NaTeodor Detchev
Chikamu chakapfuura chekuongorora uku, chakanzi "Sahel - Conflicts, Coups and Migration Bombs", yakataura nezve nyaya yekukwira kwemagandanga muWest Africa uye kusakwanisa kupedza hondo yehugandanga yakarwiwa neIslam radicals kurwisa mauto ehurumende muMali, Burkina. Faso, Niger, Chad neNigeria. Nyaya yehondo yevagari vemuCentral African Republic yakakurukurwawo.
Imwe yemhedziso yakakosha ndeyokuti kusimba kwekukakavadzana kwakazara nenjodzi huru ye "bhomba rekufamba" iro rinozotungamira kune kusati kwamboitika kumanikidzwa kwekutama pamwe nemuganhu wese wekumaodzanyemba weEuropean Union. Mamiriro akakosha zvakare mikana yeRussia yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo wekushandisa kusimba kwemakakatanwa munyika dzakaita seMali, Burkina Faso, Chad neCentral African Republic. [39] Neruoko rwayo pa "counter" yekuputika kwekufamba kwekufamba, Moscow inogona kuedzwa nyore nyore kushandisa kumanikidzwa kutamira kune dzimwe nyika dzeEU dzinowanzosarudzwa sedzinovenga.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ane ngozi, basa rinokosha rinoitwa nevanhu veFulani - dzinza revanhu vanofamba-famba, vanofambisa zvipfuwo zvinogara mumuganhu kubva kuGulf of Guinea kusvika kuGungwa Dzvuku uye nhamba ye30 kusvika ku35 mamiriyoni evanhu maererano nemashoko akasiyana-siyana. . Kuve vanhu vakamboita basa rakakosha mukupinda kweIslam muAfrica, kunyanya West Africa, maFulani muyedzo wakakura wevanopesana neIslam, zvisinei nekuti vanoti chikoro cheSufi cheIslam, icho pasina mubvunzo ndicho chikuru. anoshivirira, sezvakangoita uye zvisinganzwisisike.
Sezvineiwo, sezvichaonekwa kubva pakuongorora pazasi, nyaya yacho haisi yekupikisa chitendero chete. Kunetsana hakusi kwechitendero chete. Iro socio-ethno-religious, uye mumakore achangopfuura, migumisiro yehupfumi yakaunganidzwa kuburikidza nehuori, yakashandurwa kuva pfuma yezvipfuwo - iyo inonzi neo-pastoralism - yakatanga kushandisa imwe simba rakasimba. Ichi chiitiko chinonyanya hunhu hweNigeria uye chichava musoro wechikamu chetatu chekuongorora uku.
The Fulani uye Jihadism muCentral Mali: Pakati Shanduko, Social Rebellion uye Radicalization
Panguva iyo Operation Serval yakabudirira muna 2013 mukudzosera kumashure majihadists akange atora kuchamhembe kweMali, uye Operation Barhan yakavadzivirira kuti vadzokere kumberi, vachivamanikidza kuti vavande, kurwiswa hakuna kungomira, asi kwakapararira kusvika nechepakati. Mali (munzvimbo yekukona kweRwizi rweNiger, inozivikanwawo seMassina). Kazhinji, kurwisa kwemagandanga kwakawedzera mushure me2015.
MaJihadists zvirokwazvo haasi kutonga dunhu sezvavaive kuchamhembe kweMali muna 2012 uye vanomanikidzwa kuhwanda. Havana "masimba emhirizhonga" sezvo mauto akagadzirwa kuti avarwise, dzimwe nguva nerutsigiro rwezviremera. Zvisinei, kurwiswa kwakanangwa uye kuuraya kuri kuwedzera, uye kusachengeteka kwasvika pamwero wokuti nharaunda yacho haisisiri pasi pesimba rehurumende chairo. Vashandi vehurumende vakawanda vakasiya zvigaro zvavo, zvikoro zvakawanda zvakavharwa, uye sarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika dzichatadza kuitwa mumakanzuru akawanda.
Kusvika pamwero wakati, mamiriro aya ndiwo mhedzisiro ye "kutapukira" kubva kuNorth. Vakasundirwa kunze kwemaguta ekuchamhembe, ayo avakabata pasi pehutongi kwemwedzi yakati wandei mushure mekutadza kugadzira nyika yakazvimirira, yakamanikidzwa "kuzvibata zvakangwara", mauto ejihadist ane zvombo, achitsvaga nzira nyowani uye nzira nyowani dzekushanda, vakakwanisa kutora. mukana wezvinhu zvekusagadzikana munharaunda yeCentral kuti uwane simba idzva.
Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinowanzoitika kumatunhu epakati nekuchamhembe. Zvisinei, zvingava zvisina kururama kutenda kuti zviitiko zvakakomba zvakagara zvichiitika pakati peMali kwemakore akawanda mushure me2015 zvinongoenderera mberi kwehondo yekuchamhembe.
Muchokwadi, humwe hutera hwakanyanya kumatunhu epakati. Zvinangwa zvenharaunda dzenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nemajihadist zvakasiyana zvakanyanya. Nepo vaTuareg kuchamhembe vakati rusununguko rweAzaouad (dunhu rinotova ngano - harina kumbobvira raenderana nechero zvematongerwo enyika ekare, asi iro rinopatsanura vaTuareg matunhu ese kuchamhembe kweMali), nharaunda dzinomiririrwa. matunhu epakati, haaite zvirevo zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakaenzaniswa, chero zvavanotaura zvachose.
Kukosha kwekusiyana pakati pebasa reFulani muzviitiko zvekuchamhembe uye munzvimbo dzepakati, iyo inosimbiswa nevose vanocherechedza, inotaura. Chokwadi, muvambi weMasina Rusununguko Front, akanyanya kukosha pamapoka ane zvombo akabatanidzwa, Hamadoun Kufa, akaurayiwa munaNovember 28, 2018, aive erudzi rweFulani, sezvakaita ruzhinji rwevarwi vake. [38]
Vashoma kuchamhembe, vaFulani vakawanda mumatunhu epakati uye vane hanya sezvakawanda dzimwe nharaunda nekuwedzera kwemakwikwi pakati pevafudzi vanotama uye vakagadzika varimi vari kuitika munharaunda, vanotambura zvakanyanya kubva pazviri nekuda kwezvakaitika kare uye tsika.
Iwo anotsanangura maitiro mudunhu neSahel yese, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kune vanotama uye vanhu vakagadzikana kugara pamwechete, zvine mbiri:
• kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kwatove kuitika mudunhu reSahel (kunaya kwemvura kwakadzikira ne20% mumakore makumi mana apfuura), kunomanikidza vanotama-tama kutsvaga nzvimbo dzemafuro matsva;
• kuwanda kwevanhu, izvo zvinoita kuti varimi vatsvage minda mitsva, zvine zvazvinoreva munzvimbo ino ine vanhu vakawanda. [38]
Kana vaFulani, sevafudzi vanotama, vachinyanya kunetseka nemakwikwi epakati penharaunda zviitiko izvi zvinounza, zviri kune rimwe divi nekuti makwikwi aya anovapesanisa neanenge mamwe nharaunda dzese (iyo dunhu iri kumusha kune Fulani, Tamashek, Songhai. , Bozo, Bambara and the Dogon), uye kune rumwe rutivi, nokuti vaFulani vanonyanya kukanganiswa nezvimwe zviitiko zvine chokuita nemitemo yenyika:
• kunyangwe vakuru veMaliya, kusiyana nezvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika, vasina kumbobvira vataura pamusoro pechido kana chikonzero chekugadzirisa, chokwadi ndechekuti zvirongwa zvebudiriro zvinonyanya kunangana nevanhu vakagariswa. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinokonzerwa nedzvinyiriro yevanopa, kazhinji nekuda kwekusiya kutama-tama, kunoonekwa sekusingaenderane nekuvaka nyika kwemazuva ano uye kudzikisira kuwana dzidzo;
• kutanga muna 1999 kwehutungamiri hwematunhu uye sarudzo dzemanisipala, izvo, kunyange zvazvo zvakapa vanhu veFulani mukana wekuunza zvaidiwa nenharaunda kune zvematongerwo enyika, zvakakonzera kubuda kwevatsva vepamusoro uye nekudaro kubvunzurudza kwezvimiro zvechinyakare, zvichibva pa. tsika, nhoroondo nechitendero. Vanhu vevanhu veFulani vakanzwa shanduko idzi zvakanyanya zvakasimba, sezvo hukama hwemagariro munharaunda yavo hwakare. Shanduko idzi dzakatangwawo nehurumende, dzavaigara dzichifunga kuti “dzakatorwa kunze kwenyika” kubva kunze, chibereko chetsika dzekuMadokero dziri kure nedzavo. [38]
Izvi, zvamazvirokwazvo, zvakaganhurirwa mukati mekusagadzikana kwegwaro rekuendesa matunhu. Nekudaro, ichokwadi mune akati wandei emanisipala. Uye pasina mubvunzo "kunzwa" kwekushandurwa kwakadaro kwakasimba kudarika maitiro avo chaiwo, kunyanya pakati pevaFulani vanowanzozvitora se "vakabatwa" vemutemo uyu.
Chekupedzisira, zviyeuchidzo zvekare hazvifanirwe kuregeredzwa, kunyangwe zvisingafanirwe kuwedzererwa zvakare. Mukufungidzira kweFulani, Humambo hweMasina (iyo Mopti ndiro guta guru) inomiririra nguva yegoridhe yematunhu epakati eMali. Nhaka yehumambo uhwu inosanganisira, kuwedzera kune magariro akasarudzika kunharaunda uye mamwe maitiro kune chinamato: vaFulani vanorarama uye vanozviona sevatsigiri vechokwadi chechiIslam, mumhepo yehukama hweSufi hweQuadriyya, vane hanya kune vakaomarara. kushandiswa kwemirairo yeKoran.
Jihad yaiparidzwa nevanhu vaitungamirira muumambo hweMasina yakanga yakasiyana neyaiparidzwa nemagandanga ari kushanda iye zvino muMali (avo vakanga vaendesa shoko ravo kune mamwe maMuslim ane miitiro isingarangarirwi kuti inopindirana nemagwaro ekutanga). Maonero aKufa kuvakuru vakuru muumambo hweMasina akanga asina kujeka. Aigara achitaura kwavari, asi zvakare akazvidza mausoleum yeSekou Amadou. Nekudaro, chiIslam chinoitwa nevaFulani chinoratidzika kunge chinogona kuenderana nezvimwe zveSalafism izvo mapoka ejihadist anogara achiti ndeavo. [2]
Maitiro matsva anoratidzika kunge ari kubuda munzvimbo dzepakati peMali muna 2019: zvishoma nezvishoma zvinokurudzira zvekutanga zvekujoinha mapoka ejihadist emunharaunda anoita kunge ane fungidziro, maitiro anoratidzwa mukubvunzana kwenyika yeMaliya uye zvechimanjemanje zvakazara. Jihadi propaganda, iyo inozivisa kurambwa kwekutonga kwehurumende (kwakaiswa neWest, iyo inopindirana mairi) uye kusunungurwa kubva kumagariro evanhu akagadzirwa nekoloni uye nyika yemazuva ano, inowana "chisikigo" echo pakati peFulani kupfuura mamwe madzinza. mapoka . [38]
Kusarudzika kwemubvunzo weFulani mudunhu reSahel
Kuwedzera kwekunetsana kwakanangana neBurkina Faso
VaFulani ndivo vazhinji muSahelian chikamu cheBurkina Faso, chinoganhurana neMali (kunyanya matunhu eSoum (Jibo), Seeno (Dori) neOuadlan (Gorom-Goom), anoganhurana nematunhu eMopti, Timbuktu neGao. weMali). uyewo neNiger - nematunhu eTera neTillaberi. Nharaunda yakasimba yeFulani inogarawo muOuagadougou, kwainogara nzvimbo zhinji dzeDapoya neHamdalaye.
Pakupera kwe2016, boka idzva rine zvombo rakaonekwa muBurkina Faso raiti ndeveIslamic State - Ansarul Al Islamia kana Ansarul Islam, ane mutungamiri mukuru aive Malam Ibrahim Dicko, muparidzi weFulani uyo, saHamadoun Koufa kuCentral Mali, akazvizivisa kuburikidza nekurwiswa kwakawanda achipokana nemauto eBurkina Faso ekudzivirira nekuchengetedza uye nezvikoro zviri mumatunhu eSum, Seeno neDeleted. [38] Munguva yekudzoreredzwa kwekutonga kwemauto ehurumende kuchamhembe kweMali muna 2013, mauto eMaliya akabata Ibrahim Mallam Diko. Asi akasunungurwa mushure mekusimbirira kwevatungamiri vevanhu veFulani muBamako, kusanganisira aimbova Mutungamiriri weNational Assembly - Aly Nouhoum Diallo.
Vatungamiri veAnsarul Al Islamia vaimbova varwi veMOJWA (Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa - Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa, ne "kubatana" inofanira kunzwisiswa se "monotheism" - Islamic radicals vakanyanya monotheists) kubva pakati. Mari. Malam Ibrahim Dicko anofungidzirwa kuti akafa uye mukoma wake Jafar Dicko akamutsiva semukuru weAnsarul Islam. [38]
Zvakadaro, kuita kweboka iri kunoramba kuine miganhu parizvino.
Asi, sepakati peMali, nharaunda yese yeFulani inoonekwa seyakabatana nemajihadists, avo vari kunanga nharaunda dzakagara. Mukupindura kurwiswa nemagandanga, nzanga dzakagara dzakaumba mauto adzo kuti azvidzivirire.
Nekudaro, mukutanga kwaNdira 2019, mukupindura kurwiswa kwepfuti nevanhu vasingazivikanwe, vagari veYirgou vakarwisa nzvimbo dzine vanhu veFulani kwemazuva maviri (Ndira 1 ne2), vachiuraya vanhu makumi mana nemasere. Mapurisa akatumwa kuti adzorere runyararo. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamaira mashoma kure, muBankass Cercle (chikamu chekutonga cheMopti mudunhu reMali), 48 Fulani vakaurayiwa neDogons. [41], [14]
Mamiriro ezvinhu muNiger
Kusiyana neBurkina Faso, Niger haina mapoka emagandanga ari kushanda kubva munharaunda yayo, zvisinei nekuedza kweBoko Haram kuzvimisa munzvimbo dzemuganhu, kunyanya kudivi reDiffa, ichikunda vechidiki vekuNiger vanofunga kuti mamiriro ehupfumi munyika anovanyima ramangwana. . Kusvika pari zvino, Niger yakakwanisa kupikisa kuedza uku.
Uku kubudirira kwehukama kunotsanangurwa kunyanya nekukosha uko zviremera zveNigerien zvinonamatira kune nyaya dzekuchengetedza. Vanogovera chikamu chikuru kwazvo chebhajeti renyika kwavari. Vakuru veNigerien vakapa mari yakawanda yekusimbisa mauto nemapurisa. Kuongorora uku kunoitwa tichifunga nezvemikana iripo muNiger. Niger ndiyo imwe yenyika dzine hurombo pasi rose (panzvimbo yekupedzisira maererano nehuwandu hwekuvandudza kwevanhu muhurongwa hweUnited Nations Development Programme - UNDP) uye zvakaoma zvikuru kubatanidza kuedza kwekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa nemutemo wekutanga. Development process.
Zviremera zveNigeria zviri kushingaira mukushandira pamwe kwedunhu (kunyanya neNigeria neCameroon kurwisa Boko Haram) uye vanogamuchira nemoyo wese munharaunda yavo mauto ekunze anopihwa nenyika dzekuMadokero (France, USA, Germany, Italy).
Uyezve, zviremera muNiger, sezvavakakwanisa kutora matanho akanyanya kuderedza dambudziko reTuareg, zvakabudirira kupfuura vamwe vavo veMaliya, vakaratidzawo kunyanya kukoshesa nyaya yeFulani kupfuura zvavanoita muMali.
Nekudaro, Niger yaisakwanisa kudzivirira zvachose kutapurirana kwehugandanga hwaibva kunyika dzakavakidzana. Nyika inogara yakatarisana nekurwiswa kwemagandanga, kunoitwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, munzvimbo dzemuganhu neNigeria, uye kumadokero, kumatunhu ari pedyo neMali. Uku kurwiswa kubva kunze - mashandiro anotungamirwa neBoko Haram kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye mashandiro anobva mudunhu reMénaka kumadokero, inova "nzvimbo yakasarudzika yekuberekera" yevapanduki veTuareg muMali.
Varwi vanobva kuMali vanowanzova Fulani. Havana simba rakafanana nereBoko Haram, asi zvakatonyanya kunetsa kudzivirira kurwiswa kwavo nekuti porosity yemuganhu yakakwira. Vazhinji vevaFulani vanobatanidzwa mukurwiswa ndevaNigerien kana verudzi rweNigerien - vafudzi vazhinji veFulani vaitama vakamanikidzwa kusiya Niger ndokunogara muMaliya yakavakidzana apo kuvandudzwa kwevhu rekudiridza mudunhu reTillaberi kwakaderedza mafuro avo muma1990s. [38]
Kubva ipapo, vanga vachibatanidzwa mumakakatanwa pakati peMalian Fulani neTuareg (Imahad naDausaki). Kubva pakumukira kwekupedzisira kweTuareg muMali, chiyero chesimba pakati pemapoka maviri aya chakachinja. Panguva iyoyo, vaTuareg, vakanga vatopanduka kakawanda kubvira muna 1963, vakanga vatova nezvombo zvakawanda zvavanazvo.
VaFulani veNiger "vakarwa hondo" apo mauto eGanda Izo akaumbwa muna 2009. (Kusikwa kwemauto aya ane zvombo kwakaguma nekuparadzana kunoenderera mberi muuto rekare rekare - "Ganda Koi", iyo "Ganda Izo" iri. Sezvo "Ganda Izo" yaida kurwisa vaTuareg, vanhu veFulani vakabatana nayo (vese Malian Fulani naNiger Fulani), mushure mezvo vazhinji vavo vakabatanidzwa muMOJWA (Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa - Movement for Unity (monotheism) uye jihad muWest Africa) uyezve muISGS (Islamic State muGreat Sahara). [38]
Kuenzana kwesimba pakati peTuareg neDausaki, kune rumwe rutivi, uye Fulani, kune rumwe rutivi, iri kuchinja maererano, uye ne2019 inenge yatonyanya kuenzana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kunetsana kutsva kunoitika, kunowanzo konzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda kumativi ese. Mukurwisana uku, mauto epasi rose anopikisa magandanga (kunyanya panguva yeOperation Barhan) mune dzimwe nguva akagadzira mubatanidzwa wead hoc neTuareg neDausak (kunyanya neMSA), avo, zvichitevera kupera kwechibvumirano cherunyararo nehurumende yeMaliya, vakaita chibvumirano. kurwisana nehugandanga.
The Fulani of Guinea
Guinea ine guta guru reConakry ndiyo chete nyika umo vaFulani ndivo rudzi rukuru, asi kwete ruzhinji - vanenge 38% yevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo vachibva kuCentral Guinea, chikamu chepakati chenyika icho chinosanganisira maguta akadai seMamu, Pita, Labe neGaual, varipo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzose dzavakatama vachitsvaka mararamiro ari nani.
Nharaunda haina kukanganiswa nejihadism uye vaFulani havasi uye havana kunyanya kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwechisimba, kunze kwekukakavadzana kwechinyakare pakati pevafudzi vanotama uye vanhu vakagadziriswa.
MuGuinea, vaFulani vanodzora vazhinji vemasimba ehupfumi hwenyika uye zvakanyanya masimba enjere uye echitendero. Ndivo vakanyanya kudzidza. Vanotanga kuverenga nekunyora, kutanga muchiArabic uyezve muchiFrench kuburikidza nezvikoro zveFrench. Maimam, vadzidzisi veKurani inoera, vakuru vakuru vanobva mukati menyika uye vanobva kunze kwenyika vari muhuwandu hwavo hweFulani. [38]
Zvisinei, tinogona kushamisika nezveramangwana sezvo vaFulani vagara vari vanyajambwa verusarura [rwematongerwe enyika] kubvira parusununguko kuti vachengetedzwe kure nemasimba ezvematongerwe enyika. Mamwe mapoka emarudzi anonzwa achipindirwa neava vatama-tama vegamuchidzanwa vanouya kuzoparadza nyika dzavo dzakanakisisa kuti vavake mabhizimisi akabudirira zvikuru uye nharaunda dzekugara dzinoyevedza zvikuru. Maererano nemamwe mapoka emarudzi muGuinea, kana vaFulani vasvika pamasimba, vachave vane simba rose uye vachipiwa mafungiro anonzi kwavari, vachakwanisa kuichengeta uye kuichengeta nokusingaperi. Maonero aya akasimbiswa nekutaura kwakashata kwemutungamiri wekutanga weGuinea, Sekou Toure, achipokana nenharaunda yevaFulani.
Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ehondo yekusununguka muna 1958, Sekou Toure anobva kuvanhu veMalinke nevatsigiri vake vave vachitarisana neFulani yeBari Diawandu. Mushure mekuuya kusimba, Sekou Toure akapa zvinzvimbo zvese zvakakosha kune vanhu vanobva kuvanhu veMalinke. Kufumurwa kwevanopomerwa kurangana kweFulani muna 1960 uye kunyanya muna 1976 kwakamupa chikonzero chekubvisa vanhu vakakosha veFulani (kunyanya muna 1976, Telly Diallo, aive Munyori Mukuru wekutanga weSangano reAfrican Unity, anoremekedzwa zvikuru uye airemekedzwa zvikuru. ane mukurumbira, anosungwa uye kunyimwa chikafu kusvikira afa mugomba rake). Izvi zvinonzi chirongwa chaive mukana wekuti Sekou Toure ape hurukuro nhatu dzinoshora vaFulani nehutsinye hwakanyanya, achivadaidza kuti "vatengesi" avo "vanongofunga mari ...". [38]
Musarudzo dzekutanga dzedemocracy muna 2010, mumiriri weFulani Cellou Dalein Diallo akabuda ari pamusoro pekutanga, asi madzinza ese akabatana muchikamu chechipiri kuti asave mutungamiriri wenyika, achipa simba kuna Alpha Conde, ane mavambo anobva Vanhu veMalinke.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya ari kuramba asingafadzi vanhu veFulani uye anounza kuvhiringidzika uye kuodzwa mwoyo izvo zvichangobva kuitwa democratization (2010 sarudzo) yakabvumira kuratidzwa pachena.
Sarudzo dzinotevera dzemutungamiri wenyika muna 2020, umo Alpha Condé asingazokwanisa kukwikwidza musarudzo patsva (bumbiro rinorambidza mutungamiri wenyika kushanda anopfuura matemu maviri), richave zuva rakakosha rekuvandudza hukama pakati pevaFulani nevamwe. madzinza muGuinea.
Dzimwe mhedziso dzenguva pfupi:
Zvingave zvechisikigo chakanyanya kutaura nezve chero kudomwa kwechimiro pakati pevaFulani che "jihadism", zvakanyanya hunhu hwakadai hwakakonzerwa nenhoroondo yeyaimbove humambo hwehumwari hwerudzi urwu.
Paunenge uchiongorora njodzi yevaFulani vanobatana nevaIslam vakanyanya, kuomarara kwenharaunda yeFulani kunowanzo furatirwa. Kusvika ikozvino, isu hatina kupinda muhupamhi hwemagariro evanhu veFulani, asi muMali, semuenzaniso, yakaoma zvikuru uye hierarchical. Zvine musoro kutarisira kuti zvinofarirwa nenhengo dzenharaunda yeFulani zvinogona kusiyana uye zvikazova honzeri yekupokana maitiro kana kutopesanisa munharaunda.
Kana iri yepakati peMali, tsika yekupokana nehurongwa hwakagadzwa, hunonzi huchatyaira vazhinji veFulani kuti vapinde mumapoka ejihadist, dzimwe nguva mhedzisiro yevechidiki munharaunda vanoita zvinopesana nezvido zvevakuru. Saizvozvowo, vechidiki vechiFulani dzimwe nguva vakaedza kutora mukana wesarudzo dzemanisiparati, idzo, sezvakatsanangurwa, dzinowanzoonekwa semukana wekuburitsa vatungamiriri vasiri vanhu vane mukurumbira wechinyakare) - vechidiki ava dzimwe nguva vanotora vanhu vakuru sevatori vechikamu mune izvi zvechinyakare. "Notabilities". Izvi zvinogadzira mikana yekukakavadzana kwemukati - kusanganisira kurwisana kwezvombo - pakati pevanhu veFulani vanhu. [38]
Hapana mubvunzo kuti vaFulani vanofanogadzirira kushamwaridzana nevashori vehurongwa hwakagadzwa - chimwe chinhu chakakosha kune vanotama. Pamusoro pezvo, nekuda kwekupararira kwavo kwenzvimbo, vanofanirwa kugara vari muvashoma uye nekuzotadza kupesvedzera zvine mutsindo mafambiro enyika dzavanogara, kunyangwe ivo vachiita kunge vane mukana wakadaro uye vanotenda kuti ndizvo. zviri pamutemo, sezvazvakaita muGuinea.
Maonero epfungwa anobva mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anowedzera mukana uyo vaFulani vakadzidza kurima kana vari mumatambudziko - pavanosangana nevashori vanovaona sevanotyisidzira vekunze asi ivo. ivo pachavo vanorarama sevanotambudzwa, vachisarurwa uye vakatongerwa kusarurwa.
Chikamu chetatu chinotevera
Zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa:
Rondedzero yakakwana yezvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa mukutanga uye yezvino chikamu chechipiri chekuongorora chinopiwa pakupera kwechikamu chekutanga chekuongorora chakabudiswa pasi pezita rokuti "Sahel - kukakavara, coups uye mabhomba ekufambisa". Izvo chete zvinyorwa zvakataurwa muchikamu chechipiri chekuongorora - "The Fulani uye "Jihadism" muWest Africa" inopiwa pano.
[2] Dechev, Teodor Danailov, “Double bottom” kana “schizophrenic bifurcation”? Kudyidzana pakati pe ethno-nationalist uye chitendero-anonyanyisa zvinangwa mumabasa emamwe mapoka emagandanga, Sp. Zvematongerwo enyika uye Chengetedzo; Gore I; Aihwa. 2; 2017; pp. 34 – 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (muBulgarian).
[14] Cline, Lawrence E., Jihadist Movements muSahel: Rise of the Fulani?, Kurume 2021, Hugandanga uye Mhirizhonga Yezvematongerwo enyika, 35 (1), pp. 1-17
[38] Sangare, Boukary, Fulani vanhu uye Jihadism muSahel neWest Africa nyika, Kukadzi 8, 2019, Observatoire yeArab-Muslim World neSahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS)
[39] The Soufan Center Special Report, Wagner Group: The Evolution of a Private Army, Jason Blazakis, Colin P. Clarke, Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sean Steinberg, The Soufan Center, June 2023
[42] Waicanjo, Charles, Transnational Herder-Farmer Conflicts uye Social Instability muSahel, Chivabvu 21, 2020, African Liberty.
Mufananidzo naKureng Workx: https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-in-red-traditional-clothing-taking-photo-of-a-man-13033077/
