Mhirizhonga munyika dzeSahel inogona kuve yakabatana nekutora chikamu kwemauto eTuareg, ari kurwira nyika yakazvimirira.
naTeodor Detchev
Kutanga kwekutenderera kutsva kwemhirizhonga munyika dzeSahel kunogona kuve kwakabatana neArab Spring. Iyo link haisi yekufananidzira uye haina hukama ne "muenzaniso unokurudzira". Kubatana kwakananga kwakabatana nekutora chikamu kwemauto eTuareg ane zvombo, ayo makumi emakore ave achirwira kugadzirwa kwenyika yakazvimirira - kunyanya kuchamhembe kweMali. [1]
Munguva yehondo yevagari vemuLibya, munguva yeupenyu hwaMuammar Gaddafi, mauto eTuareg akatsigirana naye, asi mushure mekufa kwake, vakadzokera kuMali nezvombo zvavo zvinorema uye zvakareruka. Kungoerekana kuoneka kwesimba rakasimba kupfuura kare veTuareg paramilitaries, avo vakashongedzerwa chaizvo nemazino, inhau dzakaipa kune zviremera muMali, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika mudunhu. Chikonzero ndechekuti shanduko yakaitika pakati pevaTuareg uye mamwe emapoka avo ane zvombo "vakazvishandura" kubva kuvarwi verusununguko rwenyika kupinda muUzhkim Islamist mauto. [2]
Ichi chiitiko, umo ethnocentric maumbirwo ane nhoroondo refu, kamwe kamwe anogashira "jihadi" masirogani uye maitiro, munyori wemitsara iyi anodana "mbiri pasi masangano". Zviitiko zvakadaro hazvisi zvekuMadokero Africa chete, ndiro “God’s Resistance Army” muUganda, pamwe chete nemapoka akasiyana-siyana echiIslam ari kuzvitsuwa zviri kumaodzanyemba kwezvitsuwa zvePhilippine. [2], [3]
Zvinhu muWest Africa zvakaungana nenzira yekuti mushure me2012-2013, dunhu rakava nhandare yehondo umo "franchise" dzepasi rose magandanga network, iyo yakakura kana zvishoma inogona kunzi "magandanga" kusarongeka, nekuda kwekusiyana kwavo. chimiro, mitemo uye hutungamiri, izvo zviri kurambwa kwemasangano echinyakare. [1], [2]
KuMali, maTuareg, maIslam achangobva kuumbwa, mukutarisana neAl-Qaeda asi mukubatana neSalafist maumbirwo asiri eIslam State kana al-Qaeda, vakaedza kuumba nyika yakazvimirira kuchamhembe kweMali. [2] Mukupindura, zviremera zveMaliya zvakatanga chirongwa chemauto kurwisa vaTuareg uye jihadists, iyo yakatsigirwa neFrance nemutemo kubva kuUN Security Council - pasi peinonzi UN Stabilization Mission muMali - Minusma.
Operations Serval naBarhan vanotanga imwe mushure meimwe, Operation Serval ihondo yeFrance muMali yakaitwa maererano neSecurity Council Resolution 2085 ye20 December 2012. Chisarudzo chakavhoterwa pakukumbira kwevakuru veMaliya, pasina munhu, kusanganisira Russia. , vachipokana, ndoda Security Council veto. Chinangwa chekushanda nesimba reUN ndechekukunda mauto ejihadists neTuareg "masangano ane pasi peviri" kuchamhembe kweMali, ayo ari kutanga kuenda pakati penyika. .
Mukati mekushanda, vatatu vevatungamiriri vashanu veIslamist vakaurayiwa - Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, Abdel Krim naOmar Ould Hamaha. Mokhtar Belmokhtar akatizira kuLibya uye Iyad ag Ghali akatizira kuAlgeria. Operation Serval (yakapihwa zita reKatsi yemusango ine mukurumbira muAfrica) yakapera musi wa15 Chikunguru 2014 kuti itsiviwa neOperation Barhan, iyo yakatanga musi wa1 Nyamavhuvhu 2014.
Operation Barhan iri kuitika munharaunda yenyika shanu dzeSahel - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania neNiger. 4,500 mauto eFrance ari kutora chikamu, uye nyika shanu dzeSahel (G5 - Sahel) dziri kudzidzisa mauto anosvika zviuru zvishanu kuti apinde mumabasa ekurwisa hugandanga.
Kuedza kutsaura chikamu chekuchamhembe kweMali kuita imwe rudzi rweTuareg-Islamist state chakakundikana. Operations "Serval" uye "Barkhan" vari kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo ipapo. Zvishuvo zvevaIslamist uye "masangano maviri epasi" zvapera. Chinhu chakaipa ndechekuti izvi hazvipedzi mhirizhonga uye, nekudaro, kune hutsinye muSahel. Kunyangwe vakakundwa uye nekumanikidzwa kufunga kutanga uye pamusoro penzira yekuvanda kubva kumauto eFrance nenyika dzeG5-Sahel, maRadicals echiIslam ari kutendeukira kuhondo yehugandanga, dzimwe nguva vachichinja kuita humbavha huri nyore.
Kunyangwe mushure mekuita kweSerwal neBarkhan, maRadicals echiIslam havachakwanise kuwana chero budiriro yehungwaru, kana pekutanga kuona, huwandu hwekurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo hahusi kuderera, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo huri kuwedzera. Izvi zvinogadzira nharaunda ine kutya kwakanyanya uye isina hutano, iyo inotorwa mukana nevarume vemauto vane chishuwo vasina maonero ekuti mauto ndeemumabharaki.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mauto eAfrica ifambisi yemagariro. Inogonesa munhu kusimuka kune imwe mhando yenheyo yehunhu. Nekune rumwe rutivi, muitiro wokuvhozhokera kwemauto muAfrica wakapararira zvikuru zvokuti vanoda kuva vakuru vemauto havaratidziki kuva vanozviona semhosva.
Sezvinoratidzwa nedata reSTATISTA, pakati paNdira 1950 naChikunguru 2023 pakanga paine 220 dzakabudirira uye dzakakundikana kuedza kupidigura muAfrica, zvichitora inenge hafu (44 muzana yezvese zvakaedza kupidigura nyika. macoups akawanda kubva muna 1950 ane hwerengedzo 17. Mushure meSudan, Burundi (11), Ghana neSierra Leone (10) ndidzo nyika dzine kuyedza kwechisimba kwakawanda kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechi20.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu anhasi muSahel, zvichitevera kusimuka kwekutanga kwevaIslamist uye "masangano ari pasi maviri" kuchamhembe kweMali uye kurwiswa kunoenderana nemauto enyika dzeG5 Sahel neFrance, chinonyanya kunetsa ndechekuchengetedzeka kwevanhu. Vamwe vagari venyika dzakasiyana mudunhu vanonzwa zvakafanana, izvo zvinogona kupfupikiswa mune aphorism yemugari weBurkina Faso: "Mukati mezuva tinodedera kuti mauto emauto enguva dzose auye, uye husiku tinodedera kuti maIslam uya.”
Ndizvo chaizvo mamiriro aya anopa hushingi kune mamwe madenderedzwa pakati pemauto kuti awane simba. Izvi zvinonyatso ruramiswa nedzidziso yekuti hurumende iripo hainetse nekutyisa kwakaiswa nemaIslam radicals. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nguva yacho yakasarudzwa chaizvo - kune rimwe divi, ma jihadists anokundwa uye kugona kwavo kutora nzvimbo zvachose hakuna kunyanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, kurwiswa neIslamic radicals kunoramba kune ngozi uye kunouraya kune vanhu vazhinji. Nokudaro, mauto mune dzimwe nyika anotora mukana webasa rinoitwa neUnited Nations neG5 Sahel mauto kurwisana nevanokonzera matambudziko uye panguva imwe chete (nounyengeri chaihwo) vanosimudza nyaya yokuti nharaunda dzavo hadzina kugadzikana uye "kugona" kwavo kunoda kupindira.
Mumwe anogona kupokana kuti pane imwe nguva Burkina Faso, uko zviremera zvinotendwa kuti zvine kudzora kwakachengeteka kwe60 muzana chete yenzvimbo yenyika kubva kutanga kwa2022, yakaratidza kusarudzika. [40] Ichi ichokwadi, asi muzvikamu chete. Zvinofanira kuve pachena kuti maIslam anopikisa haashandise simba pamusoro peasara makumi mana muzana enzvimbo nenzira yekuti izwi rekuti "kudzora" rinogona kushandiswa pasi peIslamic State muSyria neIraq kana kuedza kutsaura chikamu chekuchamhembe cheTuareg. dzora. Iko hakuna manejimendi emunharaunda pano akaiswa nemaIslamist, uye hapana de facto kudzora zvishoma pamusoro pekutanga kutaurirana. Kungoti vapanduki vanogona kupara mhosva vasingarangwi, uye ndosaka vatsoropodzi vehurumende panguva iyoyo (uye pamwe neiripowo) vachitenda kuti chikamu ichi chenyika haisi pasi pezviremera. [40], [9], [17]
Chero zvazvingava, nyaya inorwadza zvikuru yekurwiswa nguva dzose nevakuru veIslam yakapa kururamiswa kwetsika (kunyanya mumeso avo) kuti mauto mune dzimwe nyika dzeSahel atore simba nechisimba, achiruramisa zviito zvavo zvine hanya nekuchengetedzwa kwemauto. vanhu. Kupidigura hurumende kwekupedzisira kwakaitika mudunhu iri kwaiva kupidigura hurumende muNiger, uko General Abdurahman Tiani akatora masimba musi wa26 Chikunguru 2023. [22]
Zvakakosha kutaura pano kuti kupidigura hurumende muGabon, uko kuri kungoita mhirizhonga ichangoburwa muWest Africa, haigone kuonekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neakaitwa nemaitirwo ari kuitika munyika dzeSahel. [10], [14] Kusiyana neMali, Burkina Faso, Niger, neChad, hapana kurwisana pakati pemauto ehurumende nevechiIslam vane mhirizhonga muGabon. , vanototonga Gabon makore 56.
Zvakadaro, zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti mushure menguva yekudzikama pakati pa2013 na2020, kwakave nekuyedza gumi nenhatu muAfrica, kusanganisira muSudan, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso neMali. [13], [4]
Pano isu tinofanirwa kuratidza sezvine hukama nezvino maelstrom itsva ye zvematongerwo enyika kusagadzikana muWest Africa, kunyanya muSahel, mhirizhonga iri kuitika muCentral African Republic (CAR), uko hondo mbiri dzevagari vemo dzakarwiwa dzichidzokerana. Yekutanga, inozivikanwa seCentral African Republic Bush War, yakatanga muna 2004 uye yakapera zviri pamutemo nechibvumirano cherunyararo muna 2007, uye de facto muna Kurume 2013. Yechipiri, inozivikanwa se "hondo yevagari muCentral African Republic" ( Central African Republic Civil War), yakatanga muna Kubvumbi 2013 uye haisati yapera nanhasi, kunyange hazvo mauto ehurumende akaisa maoko pachikamu chikuru chenyika yavaimbotonga.
Hazvina maturo kutaura, nyika ine hurombo hwakanyanya, indekisi yekusimudzira kwevanhu iri padanho rakaderera rezviyero (nzvimbo yekupedzisira, ingangoita kusvika 2021 yakachengeterwa Niger) uye njodzi yekuita chero chiitiko chehupfumi yakakwira zvakanyanya, inenge “nyika yakakundikana” uye nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare inobatwa namagora akasiyana-siyana ezvematongerwe enyika neechiuto. Kuchikamu ichi tinogona nehana yakanaka kutumira Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Central African Republic (CAR) neSouth Sudan kubva kuboka renyika dzakatariswa muongororo iyi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, runyorwa rwenyika dziri muAfrica uko kambani yeRussia yakazvimirira yemauto Wagner yakasimbiswa kuvepo inooneka uye yakabvumiranwa nehurumende inosanganisira Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR, Cameroon, DR Congo, Zimbabwe. , Mozambique neMadagascar. [4], [39]
Kuenzanisa pakati pechinyorwa che "nyika dzakakundikana" dzakaparadzwa nehondo dzevagari vemo, kurwisana kwemadzinza nezvitendero, kupandukira kwemauto uye mamwe matambudziko akadaro uye runyorwa rwenyika idzo PMC Wagner mercenaries "inoshanda" sezvinei mukufarira hurumende dziri pamutemo inoratidza chiitiko chinoshamisa.
Mali, Central African Republic neSouth Sudan inoratidzira pane ese ari maviri mazita. Hapasati pasati pave nedata rakasimbiswa pamusoro pekuvepo kwepamutemo kwePMC "Wagner" muBurkina Faso, asi pane zviratidzo zvakakwana zvekupindira kweRussia nerutsigiro mukufarira vachangobva kuronga coup munyika, tisingarevi manzwiro epro-Russian akapararira, nechekare kune chokwadi chokuti mauto ekupedzisira Prigozhin akanga atokwanisa "kuzvisiyanisa" munyika yakavakidzana yeMali. [9], [17]
Asi izvo, "kuonekwa" kwaPMC Wagner muCentral African Republic uye kuMali kunofanirwa kukonzera kutya pakati pevaAfrica. Chido chemauto eRussia chekuuraya uye hutsinye chave chiri pachena kubva panguva yeSyria mukuonekwa kwavo, asi maitiro avo muAfrica, kunyanya muCAR neMali, akanyorwa zvakare. [34] Pakupera kwaChikunguru 2022, mukuru wemauto eFrance muUN-mureza weOp Operation Barhan, General Laurent Michon, akapomera PMC Wagner zvakananga "kupamba Mali". [24]
Muchokwadi, sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, zviitiko muMali neBurkina Faso zvakabatana uye zvinotevera maitiro akafanana. "Kupararira" kwechisimba cheIslamist chakatanga muMali. Yakapfuura nekumukira kweTuareg-Islamist kuchamhembe kwenyika uye, mushure mekukundwa kwevapanduki nemauto eUN neG5 - Sahel, yakazotora chimiro chehondo yehugandanga, mhirizhonga yakanangana nevagari vemo uye humbavha chaihwo. chikamu chepakati cheMali, kwaakatsvaga kutsigirwa kwevanhu veFulani kana Fulbe (nyaya inokosha zvikuru iyo ichaongororwa zvakadzama gare gare) ndokutamira kuBurkina Faso. Vaongorori vakatotaura nezveBurkina Faso yave "nzvimbo itsva yemhirizhonga". [17]
Nekudaro, chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020, mauto akapidigura mutungamiri akasarudzwa weMali - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Izvi zvakakanganisa kurwisa maJihadist, nekuti mauto akapinda pachigaro airatidza kusavimba neuto reUN, iro raisanganisira mauto eFrance. Vaifungira zvakakodzera kuti vaFrance vakanga vasingabvumirani nechisimba chemauto. Ndosaka zviremera zvitsva, zvakazvisarudzira muMali zvakakurumidza kuda kumisa kushanda kweUN (kunyanya French) muMali. Panguva iyoyo, vatongi vemauto enyika vakanga vachitya zvikuru mauto eFrance akanga atumwa neUnited Nations munzvimbo yavo kupfuura mauto echiIslam.
UN Security Council yakagumisa basa rekuchengetedza runyararo muMali nekukurumidza uye maFrance akatanga kubuda, sezviri pachena pasina kuzvidemba. Ipapo mauto ehondo muBamako akayeuka kuti hondo yehugandanga yevaIslamic radicals yakanga isati yapera uye yakatsvaga rumwe rubatsiro rwekunze, rwakaonekwa muchimiro chePMC "Wagner" neRussian Federation, iyo inogara yakagadzirira kushanda semafungiro akafanana. vakuru vehurumende. Zviitiko zvakakura nekukurumidza uye PMC "Wagner" yakasiya tsoka dzakadzika dzeshangu dzayo mujecha reMali. [34], [39]
Kupidigura muMali kwakakonzera "domino athari" - kukwikwidza kuviri kwakateverwa mugore rimwe muBurkina Faso (!), uyezve muNiger neGabon. Maitiro uye zvinokurudzira (kana kuti zvikonzero) zvekuita coups muBurkina Faso zvaive zvakafanana nezviri kuMali. Mushure megore ra2015, mhirizhonga, kuparadza uye kurwiswa nezvombo neIslam radicals zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Ma "franchise" akasiyana e al-Qaeda, Islamic State (Islamic State yeWest Africa, Islamic State yeGreater Sahara, nezvimwewo) uye maSalafist akazvimirira akauraya zviuru zvevanhu, uye huwandu hwe "vakadzingwa mukati" , iwe unonzwisisa - vapoteri vakapfuura mamiriyoni maviri evanhu. Nokudaro, Burkina Faso yakawana mukurumbira usina chokwadi wokuva “musimboti mutsva wehondo yeSahel.” [9]
Musi wa24 Ndira 2022, mauto eBurkina Faso, achitungamirwa naPaul-Henri Damiba, akapidigura Mutungamiri Roch Kabore, anga atonga nyika iyi kwemakore matanhatu, mushure memazuva akawanda emhirizhonga muguta guru reOuagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Asi munaGunyana 30, 2022, kechipiri mugore rimwe chetero, kumwe kupidigura kwakaitwa. Mutungamiriri akazvimiririra Paul-Henri Damiba akakundwa nakaputeni ane shungu dzakaenzana Ibrahim Traore. Mushure mekudzinga mutungamiri aripo, Traore akaparadzawo hurumende yekuchinja yakagadzirwa naDamiba uye akamisa (pekupedzisira) bumbiro. Nekusagadzikana, mutauriri wemauto akataura kuti boka revakuru rakafunga kubvisa Damiba nekuda kwekutadza kwake kubata nekumukira kwemauto echiIslam. Kuti ndewesangano rimwe chete iro rakatadza kubata nemajihadists pasi pemapurezidhendi maviri anoteedzana kwemakore manomwe hazvimufadze zvachose. Uyezve, anotaura pachena kuti "mumwedzi mipfumbamwe yapfuura" (ndiko kuti, mushure mekutora hurumende muna Ndira 2022 nekutora chikamu kwake), "mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera". [9]
Kazhinji, muenzaniso wekubvuta masimba nechisimba uri kugadzirwa munyika umo mune kusimbaradzwa kwebasa rekupandukira kwechiIslam radicals. Kana mauto eUN (akanzwisisa "akaipa" eFrance neG5 - mauto eSahel) atyora dhiraivha inogumbura yejihadists uye kurwa kunoramba kuri munzvimbo yehondo yehugandanga, kuparadza uye kurwiswa kwevanhu, mauto emuno mune imwe nguva. nyika inoona kuti nguva yayo yasvika; zvinonzi kurwisa maIslamic akasimba hakuna kubudirira uye ... kunotora simba.
Pasina kupokana, mamiriro akagadzikana - maRadical echiIslam haasisina simba rekupinda mudhorobha rako uye kugadzira imwe nzira ye "Islamic State" kwauri, uye panguva imwecheteyo, kurwa kuri kure nekupera uye pane chimwe chinhu chinotyisidzira vanhu. . Imwe nyaya yakasiyana ndeyekuti chikamu chikuru chevanhu vanotya hondo yavo "yechizvarwa" nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Zvinobva pakusaita basa kwevakuru vemauto kusvika pakusiyana muboka revakuru vemauto vamwe chete.
Kune izvi zvose, kutyisa kwechokwadi kwemaitiro e "Wagner", avo vari vatsigiri ve "radical action" uye "industrial loggging", yakatowedzerwa. [39]
Iko pano kwatinofanira kusiya kwechinguva rwendo rurefu pamusoro penhoroondo yekupinda kweIslam muWest Africa uye titeerere masanga angangove asina tsaona. Mukutsvaga zviwanikwa zvevanhu nekuda kwechikonzero chavo, kunyanya mushure mekusiiwa zvakanyanya nemauto eTuareg zvichitevera kutadza kwehupanduki kuchamhembe kweMali, ma Islamic radicals vari kutendeukira kuFulani, vanhu vanofamba-famba vevafudzi venhaka vanoita basa rekufudza. bhandi kubva kuGulf of Guinea kusvika kuGungwa Dzvuku, kumaodzanyemba kwegwenga reSahara.
VaFulani (vanozivikanwawo seFula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, uye kunyange Pyol, zvichienderana nekuti ndeupi wemitauro yakawanda inotaurwa munharaunda yacho) ndemumwe wevanhu vekutanga veAfrica kutendeukira kuIslam uye nekuda kwemararamiro avo uye. chouviri chinoshorwa uye kusarurwa. Muchokwadi, kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kweFulani kunoratidzika seizvi:
VaFulani vanosvika 16,800,000 190 4,900,000 muNigeria kubva muhwerengedzo yevanhu vane mamiriyoni 13; 3,500,000 16 3,000,000 muGuinea (neguta guru reConakry) pavagari vemo vane mamiriyoni 18.5); 2,900,000 24 1,600,000 muSenegal kubva munyika ine mamiriyoni 21; 1,260,000 muMali kubva pamamiriyoni 4.2 evagari vemo; 1,200,000 19 580,000 muCameroon pavagari vane mamiriyoni 15; 320,000 2 320,000 muNiger pavagari vane mamiriyoni 1.9; 310,000 6.2 250,000 muMauritania muvagari vane mamiriyoni 5.4; 10 4,600 28 muBurkina Faso (Upper Volta) kubva pavanhu vane mamiriyoni 1,800; 23.5 38 muChad kubva pavanhu vane mamiriyoni 38; XNUMX muGambia kubva muhuwandu hwevanhu mamiriyoni maviri; XNUMX muGuinea-Bissau kubva pavanhu vane mamiriyoni XNUMX; XNUMX muSierra Leone kubva muhuwandu hwevanhu mamiriyoni XNUMX; XNUMX muCentral African Republic yevagari vane mamiriyoni XNUMX (pamwe nevatsvakurudzi vachisimbisa kuti iyi ihafu yehuwandu hwevanhu vechiMuslim, iyo inenge XNUMX% yevanhu); XNUMX XNUMX muGhana kubva pavanhu vane mamiriyoni XNUMX; uye XNUMX XNUMX muCôte d'Ivoire pavanhu vane mamiriyoni XNUMX. [XNUMX] Nharaunda yeFulani yakavambwawo muSudan nenzira yerwendo rwekuenda kuMecca. Sezvineiwo, veSudan Fulani ndivo nharaunda yakadzidzwa zvishoma uye nhamba dzavo hadzina kuongororwa panguva yekuverengwa kwevanhu. [XNUMX]
Sechikamu chehuwandu hwevanhu, vaFulani vanoita 38% yevagari muGuinea (ine guta guru Conakry), 30% muMauritania, 22% muSenegal, pasi pe17% muGuinea-Bissau, 16% muMali neGambia, 12% muCameroon, ingangoita 9% muNigeria, 7.6% muNiger, 6.3% muBurkina Faso, 5% muSierra Leone neCentral African Republic, iri pasi pe4% yevagari muChad uye diki diki muGhana neCôte. d'Ivoire Ivory. [38]
Kanoverengeka munhoroondo, vaFulani vakagadzira humambo. Mienzaniso mitatu inogona kutaurwa:
• Muzana ramakore rechi 18, vakavamba mugariro woubati ushe hwaMwari weFuta-Jalon muCentral Guinea;
• Muzana remakore rechi19, Massina Empire muMali (1818 - 1862), yakagadzwa naSekou Amadou Barii, ipapo Amadou Sekou Amadou, uyo akabudirira kukunda guta guru reTimbuktu.
• Uyewo muzana remakore rechi19, Umambo hweSokoto hwakatangwa muNigeria.
Humambo uhwu hwakaratidza kuva masangano ehurumende asina kugadzikana, zvisinei, uye nhasi, hapana nyika inodzorwa neFulani. [38]
Sezvatocherechedzwa, mutsika vaFulani vanotama, semi-nomadic vafundisi. Vakaramba vakadaro nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, kunyange kana zvichirangarirwa kuti chiverengero chakati chavo chakagadzikana zvishoma nezvishoma, zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kweganhuriro dzakaiswa pavari kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kunopfuurira kwegwenga mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye nokuda kwokupararira kwavo, uye nokuda kweganhuriro dzakaiswa pavari kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kunopfuurira kwegwenga mune mamwe matunhu, uye nokuda kwokupararira kwavo, uye nokuda kweganhuriro dzakaiswa pavari. nekuti dzimwe hurumende dzakagadzira zvirongwa zvine chinangwa chekutungamira vanhu vanotama-tama kumararamiro ekugara. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
Vazhinji vavo vaMuslim, vanenge vose vari munyika dzakawanda. Munhoroondo, vakaita basa rakakosha kupinda kweIslam muWest Africa.
Munyori weMaliya uye mufungi Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), uyo pachake ari werudzi rweFulani, achirangarira nzira yavanoonekwa nayo nedzimwe nzanga, anofananidza nevaJudha, sezvakaita vaJudha vasati vasikwa. Israeri , vakaparadzirwa munyika dzakawanda, kwavanodzokorora kutukwa kubva kune dzimwe nharaunda, izvo zvisinganyanyi kusiyana munyika nenyika: vaFulani vanowanzoonekwa nevamwe sevanowanzoita communitarianism, nepotism uye kunyengera. [38]
Kupokana kwechinyakare munzvimbo dzekutama dzevaFulani, pakati pavo, kune rumwe rutivi, semi-nomadic vafudzi uye vakagadzika varimi vemarudzi akasiyana, kune rimwe, uye chokwadi chekuti varipo kupfuura mamwe madzinza mune imwe. nhamba huru yenyika (uye naizvozvo mukusangana nemapoka akasiyana-siyana evanhu), pasina mubvunzo inobatsira pakutsanangurwa kwemukurumbira uyu, unowanzochengetwa nehuwandu hwevanhu vavakapinda navo mukupikisa uye kukakavara. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
Pfungwa yekuti ivo vari kutanga-emptively kugadzira vectors ejihadism ichangoburwa uye inogona kutsanangurwa nebasa revaFulani mune yakambozivikanwa nguva pfupi yadarika kusimuka kwehugandanga pakati peMali - mudunhu reMasina uye mudunhu. kukona kweRwizi rwaNiger . [26], [28], [36], [41]
Kana tichitaura pamusoro pezvinobuda zvekusangana pakati pevaFulani ne "Jihadists", zvinofanirwa kugara zvichirangarirwa kuti nhoroondo muAfrica yose, kukakavara kwakamuka uye kunoramba kuripo pakati pevarimi vakagadziriswa nevafudzi, avo vanowanzove vanotama kana semi-nomadic. uye vave netsika yokutama uye kufamba nemombe dzavo. Varimi vanopomera vafudzi vemombe mhosva yekuparadza zvirimwa zvavo nemombe dzavo, uye vafudzi vanochema-chema nekubirwa kwezvipfuyo, kunetsa kuwana zvitubu zvemvura uye kutadzisa kufamba kwavo. [38]
Asi kubva muna 2010, mhirizhonga iri kuramba ichiwanda uye inouraya yatora imwe nhanho yakasiyana, kunyanya mudunhu reSahel. Kurwa nemaoko uye kurwa kwekirabhu kwakatsiviwa nekupfura nepfuti dzeKalashnikov. [5], [7], [8], [41]
Kuwedzera kunopfuurira kwenyika yokurima, kunoiswa nokuwedzera kunokurumidza kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi, kunoganhurira zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo dzemafuro nokuchengeta mhuka. Zvichakadaro, kusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya muma1970 nema1980 kwakaita kuti vafudzi vatamire kumaodzanyemba vachienda kunzvimbo uko vanhu vakagarwa vakanga vasina kujaira kukwikwidzana nevatama-tama. Pamusoro pezvo, kukoshesa kupihwa kumitemo yekusimudzira kupfuya zvipfuyo kwakadzama kunowanzoita kushora vanotama. [12], [38]
Vasiyiwa kunze kwemitemo yebudiriro, vafudzi vanotama vanowanzonzwa vachisarurwa nevakuru, vanofunga kuti vanogara munzvimbo ine utsinye uye vanoungana kuti vadzivirire zvido zvavo. Mukuwedzera, mapoka emagandanga nemauto ari kurwisana muWest neCentral Africa ari kuedza kushandisa kuvhiringidzika kwawo kuti akunde. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
Panguva imwe cheteyo, ruzhinji rwavafundisi vanotama munharaunda yacho ndiFulani, avo vari ivo bedzi vafambi vanowanwa munyika dzose dzenharaunda yacho.
Mamiriro ehumwe humambo hweFulani ataurwa pamusoro apa, pamwe netsika dzakasiyana dzehondo dzevaFulani, zvakaita kuti vacherechedzi vazhinji vatende kuti kubatanidzwa kweFulani mukubuda kwejihadism yemagandanga pakati peMali kubvira 2015 mune imwe pfungwa chigadzirwa chakasanganiswa. nhoroondo yenhaka uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu veFulani, avo vanoratidzirwa se bête noire ("chikara chitema"). Kubatanidzwa kwevaFulani mukukura kwekutyisidzira kwegandanga muBurkina Faso kana kunyange muNiger kunoratidzika kusimbisa maonero aya. [30], [38]
Kana tichitaura nezvenhoroondo yenhaka, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti vaFulani vakaita basa rakakosha mukupokana neFrance colonialism, kunyanya muFuta-Jalon nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza - matunhu aizova maFrench colonies eGuinea, Senegal neFrench Sudan. .
Uyezve, kusiyana kwakakosha kunofanira kuitwa kuti nepo vaFulani vakaita basa rinokosha pakusikwa kwenzvimbo itsva yemagandanga muBurkina Faso, mamiriro ezvinhu muNiger akasiyana: ichokwadi kuti kune nguva nenguva kurwiswa nemapoka anoumbwa neFulani, asi. ava varwi vekunze. achibva kuMali. [30], [38]
Mukuita, zvisinei, mamiriro eFulani anosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe nyika nenyika, ingave iri mararamiro avo (dhigirii rekugara, nhanho yedzidzo, nezvimwewo), nzira yavanozviona nayo, kana nzira , maererano izvo zvinoonekwa nevamwe.
Usati waenderera mberi nekuongorora kwakadzama kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubatana pakati peFulani nejihadists, chiitiko chakakosha chinofanira kuonekwa, kwatinozodzokera kumagumo ekuongorora uku. Zvakataurwa kuti vaFulani vanogara vakapararira muAfrica - kubva kuGulf of Guinea paAtlantic Ocean kumadokero, kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku kumabvazuva. Vanogara pamwe chete neimwe yenzira dzekare dzekutengeserana muAfrica - nzira inomhanya nekumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kwegwenga reSahara, iyo kusvika nhasi iri imwe yenzira dzakanyanya kukosha umo kurima kwekutama kunoitika muSahel.
Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, tikatarisa pamepu yenyika iyo PMC "Wagner" inobata mabasa ehurumende, mukubatsira kwemauto ehurumende akakodzera (zvisinei nokuti hurumende iri pamutemo here kana kuti yakatanga kutonga nekuda kwe mhirizhonga ichangobva kuitika - ona kunyanya Mali neBurkina Faso ), tichaona kuti kune kupindirana kwakakomba pakati penyika dzinogara Fulani uye uko "Wagnerovites" inoshanda.
Kune rimwe divi, izvi zvinogona kuverengerwa nemasanga. PMC "Wagner" yakabudirira parasitisis nyika umo mune kukakavara kwakanyanya mukati, uye kana dziri hondo dzevagari vemo - zviri nani. Ne Prigozhin kana pasina Prigozhin (vamwe vanhu vachiri kumuona ari mupenyu), PMC "Wagner" haazozununguki kubva panzvimbo yayo. Kutanga, nokuti inofanira kuzadzisa zvibvumirano izvo mari yakatorwa, uye chechipiri, nokuti iyi ndiyo geopolitical mandate yehurumende yepakati muRussian Federation.
Hapana manyepo makuru kupfuura kuziviswa kwe "Wagner" se "kambani yemauto yakazvimirira" - PMC. Mumwe angabvunza zvakakodzera kuti chii chiri "chakavanzika" pamusoro pekambani yakagadzirwa pakuraira kwehurumende yepakati, yakashongedzerwa nayo, yakapihwa mabasa akakosha (kutanga muSyria, uye kumwe kumwewo), inopa iyo "vashandi vega", kuburikidza parole yevasungwa vane mitongo inorema. Ne "sevhisi" yakadaro nehurumende, inopfuura kurasisa, yakashata, kudaidza "Wagner" "kambani yega".
PMC "Wagner" chiridzwa chekuzadzikiswa kwechishuwo chaPutin chezvematongerwo enyika uye ane basa rekupinda kwe "Russky Mir" munzvimbo dzisiri "hutsanana" kuti uto reRussia riratidzike mune zvese zviri pamutemo fomu. Kambani inowanzoonekwa pane kusagadzikana kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika kuti ipe masevhisi ayo seMephistopheles yemazuva ano. VaFulani vane nhamo yekugara munzvimbo umo kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakwirira zvikuru, saka pakutanga pakuona kusawirirana kwavo nePMC Wagner hakufaniri kuuya sechishamiso.
Pane rumwe rutivi, zvisinei, zvakapesana ndezvechokwadiwo. “Wagner” PMCs zvine hunyanzvi “dzakafamba” munzira yenzira yakambotaurwa kare yekutengeserana – nzira yanhasi inokosha inopfuya mombe, imwe yacho inotopindirana nenzira yemarudzi akawanda eAfrica kuenda kuHajj muMecca. VaFulani vangangoita mamirioni makumi matatu vanhu uye kana vakanyanya, vanogona kukonzera kukakavara kungava nehunhu hwehondo yeAfrica yese.
Kusvika panguva ino munguva yedu, hondo dzematunhu dzisingaverengeki dzakarwiwa muAfrica nekukuvadzwa kukuru uye kukuvara nekuparadza kusingaverengeki. Asi kune dzinenge hondo mbiri dzinoti kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo zvinyorwa zve "African world war", nemamwe mazwi - hondo dzaisanganisira nhamba huru yenyika mukondinendi uye kupfuura. Idzi ndidzo hondo mbiri dziri muCongo (yanhasi Democratic Republic of the Congo). Yekutanga yakatanga kubva muna Gumiguru 24, 1996 kusvika Chivabvu 16, 1997 (inopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu) uye yakatungamira mukutsiviwa kwemudzvanyiriri wenyika panguva iyoyo yeZaire - Mobuto Sese Seko naLaurent-Désiré Kabila. 18 nyika uye masangano emapurisa anobatanidzwa zvakananga mukurwisana, achitsigirwa ne3 + 6 nyika, dzimwe dzacho dzisina kuvhurika zvachose. Hondo yacho pamwero wakatiwo yakatangwa nokuparadza rudzi muRwanda yakavakidzana nayo, uko kwakatungamirira kunhamba yavapoteri muDR Congo (yaimbova Zaire).
Pakangopera Hondo Yekutanga yeCongo, maAllies akakunda akanetsana uye akakurumidza kushanduka kuita Hondo Yechipiri yeCongo, inozivikanwawo se "Great African War", iyo yakatora makore anoda kusvika mashanu, kubva Nyamavhuvhu 2, 1998 kusvika. Chikunguru 18, 2003. Kuwanda kwemasangano emauto ari muhondo iyi haatombozivikanwi, asi zvakakwana kutaura kuti kudivi raLaurent-Désiré Kabila vari kurwisana nemapoka anobva kuAngola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe neSudan, asi vachirwisana. hutongi hweKinshasa iUganda, Rwanda neBurundi. Sezvo vatsvakurudzi vanogara vachisimbisa, vamwe ve "vabatsiri" vanopindira zvachose vasina kukokwa.
Mukati mehondo, mutungamiri weDR Congo, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, akafa uye akatsiviwa naJoseph Kabila. Kunze kwehutsinye hwese hunogona kuitika uye kuparadza, hondo inorangarirwawo nekutsakatiswa kwakazara kwevanhu 60,000 pygmy civilians (!), Pamwe chete nevarwi vangangoita 10,000 pygmy. Hondo yakapera nechibvumirano chakaona kubviswa zviri pamutemo kwemauto ese ekunze kubva kuDR Congo, kugadzwa kwaJoseph Kabila semutungamiri wenguva pfupi, uye kutoreswa mhiko kwevatevedzeri vepurezidhendi vana vagara vabvumirana, zvichienderana nezvido zvemapato ese airwisana. Muna 2006, sarudzo huru dzakaitwa, sezvo dzingangoitwa munyika yeCentral Africa iyo yakasangana nehondo mbiri dzakatevedzana mukati memakore anopfuura matanhatu.
Muenzaniso wehondo mbiri muCongo unogona kutipa imwe pfungwa yakaoma yezvingaitika kana hondo yakatangwa muSahel inosanganisira 30 mamiriyoni eFulani vanhu. Hatigone kukahadzika kuti mamiriro akafanana ave achionekwa kwenguva refu munyika dzedunhu, uye kunyanya muMoscow, uko vangangofunga kuti nekuita kwePMC "Wagner" muMali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR uye. Cameroon (uyewo muDR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique neMadagascar), "vanochengeta ruoko rwavo pamusoro" yekurwisana kukuru kunogona kutsamwiswa pasina chikonzero.
Zvishuvo zveMoscow zvekuve chinhu muAfrica hazvisi kubva nezuro zvachose. MuUSSR, pakanga paine chikoro chakagadzirirwa chevakuru vehungwaru, vamiriri uye, pamusoro pezvose, nyanzvi dzemauto dzakagadzirira kupindira mune imwe kana imwe nharaunda yekondinendi kana zvichidikanwa. Chikamu chikuru chenyika muAfrica chakaitwa neSoviet General Administration yeGeodesy uye Cartography (kare muna 1879 - 1928) uye "Wagners" inogona kuvimba nerutsigiro rwemashoko akanaka kwazvo.
Pane zviratidzo zvakasimba zvesimba rakasimba reRussia mukuita coups muMali neBurkina Faso. Panguva ino, hapana kupomerwa mhosva yekubatanidzwa kweRussia mukupidigura hurumende yeNiger, neMunyori weUnited States weHurumende Blinken pachake achirasa mukana wakadaro. Iyo yekupedzisira, hongu, hairevi zvachose kuti panguva yehupenyu hwake Prigozhin haana kugamuchira varongi vezvematongerwo enyika uye haana kupa masevhisi ekambani yake "yakavanzika" yemauto.
Mune mumweya weyaimbova tsika dzeMarxist, pano zvakare Russia inoshanda nechirongwa chidiki uye chirongwa chepamusoro. Iyo shoma ndeye "kutsika tsoka" munyika dzakawanda, kutora "nzvimbo dzekunze", kugadzira pesvedzero pakati pevakuru venzvimbo, kunyanya pakati pemauto, uye kushandisa zvicherwa zvakawanda zvakakosha zvemuno sezvinobvira. PMC "Wagner" yakatowana mhedzisiro mune izvi.
Iyo yakanyanya chirongwa ndeyekuwana kutonga pamusoro penzvimbo yese yeSahel uye rega Moscow isarudze zvichaitika ikoko - rugare kana hondo. Mumwe munhu angati: “hongu, hongu, zvine musoro kuunganidza mari yehurumende dzemubatanidzwa uye kuchera zvicherwa zvakakoshesesa sezvinobvira. Asi chii chinodiwa nemaRussia kudzora kuvepo kwenyika dzeSahel?".
Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu unonzwisisika iri pakuti kana paine kurwisana kwemauto muSahel, kuyerera kwevapoteri kuchamhanyira kuEurope. Ava vanenge vari mhomho yevanhu vasingakwanisi kuchengetedzwa nemapurisa chete. Isu tichapupurira zviitiko uye zvakashata zvinoonekwa zvine hombe yekuparadzira propaganda. Zvingangodaro, nyika dzeEurope dzichaedza kugamuchira chikamu chevapoteri, nekubhadhara kwekuvhara vamwe muAfrica, avo vachazofanira kutsigirwa neEU nekuda kwekusakwanisa kuzvidzivirira.
KuMoscow, izvi zvese zvingave mamiriro eparadhiso iyo Moscow yaisazeza kutanga kufambisa pane imwe nguva, kana yakapihwa mukana. Zviri pachena kuti kukwanisa kweFrance kuita basa remauto makuru ekuchengetedza runyararo ari mubvunzo, uye zvakare mubvunzo ndeyekuda kweFrance kuramba ichiita mabasa akadaro, kunyanya mushure memhosva muMali uye kupera kwebasa reUnited Nations. ikoko. MuMoscow, havanetseke nezvekuita nyukireya, asi chasara kuputika "bhomba rinotama", umo musina mwaranzi weradioactive, asi mhedzisiro yacho inogona kuramba ichikuvadza.
Chaizvoizvo nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi, maitiro ari munyika dzeSahel anofanirwa kuteverwa nekudzidzwa zvakadzama, kusanganisira neBulgarian masayendisiti uye nyanzvi. Bulgaria iri kumberi kwedambudziko rekutama uye zviremera munyika yedu zvinosungirwa kushandisa pesvedzero inodiwa pamutemo weEU kuitira kuti vagadzirire "zvinoitika" zvakadaro.
Chikamu chechipiri chinotevera
Zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa:
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Nezvomunyori:
Teodor Detchev anga ari purofesa wenguva yakazara paChikoro Chepamusoro Chekuchengetedza uye Economics (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) kubvira 2016.
Akadzidzisa kuNew Bulgarian University - Sofia uye kuVTU "St. St. Cyril naMethodius”. Parizvino anodzidzisa kuVUSI, pamwe nekuUNSS. Makosi ake makuru ekudzidzisa ndeaya: hukama hweindasitiri nechengetedzo, hukama hwemaindasitiri eEuropean, Economic sociology (muChirungu neBulgaria), Ethnosociology, Ethno-zvematongerwo enyika uye mhirizhonga yenyika, Ugandanga uye kuuraya kwezvematongerwo enyika - matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro, Kubudirira kwemasangano.
Iye ndiye munyori weanopfuura makumi matatu neshanu mabasa esainzi pamusoro pekupokana kwemoto kwezvivakwa zvekuvaka uye kuramba kwecylindrical simbi shells. Iye ndiye munyori weanopfuura 35 anoshanda pasociology, sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika uye hukama hwemaindasitiri, kusanganisira iyo monographs: hukama hweindasitiri nechengetedzo - chikamu 40. Mabvumirano emagariro mukubatana kwekudyidzana (1); Institutional Interaction uye Industrial Relations (2015); Social Dialogue muPrivate Security Sector (2012); "Flexible Forms of Work" uye (Post) Industrial Relations muCentral neEastern Europe (2006).
Akanyora pamwe chete mabhuku aya: Innovations in collective bargaining. European uye Bulgarian zvinhu; Bulgarian vashandirwi nevakadzi kubasa; Nhaurirano Yemagariro uye Basa revakadzi muMunda weBiomass Utilization muBulgaria. Munguva pfupi yapfuura anga achishanda panyaya dzehukama pakati pehukama hwemaindasitiri nekuchengetedzwa; kutanga kwekusarongeka kwemagandanga pasi rose; matambudziko ethnosociological, kusawirirana kwemarudzi uye ethno-chitendero.
Nhengo yeInternational Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), American Sociological Association (ASA) uye Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social democrat nezvematongerwo enyika. Munguva ya1998 - 2001, aive Mutevedzeri weGurukota reBasa uye Social Policy. Editor-in-Chief wepepanhau "Svoboden Narod" kubva ku1993 kusvika ku1997. Mutungamiri wepepanhau "Svoboden Narod" muna 2012 - 2013. Mutevedzeri weSachigaro uye Sachigaro weSSI munguva ye2003 - 2011. Mutungamiri we "Industrial Policies" pa. AIKB kubvira 2014 .kusvika nhasi. Nhengo yeNSTS kubva 2003 kusvika 2012.
