Alevis inogamuchirwa neShia yemazuva ano scholarship, kunyange zvazvo kwave nenguva yakareba kune makakatanwa pamusoro penyaya iyi. Kubva pakutanga kwekuvapo kwavo kusvika nhasi, maAlevi akadanwa nemazita akasiyana. Mune colloquial Turkish uye mune zvinyorwa zvepamutemo kubva panguva dzakasiyana, kune akawanda mazita avo. Panguva imwe chete, vanozvizivisa ivo pachavo nemazita akasiyana. Mazita "Kazalbashi", "Alevi" uye "Bektashi" akawana mukurumbira mukuru. Zvakarurama kutaura kuti izwi rekuti "Alevi" harienderane nenhoroondo kana nguva yezita rekuti "Kazalbashi". Izwi rekuti "Alevi" rinoreva "muzukuru waAli ibn Abu Talib", aive mukuwasha, hama uye shamwari yekutanga yeMuporofita Muhammad. MuHumambo hweOttoman, izwi iri rinowanikwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi19 uye rakachengetedzwa muTurkey yemazuva ano. Inoreva vanopikisa Sunni Islam, kureva vateveri vaAli, avo vanodzivirira kodzero yake yekutonga muummah (nharaunda yeMuslim) mushure mekufa kwaMuhammad. Nhasi, "Alevi" ndiwo mapoka anotaura zvine mwero kana zvakanyanyisa zvitendero zveShia uye zvisinganzwisisike. Zita rokuti "Kazalbashi" rakaonekwa mukupera kwezana remakore rechi15 uye raireva vatsigiri veSafavids, uye gare gare rakabatanidza mapoka ose eTurkic muAnatolia avo vaiti heterodox Islam uye umo chitendero chaAli chakaita basa guru. Zita rokuti "Kazalbash" rinobva pamazwi eTurkic kazal - tsvuku uye bash - musoro, kureva. ane musoro mutsvuku, kubva pamarabhoni matsvuku gumi nembiri akaturikwa pangowani dzawo mukukudza gumi nevaviri maimamu vechiShia. Muzvinyorwa zvenguva yeHumambo hweOttoman, "Kazalbash" inowanikwa serimwe izwi rekuti "Rafazi", "Mulhid" uye "Zandak", izvo zvinoreva "munyengeri, akaramba kutenda, asingadi Mwari" uye ane chirevo chekuzvidza. Nemhaka yeiyi revo yakaipa, “Kazalbash” ichiri kutsiviwa na“Alevi” nanhasi. Zvinofanira kutsanangurwa kuti mukati memunharaunda pachayo, zita rekuti "Kazalbash" harigumbure. Muvambi wehurumende yeSafavid, Shah Ismail pachake, akazvidaidza, pamwe nevateveri vake, "Qazlbash" pasina kubatanidza zvinoreva pejorative kune iri izwi. Maererano neI. Melikoff, maQazlbashes muAnatolia, semapoka avo akafanana emasekete muIran, anofanirwa kutumidzwa zita rekuti "Ali illahi", sezvo chimiro chavo chakajairika ndechekutenda muhumwari hwaAli. Uye ivo pachavo vanodaidzwa kudaro mumavhesi neminamato yavo yechitendero. Panguva imwecheteyo, maAlevi (Kazalbashi) muTurkey anonziwo Bektashi, iyo inoreva ivo kuBektashi Order uye kuBektashiism muhuwandu. Huwandu hwakakosha hwavo hwakaonekwawo saBabai uye nekudaro vakaonekwa nebato reBabai rakamuka muna 1239-1240 vachipesana nepakati pesimba reSeljuk. Vanotsanangurwa zvakare sevaJafari, kureva sevateveri vechikoro chaImam Ja'far as-Sadiq wechitanhatu, ane dzidziso dzavanotevera muchivande. Nharaunda iri kutaurwa inozvishandisawo pachayo mazita anovanzirwa nevasingazive. Somuenzaniso, “ahl-i Haq” (“vanhu vaMwari, vanhu veZvokwadi”), “Hak erenler” uye “gerchek erenler” (“avo vasvika pachokwadi chaMwari”) kana kuti “gyuruh-i naji” (“community of the redeemed” ).
Nekugadzwa kwavo muAnatolia, maSeljuks akaisa hurongwa hwekurejesa kushandiswa kwenyika - ikta, yakasungirirwa kumauto uye mabasa epamutemo. Turkic beys dzakapihwawo kodzero yekutonga kwehupenyu hwese uye nekudaro dzakava rudzi rwevashandi vehurumende, vachiisa pasi madzinza makuru uye nevazhinji vaigara. Saka hwaro hwematunhu eTurkic dynasties akagadzirwa. Pakati pemarudzi akasvika muAnatolia mushure mekupinda kweMongol, kuiswa kweikta system hakuna kuzoenderera mberi zvakanaka. Kusagutsikana kwakakura pakati pevaTurkey kwakakonzera kunetsana kukuru pakati pavo nesimba reSeljuk. Chinonyanya kutyisa kwaiva kupandukira kwaBabai kwe1239-1240 panguva yekutonga kwaSultan Gyaseddin II Keyhusrev (1237-1246). Marudzi eTurkic akaramba kufambira mberi kweIslam. Zvisinei, inopinda mukati mehupenyu hwavo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana - kuburikidza nenzira dzekumanikidzira, kuburikidza nekuparidzira kwerunyararo, kuburikidza nekubatana kwekutengeserana uye nekuda kwezvido zvehupfumi. Asi vabatwa mumagariro avo, chiIslam chakamanikidzwa kurwisa zvitendero zveTurkic kana kuti kuchinjira uye kuva chikamu chazvo. Anosarudza nzira yekugadzirisa uye kusikwa kwemafomu e-syncretic. Saka, kwemazana mana emakore, chiIslam chakakwanisa kuzvimisa pakati pevaTurkey. Vachipinda munharaunda yeOrthodox, vaTurkey vakachengetedza tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika nedzenharaunda, dzakabatanidzwa muchitendero chavo chitsva. Pasinei nekuve chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzechiMuslim, vazhinji vevaTurkey vanoomerwa nekusiyana nemafungiro avo ekare echitendero, akakweretwa kubva kushamanism nemamwe masisitimu echitendero avakasangana nawo (Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Mazdakism). Chikamu chikuru chemaTurkey chinova mutsigiri wedzidziso dzechiIslam, asi kune zvakare nhamba yakati wandei yevateveri veShiism vanozviita nenzira ine mwero kana yakanyanyisa. Kupinda kweShi'ism pakati pemapoka aya kunokonzerwa nekuti mumapurovhinzi ekumabvazuva, anogarwawo nemapoka eTurkic, propaganda yeAlids (vatsigiri vaAli nemhuri yake) yakakurumidza kupararira. Nechekare mukati memiganhu yeHumambo hweOttoman, kusagadzikana kwehuwandu hweAnatolian hakuna kumira. Munguva yakatevera 1500, mapoka akasimba eTurkic kubva pakati peAnatolian steppes, Makomo eTaurus, nenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeTokat neSivas vakazvizivisa vachipokana nehutongi hweOttoman. Mukuedza kuchengetedza vagari vemo uye kuchengetedza mari yavo yekurima, manejimendi ari kuita nhamburiko dzekutonga madzinza aya. Nechinangwa ichi, inopinda mavari mune yayo cadastral rejista uye inozviisa kune yakarongeka mutero. Munguva yakataurwa, hutongi hweOttoman hwakanga husisaenderane nehupfumi hwekutama-tama uye mutemo wechivanhu. Akatsigira chikonzero cheSunni orthodoxy, nepo madzinza aiomerera kune dervish mirairo, achiparidza chimiro cheIslam chakashandurwa zvakanyanya netsika dzemadzinza uye zvitendero zveshamanic. Marudzi adudzwa, anozivikanwa saQazalbashi nokuda kwenguo tsvuku yavaipfeka, akava mashoko okushora kwakasimba kweOttoman magariro nezvematongerwe enyika. Iyo Kızlbaş yaive hwaro hwenzvimbo yeAkkoyunlu muEastern Anatolia, yaive imwe yevakwikwidzi veOttoman Empire kumabvazuva. Muna 1473, Mehmed Mukundi akavapwanya zvisina tsitsi. Mumakore ekuma1500, zvisinei, Ismail Safavi, uyo akanga ari wedzinza reSafaviye, aitsigirwa naAkkoyunlus kumabvazuva kweAnatolia, muAzerbaijan neIran yanhasi. Somutungamiriri wesangano rorudzidziso rinopandukira, akaparadzira pesvedzero yake pamapoka ose eAnatolian Turkic. Vanhu vake vakaparidza pfungwa dzake muAnatolia yose. Zviuru zvezvidzidzo zveOttoman zvakatevera Ismail uye akave mutungamiri wavo wechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika. Kune simba reOttoman repakati, sangano reQazalbashi raive dambudziko remukati nekuti Ismail akazivisa kuti aizoita Anatolia chikamu cheIranian Empire. Muna 1511, Bayezid II paakanga akwegura uye achirwara, uye machinda eOttoman vachipokana nekuda kwechigaro, Qizlbaş yekumadokero kweAnatolian Highlands yakasimuka ichimukira, ichitungamirwa nemumwe wevarume vaIsmail. Vanorwisa Bursa, vachipisa nekuparadza zvese zviri munzira yavo. Prince Selim aive pakati pevekutanga kusundidzira kuita kwakasimba kurwisa Ismail. Selim akakunda kutsigirwa kweJanissaries uye musi waApril 24, 1512, akamanikidza baba vake kuti vasiye. Akaisa mujeri vangangosvika zviuru makumi mana veshamwari dzaShah Ismail ndokuvauraya, uye akabva arwisa Ismail zvakare, achimuti muShiite munyengeri. Sultan akabata mauto eShah kumabvazuva kweAnatolia uye akakunda zvine mutsindo paChalderan musi wa23 Nyamavhuvhu 1514. Kukunda uku kwakabvisa kwechinguva kutyisidzira kubva kuQazalbaş uye kwakabvumira Selim kuti atore nzvimbo ine makomo kubva kuErzurum kuenda kuDiyarbakır kuenda kuOttoman Empire. Muna 1516-1517, madzimambo emunharaunda nemadzishe enzvimbo iyi akaziva Ottoman suzerainty. Marudzi eTurkic kubva kuAnatolia, uye kunyanya kubva kuMabvazuva kweAnatolia, akatamira muruzhinji kuenda kuIran neAzerbaijan, uko vakashanda seuto guru mumauto eSafavid. Muzana ramakore rechi 16, kwakavewo kwakamanikidzwa kudzingwa kwakawanda kwemapoka eheterodox kubva kuEastern neCentral Anatolia uye kubva kumatunhu akakundwa eAzerbaijan. Mutemo wekumanikidzwa kugariswa patsva wakanyanya kusimba pasi peSelim I naSuleiman I. MuBalkans, kubatanidza nyika dzeBulgaria, mapoka makuru eQazalbashi akanga adzingwa akasvika. Chimwe chikamu chekizalbashi chakaurayiwa. Vanoramba vari kunze kwehurongwa hwemapfunde. Zvichienderana nekugadzwa kwezvitendero zviri pamutemo uye kusikwa kweiyo millet system, Istanbul yakatanga kubata Kızlbaş se "chikamu chechishanu" mune zvechitendero uye nezvematongerwo enyika. Mushure mekukunda Safavid Persia, Humambo hweOttoman hwakagura hukama pakati peQazalbashi vaigara munharaunda yeOttoman neIran. Munguva iyi yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, nharaunda zhinji dzeQazalbash dzakabatana neBektashism, iyo yaisanganisira Janissary Corps. Uhwu huhama hwechitendero, hwakabatana nezita raHaji Bektash (muzana ramakore rechi 13), kusvika pamwero wakati wakabudirira mukufambisa huterodoxy hweQazalbashi. Zvisinei, munhu haafaniri kuenzanisa maitiro echitendero cheQizalbash neBektash, kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvavo zvechitendero nekutenda zviri pedyo. Hunhengo muBektashism hwakabatana nechiito chekuziva chekutanga kuita mudzidzisi. Kuva weQazalbashi, zvisinei, kunofanotemerwa pakuzvarwa. Vatungamiri vemapoka maviri aya havana kufanana. Ukama hweBektashite hunotungamirwa nadedebaba, vanosarudzwa. Simba remweya pamusoro pevazhinji veQazalbashi rinoshandiswa nechelebiya, inoonekwa sewedzinza remusande Haji Bektash. Mukuwedzera, haasi mapoka ose eAlevi ari kuBektashism. Vamwe vanoramba vakazvimirira, seTahtaji inogara pamhenderekedzo yeMediterranean yeTurkey. Kubatana pakati peBektashi naAlevi kwakaderera panguva yemazuva ano iyo yakapinda muHumambo hweOttoman muzana remakore rechi19. Bektashi rudzi rwevanhu vemumaguta, vazhinji vacho vari chikamu chevakuru veIstanbul, Izmir neThessaloniki. Vanotora chikamu mukugadzirisa kwemazuva ano uye nhamba huru yavo iri pakati pevashanduri vari pedyo nezviremera. Alevis, zvisinei, vanoramba vari vagari vekumaruwa, kunze kwekugadzirisa maitiro uye pfungwa yemazuva ano. Chiitiko cheSafavid chaive chakasimba pakuumbwa kwezvitendero nemaitiro eQazalbash, uye Bektashism yakavaunza padyo nekusaziva kweMuslim. Alevis anoturikira Korani nenzira inochinjika. Vanotenda kuti maSunni haakwanisi kunzwisisa mweya weBhuku Dzvene. Ivo zvakare havacherechedze dzimwe mbiru dzeIslam, semuenzaniso minamato yemazuva ese, kutsanya mumwedzi weRamadan, kuenda kuMecca. Maitiro avo ehutsika emitemo akaiswa mune fomula "eline, diline, beline sahip olmak", iyo inoturikira kuti "ive tenzi weruoko rwako, rurimi rwako uye chiuno chako", kureva.
(zvichaenderera mberi)
