Blution chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzechiIslam. Kunyange munamato, unova imwe yembiru dzechiIslam, unoonekwa seusingashandi kunze kwekunge watangirwa netsika yekugeza (K.5:6). Ndiko kuti, kunaka kwemunamato wechiMuslim kunoenderana nekuchena kwemuviri. Kune Hadith inokosha inokurudzira maererano nekugeza: “Inotsanangurwa kubva mumashoko aUthman bin Affan, Allah vafare naye, kuti Mutumwa waAllah akati: “ Zvitadzo zvichabva pamuviri weanotanga kuita. kushambidza zvakanaka, kunyange kubuda pasi pembambo dzake “(Muslim)”77. Maererano neSharia, kushambidza kunoitwa muzviitiko zvinotevera:
Panguva yemunamato
Panguva yeHajj
Kana munhu akapika kuti achageza
Kana paine mhiko, bata Korani nemuviri
Korani pachayo inogezwawo, mapeji ayo, pakanyorwa zita raAllah kana kuti Muhammad, kana ikapinda munzvimbo isina kuchena.
Kazhinji, chero kubata kuKorani (muchiArabic) kunofanira kutangirwa nekugeza: “Regai vanhu vakacheneswa kubva mukusvibiswa, avo vakashambidzika, vabate Korani Tsvene” (K.56: 79,80). Zvakadaro, kana Korani yakaturikirwa kubva muchiArabic kuenda kune mumwe mutauro uye ikadhindwa nemavara asiri echiArab, saka kugezesa hakudiwi. VaMuslim vanofunga kuti Korani itsvene chete kana yakadhindwa muchiArabic. "Takatumira Korani muchiArabic - mumutauro wavo (maArabu - vanamwari - munyori) - pasina chero kupindika" (K.39: 28). Kana tichigamuchira iyi dzidziso, ipapo Mwari anofanira kunzwisisa bedzi mutauro wechiArab, sezvo Koran, mukuwirirana nedzidziso dzechiIslam, nguva dzose yave iri mumifungo yaMwari uye riri shoko Rake (zvechokwadi, chiArab). Iyi dzidziso yekusarudzika kwemutauro wechiArabu inotiratidza zvakare hunhu hwechiIslam, hwemasekete, maererano nekuti nzira yeruponeso inoshanda mukati mesangano chete uye yorega kushanda kunze kwayo.
Pane pfungwa yokuti mashoko ari pamusoro apa pamusoro pekubata Korani nevakacheneswa chete (K.56:79) ane sungano ne“Korani yepakutanga”, kureva “al-lauh al-mahfuz – hwendefa rekudenga rinochengetwa na Allah (K.56:77). Ne "kucheneswa" munyaya iyi, ngirozi dzinorehwa. Kuvanhu, chiratidzo ichi chine chirevo chaicho uye chinoratidza kusavapo kwemamiriro ekusvibiswa uye zvinhu zvinosvibisa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kukundikana kuita blution munyaya iyi hakuiti kuti muMuslim "asingatendi."
Kugeza kunosungirwa maererano neSharia kunodiwawo mune zvinotevera nyaya:
Mushure mekuita zvepabonde
Mushure mekusununguka
Mushure mekubata chitunha
Mushure mekugezwa kwerufu rwemufi
Kugeza kana kuita mhiko kana mhiko
Blution inogona kuitwa nemvura uye jecha. Iyo yekugezesa pachayo ndeyemhando nhatu:
Kunyudzwa zvizere mumvura. Panguva imwecheteyo, kugeza kwakazara kunofanira kusiyaniswa kubva pakushamba murwizi, dziva kana bhati yekugezesa nekunakidzwa, iyo isiri yekugezera.
Kunyudzwa kwemaoko nechiso mumvura (irtimasi).
Kunyorova dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri nemvura (wudhu).
Sharia inoomerera pakunyatso kucherechedzwa kwemamiriro ekugezwa kwetsika yemvura. Mvura yekugezera inofanira kuva yakachena uye isingabiwa. Zvinorambidzwa kushandisa mvura yakadururwa mumidziyo yegoridhe kana yesirivha yekugezera. Zvokudya zvakagadzirwa negoridhe kana sirivheri zvinorambidzwa kwete kungoshandiswa chero kupi zvako, asiwo kugadzirwa, kutengwa, kutengeswa kana kuchinjana. Zvinorambidzwawo kushandisa midziyo (ndiro) kubva pamapfupa embwa, yenguruve kana yakaora. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi inokosha kunobvumirwa chete kana zvakakanganiswa zvakanyanya (kupfuura kuzivikanwa), uyewo kana kuumbwa kwesimbi kwakasanganiswa (chero bedzi iyo isiri-yakakosha simbi ichakunda mairi muhuwandu hwemashoko). Mvura kana chikafu chaive mundiro dzegoridhe kana dzesirivheri hazvinzi hazvina kuchena, asi zvinogona kushandiswa kubva mundiro dzisina kukosha. Zvinonziwo zvinogamuchirika kushandisa ndiro kana zvisingazikanwi kuti dzakagadzirwa nei. Kushandiswa kwepende yegoridhe kana sirivha hakubvumirwi. Chikonzero chezvirambidzo zve "goridhe" zvakadaro "zvinotevera kubva kudzidziso dzechiIslam, dzinoshora kunyanyisa kuda zvinhu zvepanyika nehupfumi. Maererano nenyanzvi dzechitendero dzechiMuslim, pfuma yepasi pano inotsausa uye inonetesa chido chomutendi chokuita mabasa echitendero uye kuda upenyu hwapashure porufu. Pamberi pekugezera, zvinokurudzirwa kubuda kunze kwekushaiwa. Kana munhu akaenda kuchimbuzi mushure mekugezeswa, anofanira kugezesa kechipiri uye mushure mokuzoenda kumunamato.
Nezvekugezwa kwezvigunwe, mumwe mudzidzi waImam Malik ibn Anas Ibn Wahb akataura zvinotevera: “Pane imwe nguva ndakanzwa kuti mumwe munhu akabvunza Malik nezvekugeza zvigunwe zvake pakuita Uudu (kushambidzika kana tsika yehutsanana inodiwa pakuita zvirevo zvechitendero - munyori) kwaakapindura kuti “Vanhu havafanire kudaro.” Ndakamirira kusvika vazhinji vevanhu vasiya denderedzwa rekudzidza ndokumuzivisa kuti pane imwe hadeeth pamusoro peizvi. Akabvunza kuti yaive Hadith rudzii, uye ndakati Al-Layt ibn Sad, naIbn Luhaya, naAmr ibn Al-Kharis vakataura kubva mumashoko aAl Mustaurid Shidad Al-Kurashi kuti akaona Mutumwa waAllah (s) anokwesha kagunwe pakati pezvigunwe. Malik akati: “Chokwadi iyi iHadeth yakanaka yandisati ndambonzwa.” Ndakazonzwa vanhu vachibvunza Malik nezvekugezeswa pakati pezvigunwe akabva atoti panofanira kugezwa nzvimbo iyi. (Ibn Abi Hatim, “Al Jarh wat – Tadil” (Hyderabad, India: Majlis Dairah al Maarif al Uthmaniyya, 1952), preface, pp. 31-33″ 80.
Kugeza tsoka pasina kubvisa shangu kana masokisi kunoonekwa sechinhu chisina basa. Nekudaro, kana paine chando chakanyanya kana njodzi yekuti shangu dzinogona kubiwa kana chipembenene chinoruma tsoka isina chinhu, kugezesa pasina kubvisa shangu kunobvumidzwa. Kana panguva yemunamato munhu aine kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuti ageza nemazvo here, munamato wake unoonekwa seusina basa uye unofanirwa kuvharirwa.
Nezvekunzwisiswa kwevhesi pamusoro pekugeza maoko: "... gezai zviso zvenyu nemaoko kusvika kumagokora ..." (K.5: 6) pane maonero maviri. Yekutanga yakateverwa nevadzidzi vaAbu Hanifa Zufar, Ibn Daoud Az-Zahiri nevamwe vevadzidzi vaMalik. Vakagamuchira mazwi okuti "kusvika kumagokora", mupfungwa - kwete yakakwirira kudarika magokora. (Muhammad ibn Ali Ash – Shaukani, “Nail Al Autar”) Vese vana imam vaive vechipiri. Vaifunga kuti ndima iyi inoreva kuti: “kusvika kumagokora, kusanganisira nemagokora.” (“Al Insaf fi Bayan Asbab al Ikhtilaf”) Vakavakirwa maonero avo pamahadith anovimbika anotaura nezvekugezesa kwaMuhammad. “Nuaym Ibn Abdillah Al Mujmir akarondedzera zvinotevera: “Ndakaona Abu Hurairah achigeza. Akageza chiso chake chose, ndokugeza ruoko rwake rwerudyi, kusanganisira nechepamusoro ... akabva ati: “Ndakaona kuti Mutumwa waAllah (s) anoita Oudu nenzira iyi” (Yakaunganidzwa naMuslim “Sahih Muslim”, Chirungu, dudziro. , v.1.S.156, Nha.477)81.
Kugezwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri kunoperekedzwa nekuverengwa kweminamato yakakosha, iyo pachayo inoomesa maitiro aya uye inoda ruzivo rweminamato iyi nemoyo. Asati atanga kushambidza, munhu, achitarira mumvura, anofanira kuti: “Muzita raMwari, ndinopika kuna Mwari, Mwari ngaakudzwe, iye achenesa mvura uye asina kuisvibisa. Asati ageza maoko, munhu anofanira kuti: “O Mwari, ndigamuchirei pakati pevakapfidza uye pakati pevakacheneswa.” Pakusuka muromo: “O Mwari, ivai chapupu changu pazuva randichasangana nemi. Dzidzisai rurimi rwangu kukurangarirai.” Pakusuka mhino: “Haiwa Mwari, regai kundirambidza mhepo dzokudenga, ndigamuchirei pakati pavanonzwa mhepo yokudenga, mweya wayo nokunaka kwayo. Pakugeza chiso, zvinonzi: “Haiwa Mwari, chenesai chiso changu.” Pakugeza ruoko rwerudyi: “Oh Mwari, ndiratidzei Bhuku rangu kurudyi uye nekusingaperi muparadhiso iri kuruboshwe.” Pakugeza ruoko rweruboshwe, munhu anofanira kuti: “Mwari wangu, musandipa Bhuku rangu kubva kudivi reKuchamhembe neseri kwemusana wangu uye musarisungirira pamutsipa wangu. Ndinovanda mamuri kubva kumoto (gehena).” Pakusuka musoro, zvinonzi: “O Mwari, musandirambira tsitsi dzenyu, chikomborero, gamuchirai kutendeuka kwangu. Pakushambidza tsoka, zvinonzi: “O Mwari, simbisai tsoka dzangu, apo nzira painotsvedza, itai kuti chishuvo changu chifadze kwamuri. Iwe muridzi wepfuma nerupo!”
Zvinoda kutanga kugezesa nenguva kuitira kuti uve munguva yekutanga kwemunamato. Sekureva kweSharia, kugezesa kunoonekwa sekusina basa kana kumeso nemaoko zvakatogezwa zvine nguva yekuoma asati ageza tsoka. Nhengo dzemuviri dzinofanirwa kugezwa kuitira kuti panguva yekugezeswa zvese zvinyorove.
Kune vanhu vane kukuvara kwemuviri (maronda, maronda), Sharia inopa mitemo yakakosha yekugezesa. Kugeza kwakadaro kunonzi “jabriye” (kumanikidzwa). Somuenzaniso, kana munhu ane ronda paruoko rwake, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nengozi yokusvibiswa nemvura, anofanira kubvisa bhandeji uye kugeza paronda racho. Kana izvi zvisingakwanisi kuitwa, Shariah inoda kuti bhandeji ritsiviwa, mushure mezvo zvakakosha kupuruzira pamusoro payo neruoko rwakanyorova kana kuita yekugezesa nejecha rakaoma uye rakachena.
Muitiro wokugeza nejecha ( tayyom ) ( K.4:43; 5:6 ) rutivi rwevagari vomugwenga, umo munhu asingagoni nguva dzose kuwana mvura. Mukuwedzera kune jecha, rudzi urwu rwekugeza runosanganisirawo kushambidza nevhu nevhu. Kugeza nejecha rinopisa kunewo maitiro ekuuraya utachiona, kunobatsira kuparadza utachiona uye kubvisa tsvina yakasviba kubva muzvipfeko. Yakanyanya nyore uye inoshanda - matatu mune imwe! Mukuwedzera kune jecha, Sharia inobvumira kugeza nealabaster uye lime (kwete tsvuku-inopisa).
Notes:
77.Kugezesa kwechidimbu (wudhu). https://www.islamnn.ru/
78.GMKerimov. Sharia. Mutemo wehupenyu hweMuslim. Chitsauko 4. Kurambidzwa kweSharia. https://rogtal – sgedo.ru
79.Inoshanda Encyclopedia. Nheyo dzehupenyu hwemweya hwakarurama. Maererano nemabasa aSt. Ignatius (Bryanchaninov). SPb. SATIS SIMBA .2005 Ss.64,65,69.
80.Yakatorwa kubva: Abu Amin Bilal Phillips. Evolution yeFiqh. Imams uye Taqlid. https://ksunne.ru/istoriya/evoluciya.index.htm
81.Yakatorwa kubva: Abu Amin Bilal Phillips. Evolution yeFiqh. Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekusawirirana kwemafuta. https://ksunne.ru/istoriya/evoluciya.index.htm
Kwakabva: Chitsauko 8. Rites muIslam - Sharia isingatarisirwi [Chinyorwa] / Mikhail Rozhdestvensky. – [Moscow: bi], 2011. – 494, [2] p. (muchiRussia)
