Mubhuku rematehwe rakanyorwa basa remunyori wekare wekare, masayendisiti akawana tsananguro yemeteoroscope - chimbo chakasiyana chemuzivi wenyeredzi wekare, icho kusvika zvino chaizivikanwa chete kubva kune zvisina kunanga.
Chinyorwa chakaburitswa mujenari Archive yeNhoroondo yeChaiyo Sayenzi, vanyori vanoongorora chinyorwa chezana ramakore rechisere chakawanikwa muAbbey yeBobbio kuchamhembe kweItari. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinyorwa chechiLatin che "Etymologies" chenyanzvi yekutanga yepakati uye mumwe weMadzibaba eChechi - Isidore weSeville.
Chinyorwa ichi chakawanikwa kare sezana ramakore re19th, paitsvagurudza scriptorium yeabbey. Mazana anoverengeka akanyorwa nemaoko emuNguva Yapakuvamba yeMiddle Ages akawanwa imomo. Zvinotendwa kuti iyi scriptorium inotsanangurwa mubhuku raUmberto Eco Zita reRozi. Ikozvino kuunganidzwa kwave kuchengetwa muAmbrosian Library muMilan. Chinyorwa chezana ramakore rechisere, chokwadika, chiyeuchidzo chenhau chinokosha zvikuru. Asi vanyori vebhuku idzva vanoti bhuku racho rakatokura uye rinokosha zvikuru. Kuongororwa kwemapeji kwakaratidza kuti mamwe acho ari mapalimpsest. Aya ndiwo avanoti manyoro akanyorwa pamatehwe akatoshandiswa kare. Munguva yeRima, matehwe aidhura zvikuru uye mamongi aishanda muscriptorium akagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti abvumire kushandiswa zvakare.
Zvinyorwa gumi neshanu zvakawanikwa pasi peIsidore wezvinyorwa zveSeville, izvo zvakamboshandiswa kumagwaro matatu esainzi echiGiriki: chinyorwa chine munyori asingazivikanwe pamusoro pemasvomhu mechanics uye catoptric (chikamu chemaziso) chinozivikanwa seFragmentum Mathematicum Bobiense (mashizha matatu), Bhuku raPtolemy rokuti “Analema” (mashizha matanhatu) uye mashoko oruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga akanga asingazivikanwi kusvikira panguva ino uye anenge asina kuverengwa zvachose (mashizha matanhatu). Vachishandisa nzira dzekufungidzira dzakasiyana-siyana, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuzivisa ingi yakavanzika uye kuongorora zvinyorwa, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yakawanda. Vanoti chinyorwa ichi ndechemuzivi wenyeredzi wekare weRoma Claudius Ptolemy. Mukuwedzera, manyoro akasiyana, hapana mamwe makopi.
Ptolemy, aigara muzana ramakore rechipiri muEgypt yeRoma (kunyanya muAlexandria), aive mumwe wenyanzvi dzakakosha dzechiGiriki neRoma. Semuzivi wenyeredzi akanga asina waakaenzana naye muupenyu hwake kana kuti kwemazana emakore akatevera. Monograph yake Almagest (yakatanga yainzi Syntaxis Mathematica) muunganidzwa wakakwana weruzivo rwezvemuchadenga nezveGreece neNear East.
Imwe nyanzvi yeRoma, Pope weAlexandria (makore ehupenyu hwake haazivikanwe, zvichida III-IV zana), akanyora tsananguro yakadzama pamusoro peAlmagest, kubva pazviri pachena kuti basa raPtolemy harina kusvika kwatiri rose. Somuenzaniso, Papp anotaura nezve<em>meteoroscope, chiridzwa chekare chakagadzirirwa kuziva daro remitumbi yomudenga, musiyano wedenderedzwa rehondo. Vanyori vechidzidzo chitsva vanoti vakawana mune iyo palimpsest icho chikamu chezvinyorwa zvaPtolemy umo anotsanangura mudziyo wemeteoroscope. Mudziyo uyu wakanga uri musanganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa wemaringi pfumbamwe akabatanidzwa nenzira inokosha.
Maererano nemasayendisiti, inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana, sekuona latitude mumadhigirii kubva kuEquator, zuva chairo rezuva rezuva kana kuti equinox, kana nzvimbo inooneka yepasi mudenga. Kureba kwayo kwaiita hafu yemamita. Chigadzirwa che meteoroscope, tsvakurudzo inotaura, inotsanangurwa zvakadzama zvokuti iwe unogona kuenda nemashoko aya kumushandi wesimbi akanaka uye achaunganidza chiridzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, hapana kurudziro yekuti ungaitisa sei kuongorora kwenyeredzi. Iyo yekupedzisira inoshamisa kwazvo kuna Ptolemy - mamwe emabasa ake anoratidza pedantry yemusayendisiti wekare.
Asi vatsvakurudzi havana panikiro pamusoro pokunyora: Ptolemy akanga ane manyorerwo akaisvonaka zvikuru uye mashoko. Vanyori vebasa vanotarisira kuwana kuenderera kwechinyorwa mune zvinogoneka palimpsests mune mamwe manyoro kubva muunganidzwa weBobbio Abbey scriptorium. Dehwe rekare ringave rakakamurwa kuva mapeji uye raishandiswa nevanyori vanoverengeka vaishanda pamanyoro akasiyana-siyana.
Mufananidzo: Chinyorwa chekare zvikuru Alexander Jones et al chakavanzika pasi pekopi yebasa raIsidore weSeville.
