Imwe tsika, semunamato nekutsanya, inova imwe yembiru shanu dzinosungirwa dzeIslam uye inotsigira dome yayo yedzidziso, ndiyo rwendo rwekuenda kuMecca (hajj). Korani inotaura nezvazvo neiyi nzira: “Ndinoita Hajj yakanakisisa (rwendo rukuru) ndofa (rwendo ruduku) nokuda kwaAllah, uye kwete nokuda kwebetsero ipi neipi muupenyu huno nokubwinya” (K.2: 196) ) "Ivo (mwedzi mutsva - auth.) vanosarudza nguva yekuita zvinhu zvavo kuvanhu, uyewo vanosarudza nguva yeHajj (pilgrimage), inova imwe yenheyo dzechitendero chako" (K.2: 189) . Mumwe nomumwe “mutendi wechokwadi” anorairwa kushanyira nzvimbo dzinoyera dzevaMuslim kamwechete muupenyu hwake. “Mutumwa waAllah akati: “Munguva iri pakati pemashando maduku maviri, munhu anogamuchira kuregererwa kwezvitadzo zvose, uye mubairo werwendo rukuru iparadhiso.” Zvisinei, pasinei nechisungo chechirevo ichi, Korani inotaura kuti avo chete vanokwanisa kuzviita uye vanokwanisa kuita basa iri vanokwanisa kuita Hajj: “Kuita Hajj kuImba ino chisungo kune avo vanokwanisa. kuiitisa (Hajj kuImba) “(K.3:97),” Allah vakaraira avo vanogona kuenda kuImba iyi, kuti vadavire kushevedzo iyi (kuita Hajj) uye vasvike paImba netsoka kana nengamera. “( K.22:27 ).
Pakutanga, rwendo rwacho rwaisanganisira kushanyira Kaaba uye kuita tsika dzinoenderana. Mushure mezvo, Hajj yaisanganisira kushanya kuguva raMuhammad muMedina uye minamato mumamosque eHijaz (mahombekombe ekumadokero kweArabia Peninsula inyika inoera yevaMuslim). Vateveri vemaitiro echiShiite muIslam vanoita rwendo rwekuwedzera kumakuva aImam Hussein muKarbala, wechina (akarurama) Caliph, hama yaMuhammad Ali ibn Abu Talib muNajaf, Imam Reza kuMashhad uye Mansum "mutsvene" muQom. Iyi nzendo yevaShiite kumakuva eimam yavo inowanzonzi kwete hajj, asi ziyarat - kushanya.
Sharia inopa gadziriro dzakakosha maererano nerwendo rwekuenda kuMecca:
Chekutanga, uyo anosarudza kuenda kuHajj anofanira kunge akura. Vakadzi vari pasi pemakore makumi mana vanofanira kuperekedzwa nemumwe wehama dzavo dzechirume.
Chechipiri, zvakakwana, kwete kupenga, uye zvakare akasununguka (kwete muranda).
Haafanire kuita pilgrimage nekuda kwemabasa anorambidzwa uye ezvivi (kupamba, kuponda, kuba, nezvimwewo). Anofanirawo kurega kufamba kana pane zvimwe zvinhu zvokukurumidzira kana kuti nzira bedzi inobvira ichimirira ngozi huru kuupenyu.
Hazvisungirwi kuti murombo aite Hajj, kunze kwekunge mumwe munhu azvipira kugovera zvose rwendo rwake uye kuchengeta mhuri yake, uye pane chivimbo chikuru chokuti mubatsiri zvirokwazvo achazadzisa vimbiso yake.
Iwe unofanirwa kuve newe "tasrih al-hajj" (mvumo yekutora chikamu muHajj). Nemhaka yengozi dzakamirira mufambi, zvinonziwo zvinosungirwa kunyora wiri yenhaka usati waenda kunoshanya.
Pakupedzisira, mupilgrim, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, anofanira kukwanisa kuita Hajj. Izvi zvinoreva:
Iva neroad food reserve newe.
Mota yerwendo, pamwe nekukwanisa kutenga tikiti kune ese anodiwa nzira dzekufambisa.
Kuve uine hutano hwepanyama kuitira kuti uzadzise zvese zvinodiwa zveHajj uye kutsungirira matambudziko ese erwendo.
Kuva nemari yakakwana yokuriritira mhuri kana kuti yaakaronzeswa kutarisira. Anofanirwa kukwanisa kugadzirira imba yake zvakanaka kuitira kuti irege kuparara panguva yerwendo rwake.
Sharia inopawo hajj pakubhadhara. Kana muMuslim ane nzira dzekuita pilgrimage, asi asina hutano kune izvi, anogona kutumira mumwe munhu panzvimbo yake. Panguva imwecheteyo, uyo akaita Hajj kuti abhadhare, kune mumwe munhu, iye pachake haagamuchire chinzvimbo cherukudzo che "Hajji" (akaita Hajj) uye anofanira zvakare kuzviitira Hajj. Sharia inobvumira kuita kweHajj kubhadharwa nemurume kumukadzi uye zvinopesana. Panguva imwecheteyo, Sharia inoshora avo, vasina hutano hwakakwana hwekufamba, zvakadaro vanotora bhizinesi iri, vachizviisa munjodzi. Kune masangano akasiyana pasi rose anopa rubatsiro mukuita Hajj kuvaMuslim vanotambira mari shoma.
Maererano nemitemo yeHajj, vafambi vanofanira kupfeka zvipfeko zvakakosha - vanga. Inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri zve white calico kana imwe yerineni. Chimwe chidimbu chinoputirwa nemuviri pasi pechiuno, imwe, yakakura muhukuru, inokandwa pamusoro pefudzi rekuruboshwe uye yakapfuura pasi pehapwa rekurudyi, nokudaro ichivhara muviri wepamusoro. Muvarume, musoro unofanira kuvhurika. Vakadzi vanoita Hajj uye vakapfeka ihram vanobvumirwa kuvhura zviso zvavo, asi vhudzi ravo rinofanira kuvanzwa chero zvakadaro. Pane pfungwa yokuti mukadzi haafaniri kupfeka ihram zvachose, anogona kuita mhemberero yose mune chero ipi zvayo yenguo dzake, asi nguva dzose ane musoro wake wakafukidzwa. (Gulnara Kerimova. "Mugwagwa unoenda kuImba yaAllah" https://www.cidct.org.ua/ru/about/). Kana Hajj inowira munguva inopisa, kushandiswa kwemaamburera kunobvumirwa. Sandals dzakapfekwa patsoka, asi iwe unogona zvakare kuenda usina shangu. Mufambi anofanira kuisa tsoka yake panyika yeHijazi yatova muIhram. Munhu akapfeka ihram, maererano nemitemo, haachakwanisi kuibvisa kusvikira apedza mhemberero yose.
Chechipiri, chirevo chakawedzerwa chezwi rokuti "ihram" ndiko kugamuchirwa kwezvimwe zvinorambidzwa, kupfeka zvipfeko zvakakosha, kupinda munyika "tsvene" uye, chaizvoizvo, kutanga kwekuita kweHajj rite. Uyo akatyora chirevo che ihram anofanira kuyananisa mhosva yake nekubayira gondohwe manheru ezororo rekurban - bayram. Korani inodzora zviito zvese izvi neimwe nzira: “Kana iwe… kune varombo pedyo neMusikiti Unorambidzwa. Ani naani asingakwanisi kuita chibayiro anofanira kutsanya kwemazuva matatu muMecca panguva yeHajj uye mazuva manomwe adzoka kumba. Kana ari mugari weMecca, saka haadi, mune iyi nyaya, kuita chibayiro nekutsanya ”(K.2: 196). Zvinorambidzwa kune munhu akapfeka ihram kugera nzara dzake, kuveura, kugera bvudzi rake. namabasa api naapi oumwari. Anogona kuveura kana kugera bvudzi rake, asi anofanira kutsanya kwemazuva matatu kana kudyisa varombo vatanhatu kwezuva rimwe, kana kubayira gwai uye agogovera nyama kuvarombo nevanoshaya ”(K.2: 196).
Zvinorambidzwa kuputa, kukwidza inzwi, kugumbura munhu, kuteura ropa, kuuraya kunyange nhunzi, kutanha mashizha emiti, nezvimwewo. “Munguva yeHajj, munhu haafaniri kuswedera kuvakadzi (izvi zvinosanganisira: kusangana pabonde, kutsvoda, kutaura pamusoro peizvi. misoro - zvese izvi chitadzo pamberi paAllah). Kusazvidzora uye kupopotedzana chitadzo zvakare panguva yeHajj” (K.2:197). Kutyorwa kwezvirambidzo izvi kunoita kuti Hajj isashande. Munguva yeHajj, "akatendeka" anorayirwa kuti azvinyudze zvachose mupfungwa dzaAllah.
Hajj inotanga nedenderedzwa rakapetwa kanomwe (tawaf) rakatenderedza Kaaba, iro rinoitwa kuchinjika. Nhamba “nomwe” inonzi inoyera nemaArabu. Vafambi vanopinda muchivanze chemosque inorambidzwa (Al-Haram) nepagedhi “babul-nijat” (gedhi reruponeso). Pachikumbaridzo cheKaaba, vatori vechikamu chemhemberero vanotaura mazwi muchiArabic: "Labbaik Allahuma labbeik. La ball of lacquer, labbake ”(K.2: 198) (Ndiri pamberi penyu, O Allah. Hamuna mumwe, Imi muri moga). Tawwafa (bypass), sekutonga, inoitwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwechido chekuzvidira - nyanzvi pamitemo yekudarika.
Kaaba pachayo ibwe dema (granite) chivako muchimiro checube (mamita 15 – 10 – 12), yakafukidzwa nekiswa nhema (chifukidziro chitema chakarukwa chine ndima dzeKorani dzakarukwa pairi nendarama), iyo iri yakatsiviwa gore negore neimwe itsva. Makona eKaaba ari panzvimbo dzemakadhinari uye ane mazita ekuti "Yemeni" (kumaodzanyemba), "Iraqi" (kuchamhembe), "Levantine" (kumadokero) uye "dombo" (kumabvazuva), umo "dombo dema" inongoiswa. Pakutanga, munguva yechiIslam isati yasvika (jahili), kaaba yaiva temberi yechihedheni yaiva nevanhu vakawanda vamwari vevanhu. Zvino kumaMuslim, Kaaba ine chirevo chakasiyana seimba yekutanga yekunamatira kuna Allah. Inofananidzira mhedziso yehumwe Mwari, kusarudzika kwakakwana kwaAllah, kusavapo kwevapi vanobatana maari, iyo Korani isinganeti nekudzokorora mumasura mazhinji. Zvinotendwa kuti Kaaba - musikiti mukuru wevaMuslim, uri pasi pechigaro chaAllah, uye chigaro chake chiri pamusoro payo mudenga.
Mukona yekuruboshwe yekunze kwemadziro ekumabvazuva kwekaaba kune gonhi rakashongedzwa, uye zvishoma kuzasi uye kuruboshwe kwayo, mune imwe yemakona e kaaba pakureba kwemamita 1.5, pane niche ine “black stone”
– al-hajar al-aswad). Iri dombo reovha, rakaiswa mufuremu yesirivha pakupera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe, rinozivikanwa kuva rutivi rwechivako chapakuvamba chakavakwa naAbrahama naIsmail. Maererano netsika dzechiMuslim, yakapiwa kuna Adhamu sechiyeuchidzo cheparadhiso. Maererano neimwe shanduro, akanga ari ngirozi yaAdhamu, asi akashandurwa kuva dombo mushure mokunge atarisa uye achibvumira wadhi yake kudonha. Zvinonzi dombo dema pakutanga raive jena, asi rakazoshanduka dema, rakazara nezvivi zvevanhu, kana kubata kwemukadzi aive asina kuchena. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinotendwa kuti mukati mebwe zvinhu zvose zvinoramba zvichena, uye chete rutivi rwayo rwekunze rwakashanduka dema. Nenhamba shoma yevanhu, vaMuslim vanokwanisa kupinza misoro yavo mu niche uye kutsvoda "dombo dema", asi nekusangana kukuru kwevafambi, havasi vese vanogona kukudza iyi "shrine dema". Vanhu vane nguva chete yekubata dombo neruoko rwavo, mushure mezvo vanotsvoda ruoko uye voisa pameso.
Kune maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemamiriro chaiwo edombo. Denderedzwa reSainzi rakagara pamavambo ayo ecosmic meteorite. Chinhu che "dombo" ndechekuti harina kunyudzwa mumvura uye rinogona kuyangarara pamusoro paro. Iko kuvonga kune iyi pfuma kuti huchokwadi hwebwe dema hwakasimbiswa muna 951 payakadzoserwa kuMecca mushure mekunge yabiwa nevaQarmatians muna 930. Pane ngano inofamba yekuti dombo dema rakarembera mudenga. Muchokwadi, haarevi, asi akaiswa mumadziro egranite eKaaba, izvo zviri pachena kune wese. Kusanzwisisana uku kungangodaro kwakamuka nekuda kwekuvhiringidzika kwetsanangudzo mbiri dzechiArab (ngano) - nhoroondo yedombo dema nedombo remaqam Ibrahim (nzvimbo yaAbhurahama yakamira), iyo inonzi yaigona kurembera mumhepo nekushumira. Abraham sesango rinoyangarara panguva yekuvakwa kweKaaba. Nomuzvarirwo, hapana pamatombo aya anobhururuka iye zvino, uye ose ari maviri anoteerera mitemo yechisikigo yegiravhiti.
Chinhu chinonakidza chemhemberero yekutsvoda kwedombo kumaKristu ndechekuti chiito ichi hachina chikonzero zvachose mutsika yechiMuslim. Kuti varege kupiwa mhosva yekunamata zvidhori, vaMuslim havabatanidzi kukosha kwechitendero kudombo pacharo uye vanoti harina kumbove chinhu chinonamatwa. Chikonzero chimwe chete nei dombo rakapfava rave richikudzwa zvikuru nekuda kwekutevedzera kweupofu kwezviito zvaMuhammad, uyo akaritsvoda uye nokudaro akatanga tsika iyi. Vese maFaqihs (magweta) emuShafi'i madhhab akashora kutsvoda chero chinhu chisina hupenyu nechinangwa chetaabud (kureva kunamata Allah uye nekuswedera kwaari), kunze kwedombo dema kana muzhaf (kopi, kopi, mazhinji masahif) eKoran. Caliph wechipiri Omar ibn Khattab akati panguva iyi: “NaAllah, zvirokwazvo ndinoziva kuti uri dombo, haubatsiri kana kukuvadza, uye dai ndisina kuona kuti Muporofita ari kukutsvoda, ndingadai ndisina kutsvoda. iwe”150 .
Tsika dzechiMuslim dzinoburitsa chiitiko chakaitika mukati mehupenyu hweshamwari dzaMuhammad (Sahab), icho chine chekuita nekutsauka (tavwaf) kutenderedza Kaaba. “Munguva yetawaf, Muawiyah (Allah vafare naye) achidarika Kaaba akabata makona ayo ose. Achiona izvi, Ibn Abbas (Dai Allah vafadze vose vari vaviri) akati munhu haafaniri kubata makona maviri (makona maviri: kunze kwekona yeYemeni nekona nedombo dema). Akati: “Mumba muno (Kaaba) mune chimwe chinhu here chekuti munhu agare kure nazvo?” Ibn Abbas akati, mushure mekuverenga ndima kubva muKurani: “Saka maive nemuenzaniso wakanaka kwamuri muMutumwa waAllah,” mushure maizvozvo Muawiya akasiya chiito ichi. Yakaunzwa naImam Bukhari”151.
Mushure mekuita denderedzwa rakapetwa kanomwe (tawaf) rakatenderedza Kaaba, muMuslim haarambidzwe kupedza nguva yakawanda sezvaanoda mumunamato pedyo nayo. Asati aenda, anofanira kuita minamato yerakah miviri.
Pakatarisana negonhi rakashongedzerwa reKaaba, 15 metres kubva pairi, shongwe maqam Ibrahim (akamira aAbrahama). Ibwe rinoiswa pano, maererano neMuslim, rine tsoka dzaAbrahama (Ibrahim). Pano, sechiratidzo chekuremekedza muporofita Ibrahim, vafambi vakaverenga munyengetero kaviri: "Takarayira vanhu kuti vaite nzvimbo yaIbrahim yakamira panguva yekuvakwa kweKaaba nzvimbo yekunamatira" (K.2: 125). Mukuwirirana nengano yechiIslam, ngirozi Jabrieri yakaunza kumuporofita Abrahama (Ibrahim) ibwe rakati sandara raigona kurembera mudenga ndokubatira muporofita wacho sechaforo mukati mokuvaka kaaba. VaMuslim vanotenda kuti vavaki vemosque isingapindike kana inorambidzwa muMecca (kaaba) ndiAbhurahama (Ibrahim) nemwanakomana wake Ismail: “Yeuka nhoroondo yekuvakwa kweMusikiti usingapindike muMecca naIbrahim nemwanakomana wake Ismail… mwanakomana wake Ismail akateya nheyo dzeImba » (K.2:125,127). Nekuremekedza Abrahama, maMuslim vanomudana kuti “Ibrahim Khalilullah” (Abraham ishamwari yaAllah): “Ibrahim anofananidzira kubatana kwezvitendero zvese – maMuslim, maJuda nemaKristu… Zvirokwazvo, Allah vakakudza Ibrahim nekumuti ishamwari!” ( K.4:125 ) Izvi zvinongotorwa muBhaibheri rechiKristu: “Abrahamu akatenda Mwari, kukanzi kwaari ndiko kururama, akanzi shamwari yaMwari.” ( Jakobho 2:23; 2 Mak. 20:7 )
“Kubva munhau yekaresa uye bedzi yaAbrahama, yakanyorwa naMosesi, umo mashoko pamusoro poupenyu hwatateguru uyu anogona kuwanwa, tinodzidza kuti Abrahama haana kutongova apo guta reMecca rakanga riri, uye naizvozvo haana kuvaka Kaaba muMecca. Pahwaro hwevhesi 19 yedetembo (imoallaqaty) nemudetembi wechiArab Zogeir bin Abu Solyn, akararama panguva yaMuhammad, GS Sablukov anoratidza zvizere kuti Kaaba yaive temberi yechihedheni yakavakwa nevamwe vevaKoreishite nevaJorgomite 500 makore Muhammad asati auya. (Ona basa raGS Sablukov “Nyaya dzaMuhammedan pamusoro peQibla” p. 149–157)”152.
Padivi pemaqam Ibrahim pane chimwe chivakwa, chakashongedzwa nemavara echiArab. Kune tsime zem - zem (kana mutevedzeri - mutevedzeri) mairi. Maererano nedudziro yechiIslam yenyaya yemubhaibheri ( Gen. 21:14–21 ) pamusoro penyaya yaHagari (Hajara – aionekwa muIslam mudzimai wechipiri waIbrahim) nemwanakomana wake Ismail, mushure mokunge Abrahama avasiya mumupata usina mvura weMecca. , Hagari (Hajara) akatanga kutsvaka mvura nokukurumidza. Mukupererwa nezano rose, akamhanya achitenderera zvikomo zviviri kanomwe, kusvikira pakupedzisira aona chitubu pedyo nomwanakomana wake achifa nenyota, icho chichiripo. Mukurangarira chiitiko ichi, vafambi vanomhanya kanomwe - sai (kuedza) pakati pezvikomo zveSafa neMerv: "Allah vakakwidziridza "as-Safa" uye "al-Marwa" - zvikomo zviviri, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo dzakachengeterwa. Mwari nokuda kwekuita imwe yetsika dzeHajj ” (K. 2:158). Vamwe vanodavira kuti manyuko acho akagamuchirawo zita raro mumashoko ayo Hagari akadana nawo mwanakomana wake kwaari, anoti: zyam – zyam, izvo mumutauro wechiEgipita zvinoreva – uya, uya. Maererano neimwe shanduro, Hagari (Hajarah) paakaona mvura, akatya kuti mvura yose yaizoyerera, uye akati: “Mira – mira” (zam – zam), uye mvura ikadzikama.
Mvura inobva pachitubu chepasi - pasi inonzi yakakomborerwa uye inoporesa. Zvinotendwa kuti mavambo ayo ari muparadhiso. Kune nyaya dzakawanda pamusoro pekuporesa kwemvura iyi. MaPilgrim anoiunganidza mumidziyo nemabhodhoro uye anoendesa kunzvimbo dzese dzepasi. Nekuremekedza mvura iyi, zvinokurudzirwa kuinwa wakamira. Panguva imwecheteyo, inorayirwa kwete kungonwa chete, asi kunwa zvakakwana, kureva muhuwandu hwakawanda, kana zvisina kudaro iwe unogona kuonekwa semunyengeri (munafiq), sezvo munhu, sezviri, anoratidza kuzvidza kwake mvura. Hadith pamusoro penyaya iyi inoti: “Mutendi wechokwadi anonwa zvakazara kubva kunobva Zam-Zam, nepo munafiq hainwi zvakazara (kureva kuti, senge, chiratidzo chehunyengeri - usaite. inwa zvakakwana kubva kuZam-Zam)." Pane hadith inonzi yakataurwa naMuhammad, umo iye anofunga kunyange neruremekedzo rwakapfava rweKaaba uye kwakabva zam-zam kuve kunamata Allah: Alima (Nyanzvi dzechiMuslim muKoran, Sharia, Arabic, Persian, Turkish uye Mimwe mitauro.Varimi vaionekwa sevachengeti vetsika dzechinyakare nehunhu - munyori) uye Zam - Zam. (Uyezve) ani nani anotarisa Zam-Zam, acharegererwa zvitadzo zvake.”153 Zvinotendwawo kuti munhu ane dumbu rinowana mvura ye zam-zam haazove mugehena, sezvo moto wegehena uye mvura kubva kutsime remvura. zam-zam haigoni kuva munzvimbo imwechete. Parizvino, kupa mvura kumamiriyoni evafambi, tsime racho rine mota yemagetsi.
Chiito chinotevera cheHajj mushure mekumhanya kwetsika ndiko kutemwa nematombo kwaSatani. Mhemberero iyi inoitika paJamra Bridge muMina Valley, anenge makiromita makumi maviri neshanu kubva kuMecca. Vafambi vanounganidza matombo manomwe voakanda pambiru dzematombo matatu akakosha (jamarat), ayo anomiririra dhiyabhorosi: “Uye rumbidzai Allah pamazuva akaratidzwa apo vafambi vanotema matombo naSatani muMina Valley, musi wa25, 11 uye 12 zu- l-hijji” (K.13:2). Kutanga, matombo manomwe anokandwa pambiru diki (Jamarat al-Ula), kozoti pane yepakati (Jamarat al-Wusta) uyezve pambiru huru (Jamarat al-Aqaba). Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinodikanwa kutaura takbir (Allahu akbar). Maererano netsika dzechiIslam, matombo aya anoratidza nzvimbo dzakaonekwa nadhiyabhorosi kuna Abhurahama, uyo akaedza kudzivirira muporofita kubva pakubayira Ismail uye uyo Abhurahama, pamwe chete nemwanakomana wake Ismail, vakataka nematombo.
Mushure mekushanyira Gomo reMuzdalif, pazuva rechipfumbamwe rekufamba, vafambi vanoenda makiromita makumi maviri nemana. kubva kuMecca kusvika kumupata weArafat, kwavanomira (wukuf) paGomo reArafat kubva masikati kusvika manheru. “Kana vafambi vanobva kuArafat vosvika kuMuzdalifah, vanofanirwa kurangarira Allah munzvimbo yakachengeterwa – paGomo Dzvene reMuzdalifah. Vanobva pano vanofanira kudana kuna Mwari vachiti: “Rabhaika!”, “Rabhaika!”, kureva kuti, “Ndiri pamberi penyu! O Allah! Ndiri pamberi penyu! Hauna wakaenzana! Kubwinya nekurumbidzwa kwamuri! Simba rose nderaNyu!” Allahu Akbar! kureva Allah vakuru!” ( K.24:2 ) Maererano nengano yechiMuslim, Gomo reArafat inzvimbo iyo Adhama naEvha vakasangana pashure pokudzingwa kwavo muparadhiso. Pano vafambi vanoteererawo mharidzo (khutba) ye imam yeMeccan. Khutba kazhinji inotanga nekukudzwa kwaAllah nemutumwa wake, uye inotsanangura kwakabva Hajj uye zvinoreva tsika yekupira. Kana mullah kana imam - khatib ane ruzivo rwakakodzera, anobva aputira mharidzo nenzira yeprose ine rhymed. Nekushanya kwakanyanya kunzvimbo idzi, pandemonium pano yakakura. VaMuslim vanotova neruzivo rwekuti kuungana kukuru kwevafambi panguva yeHajj kunogona kucherechedzwa kubva muchadenga.
Zuva rinotevera mushure meizvi, mutambo wechibayiro unopembererwa - Aid al - adha (Kurban - Bayram). MaMuslim vanoita rudzi rwechibairo cheTestamente Yekare, vachiuraya mhuka dzechibayiro (hwai, mbudzi, mhou kana ngamera): “Takaita imwe yetsika dzechitendero dzamunosangana nadzo nevanhu, kuuraya uye kubayirwa kwengamera nemhou panguva yeHajj” (K.22:36). Iyi tsika yakavambwa mundangariro yechibairo chaAbrahama chomwanakomana wake Ismail (maererano neBhaibheri, Isaka). Nenzira yekufananidzira, tsika iyi inofanira kuyeuchidza "kutendeka" kwemweya weIslam, apo kuzviisa pasi pekuda kwaAllah kunokosha zvikuru kumuMuslim. Sezvo 2/3 yenyama yechibairo ichizogoverwa kuvarombo (yakaonda, saadaka - chirairo chetsika), iyi dzidziso yeTestamende Yekare inoyeuchidzawo nezverudo uye chishuwo che "orthodox" yekugovera zvinhu zvavo zvepanyika nevarombo vanobatana navo. vechitendero. Zviremera zveSaudi zvinogadzirira mhuka dzezvibayiro zvemhemberero iyi pamberi. Uyewo, migero inocherwa pachine nguva mberi, apo, kuitira kuti vadzivise kuoneka kwezvirwere, vanorasa, vanozadza neraimu uye vanofukidza nejecha makomo emombe dzakaurawa, dzine nyama dzakava dzisina kutorwa. Maererano nedzidziso yeIslam, mhuka dzakabayirwa pazororo reKurban - Bairam, paZuva Rokutongwa, dzichaziva varidzi vadzo, avo vakavabayira. Vakatasva mhuka idzi, vaMuslim vachasvika kuparadhiso nekuyambuka Sirat Bridge.
Pashure paikoko, vafambi vanoveura kana kuti kugera vhudzi ravo nezvipikiri. Zvose izvi zvakavigwa muvhu. Vazhinji vemunharaunda vanoshandisa chikamu ichi chetsika nehungwaru uye nekuda kwechinangwa ichi vanove vagadziri vebvudzi kwechinguva, izvo zvinoita hupenyu hwakanaka. Uyezve, kwenguva pfupi yerwendo rwekushanya, vagari veko vanozvipa ivo pachavo kwegore rose rinotevera, mushure mezvo Mecca neMedina dzinonyura mumwedzi gumi yekurara kusvika kuHajj inotevera.
Vasati vaenda kuMedina, ma<em>pilgrim anoita nzira yokuonekana nayo achipoterera Kaaba (tavvaf al-vida), vobva vagamuchira chinzvimbo cheruremekedzo che“haji” (hajj yevakadzi) uye vane kodzero yekupfeka ngowani yegirini, uye muCaucasus. ribhoni yegirini paheti. Pashure pokunge chibayiro nokuveurwa kwebvudzi, zvinorambidzwa maererano neroorano nezvimwe zvinorambidzwa izvo munhu anozvitorera pachake nokupinda muIhram zvinobviswa.
Rwendo ruduku (umrah - kushanya, kushanya) kunosanganisira zviito zvina zvikuru: ihram, kutenderera kaaba, tsika inomhanya pakati pezvikomo (sai) uye kuveura kana kugera bvudzi mumusoro. Inogona kuitika chero nguva yegore. Sezvo mutemo, Umrah inoitwa pakutanga kweHajj, mushure mezvo iwe unogona kuzviganhurira iwe wega uye kumisa kufambira, kana pakupera kweHajj. Pamusoro pechimiro chinosungirwa cherwendo ruduku, mirangariro yavasayendisiti yakakamukana. Vamwe vavo (maimam Ash-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal) vaidavira kuti rwendo ruduku runosungirwa sezvakaita hombe (hajj). Panguva imwecheteyo, vaivimba nendima yeQur'an: "Uye nenzira yakanakisisa ita Hajj (rwendo rukuru) uye ufe (rwendo ruduku) nokuda kwaAllah" (K.2: 196). Chimwe chikamu chevadzidzi vebhaibheri (Imams Abu Hanifa, Malik ibn Anas) vaidavira kuti rwendo ruduku rwaireva mabasa anodiwa (sunnah) uye rinoitwa kamwe chete muhupenyu. Senharo, vakanongedzera kuidi rokuti Muhammad haana kubatanidza Umrah pakati pembiru shanu dzeIslam. Zvakare, muhadith yakataurwa naJabir, zvinonzi: “Mumwe Bedouin akauya kuMutumwa waAllah akabvunza: “O Muporofita, ndiudzei nezverwendo rudiki, runosungirwa here?” Mhinduro yakazotevera: “Kwete, asi kukuita rwendo rudiki rwakakunakira” ”(Ona: At – Tirmizi M. Jami'u at – tirmizi [Kuunganidzwa kweHadith dzeImam pa – Tirmizi]. Riyadh: al – Afkjar hero - pressure, 1998. S. 169, hadith Nhamba 931) 157.
Pakupera kwezvose, vaMuslim vanoshanyira guva raMuhammad muMedina. Ichi chiito hachishandi kuHajj, asi pfungwa yebasa reMuslim uye kuonga kuna Muhammad nokuda kwekubatsira kwaakaita munhoroondo yenyika inokurudzira "vakatendeka" kushanyira Medina. Iyo mosque yaMohammed muMedina, kunyangwe idiki pane yeMeccan, ichiri kushamisa muhukuru hwayo. Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kune guva remuArab "muporofita". Vachisvika paguva rake, vaMuslim vanofanira kuti: “Rugare nomunyengetero kwauri, O muporofita, anodiwa waAllah, O muoni mukuru.”
Pane maonero aImam Nawawi maererano nekushanyira guva raMuhammad. Anoti "zvine mhosva kumubata neruoko rwako uchimutsvoda, maererano neadab chaiyo (tsika, tsika, tsika - munyori) munhu anofanira kunge ari kure naye, sekunge mumwe munhu akauya kuzoshanyira Muporofita panguva yake. hupenyu hwose. Zvichava zvakarurama. Uye munhu haafanire kunyengedzwa nezviito zvevanhu vazhinjiwo zvavo vanotyora aya adab. Ngozi yavo iri pakuti vanotenda kuti kubata neruoko, nezvimwewo kunobatsira pakuwana barakat yakawanda (kunaka kwaAllah – ed.), uye izvi zvose zvinobva mukusaziva kwavo, nokuti barakat iri mune zvinoenderana neSharia uye mazwi evaAlims (vane mvumo yeMuslim nyanzvi - ed.), saka ivo vanoda sei kubudirira, zvinopesana neadab chaiyo ". (Matn Idah fi manasik li an-Navii. S.161. Ed. dar kutub ilmiya. Beirut. Edition yekutanga)158.
Pedyo neguva raMuhammad pane makuva evafambidzani vake nemacalifa – Abu Bekr naOmar. Panharaunda yemusikiti mune diki guva rinonzi "Jannat al-Bagi" - paradhiso yekusingaperi, kune makuva echitatu caliph Osman, mwanasikana waMuhammad Fatima uye mudzimai wake wekupedzisira Aisha. Vakadzi vanoomerera kune nhungamiro yeShia muIslam, iva nechokwadi chekushanyira guva reFatima, kwavanogovera zvipo kuvarombo. Pamusoro peguva raFatima, maMuslim echiShiite anofanira kushanyira guva rechina Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib muNajaf nemwanakomana wake Imam Hussein muKarbala (Iraq), pamwe chete nemumwe wevazukuru vaAli Imam Reza muMashhad (Iran. ) uye guva raMansum muQom, hanzvadzi yaImam Reza. Zvisinei nekuti kune makuva mazhinji evazukuru veShia imam uye ari mumaguta mazhinji epasi, zvinosungirwa kushanyira chete makuva eimam Hussein naReza. VaShiite vanoita rwendo rwekuenda kumakuva aya vanogamuchira chimiro che "Kerbalai" uye "Meshedi".
Kune avo vasina mukana wekuita hajj kunyika “dzinoera” dzemaArabu, zvinorairwa kuita hajj mumoyo mavo uye kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi chekuzvipira kwavo kuna Allah uye kuzadzikiswa kwemirairo yake isina zvimiso. “Ndiko kusaka pamazororo ari kuuya uye pamazororo acho pachawo, mumwe nemumwe wedu achifanira kuita hajj mumwoyo make uye mumweya yedu kuti tipindure mubvunzo wokutendeseka: tinozadzisa zvizere here zvinodiwa nechitendero chedu kumunhu wose? Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti muIslam, kugadzirira mazororo kunofanira kutanga kushandiswa kusimbisa kutenda, kunyatsotevera mirairo yechitendero neminamato, kuyeuka hama neshamwari dzakafa, uye edza kudzamisa ruzivo rwezvakakosha zveIslam.
Zvinotendwa kuti hajj haisi nzira yechitendero yekufadza Allah uye kuwana tsitsi, asiwo mukana wakanaka wekutaurirana: "Paridzira vanhu, iwe muporofita, kuti Allah akaraira avo vanogona kuenda kuImba iyi ... kune vakagamuchira rubatsiro rwechitendero kubva mukuita Hajj (pilgrimage), pamwe nekubatsirwa kwekusangana nekutaurirana nehama dzavo dzechiMuslim, vachibvunzana navo pamusoro pezvinobatsira uye zvakanaka kwavari muchitendero uye muhupenyu chaihwo ”(K.22) :27, 28). "Kuve yakasarudzika nzira yekutaurirana uye kubatana kwemafungiro, Hajj yakaita basa rakakosha renhoroondo, tsika uye magariro nezvematongerwo enyika munyika yeMuslim yekare. Hajj inochengetedza kukosha kwayo uye zvematongerwo enyika kunyangwe nhasi, ichiva chimiro chekubatana kwevaMuslim, nzvimbo uye nguva yemisangano yevatungamiriri venyika dzeIslam uye nhaurirano yezvinetso zvakakosha”160.
Kwakabva: Chitsauko 8. Rites muIslam - Sharia isingatarisirwi [Chinyorwa] / Mikhail Rozhdestvensky. – [Moscow: bi], 2011. – 494, [2] p.
Notes:
150. Inih Ismail Navvab. Hajj rwendo rwehupenyu hwese. Mitemo yaAbhurahama. https://www.islamreligion.com/en/
151. Sufism pachiyero cheSharia. P. 20 https://molites.narod.ru/
152. Vafundisi veOrthodox nezveIslam. Ya.D.Koblov. Hunhu hwaMuhammad. Application. Ngano yaMuhammad pamusoro perwendo rwehusiku rwaMuhammad kuenda kudenga. M. "Imperial tsika" 2006 p.246
153. Kunobva Mvura Zam-Zam. Hunhu hwake nemaropafadzo. https://www.islam.ru/
154. Vaporofita. Kutenda kwechokwadi kutenda kwemadzitateguru edu. . ru/Server/Iman/Maktaba/Tarikh/proroki.dos
155. Institute of Religion and Politics. Mazana evakafa zvakare muMina Valley. https://www.ip.ru//
156. Riyadh akaverenga vafambi vasiri pamutemo panguva yeHajj. https://www.izvestia.ru/news/
157. Cit. ne: Umrah (rwendo rudiki). https://www.umma.ru/
158. Cit. Yakatorwa kubva ku: Sufism on the Scales of Shariah. P. 14. https://molites.narod.ru/
159. Mufti Ravil Gaynutdin. Kukwidza nyaya pachiitiko cheEid-Al-Adha (Mutambo weChibairo) Kubvumbi 1995
160. Gulnara Kerimova. Nzira inoenda kuImba yaAllah. https://www.cidct.org.ua/ru/about/
