchienda nekubuda kwezuva. Sezvo zuva rinosvika pakuvira kwezuva (munzira yekubuda kwaro), mumvuri wedanda unowedzera. Nokudaro, zvinova pachena kuti nguva iyo mumvuri wetsvimbo, uchiderera, unosvika paushoma uye unotanga kuwedzera, masikati maererano neSharia.
Munamato wepakati pemasikati, uyo unonziwo “munamato wepakati” ( salat al-wusta ), wakasiyana nemimwe minamato yezuva nezuva uye unoonekwa sounonyanya kukosha: “Fungisisai minyengetero uye kunyanya munyengetero wepakati” ( K.2:238 ) )
Pakarepo pashure pemasikati, kureba kwenguva iyo rak'ahs inogona kuitwa nokuda kwayo (somuenzaniso, maminitsi 30 masikati) inoshanda bedzi kumunyengetero wamasikati. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munguva ino yenguva hazvibviri kuenderana neminyengetero yemasikati neyemasikati, asi imwe masikati. Uye nguva iyoyo zuva risati ranyura, rinokwana kuita munamato wechina, rinongoreva masikati chete.
Nguva yeminamato yemanheru neyemasikati inotanga pakarepo mushure mekunyura kwezuva (pangopera kutsvuka mudenga) uye inopera pakati pehusiku. Kune avo vasingakwanise kuwana nzira dzakasimukira dzekusarudza pakati pehusiku, Sharia inopa zano rekupatsanura nguva pakati pekunyura kwezuva (manheru azan) uye mambakwedza (mangwanani azan) nepakati. Pakati penguva iyi yenguva inofungidzirwa pakati peusiku. Nenzira imwecheteyo semunamato wemasikati, nguva mushure mekunyura kwezuva, inokwana kuita rakaahs matatu (semuenzaniso, 20 - 25 maminitsi), inongoreva munamato wemanheru, uye nguva isati yasvika pakati peusiku, inodiwa kushanda kwemaraka mana, kunoonekwa chete panguva yemunamato wemasikati.
Kwakabva: Chitsauko 8. Rites muIslam - Sharia isingatarisirwi [Chinyorwa] / Mikhail Rozhdestvensky. – [Moscow: bi], 2011. – 494, [2] p.
Notes:
1. Kugezeswa kwechidimbu (wudhu). https://www.islamnn.ru/
