MuFrance, Seneti iri kushanda pabhiri re "kusimbisa kurwisa kutsauka kwechitendero", Asi zvirimo zvinoita sekunge zvinounza matambudziko akakomba kune nyanzvi murusununguko rwechitendero kana kutenda uye nyanzvi dzechitendero.
Musi waNovember 15, Dare reGurukota reFrench Republic rakatumira a kunyora mutemo kuSeneti ine chinangwa che "kusimbisa kurwisa kutsauka kwechitendero". Bhiri iri richazeyewa nekuvhoterwa kuSeneti yeFrance muna Zvita 19 uye rozotumirwa kuNational Assembly kuti riongororwe pamberi pevhoti yekupedzisira.
Ehe, "kurwisana nekutsauka kwechitendero" kungaita kunge kuri pamutemo, kana chero munhu aigona kuuya netsananguro yepamutemo uye yechokwadi ye "cultic kutsauka" kana kunyange "cult". Nekudaro, kunze kwemusoro webhiri, zvirimo zvinoita kunge zvine dambudziko mumaziso eForRB (rusununguko rwechitendero kana kutenda) nyanzvi nenyanzvi dzechitendero.
Chinyorwa chayo 1 chine chinangwa chekugadzira mhosva nyowani inotsanangurwa se "kuisa kana kuchengetedza munhu ari mumamiriro ekuzviisa pasi mupfungwa kana mumuviri zvichibva mukuitwa kwakananga kwekumanikidza kana kudzokororwa kumanikidza kana hunyanzvi hunogona kukanganisa kutonga kwavo uye kuve nemhedzisiro yekukonzera zvakakomba. kukanganisa kwehutano hwavo hwepanyama kana hwepfungwa kana kutungamira munhu uyu kuita chimwe chinhu kana kusarega izvo zvinovafungira zvakanyanya”. Zvakare, nekuverenga kunokurumidza, ndiani angave achipikisa kuranga maitiro akaipa kudaro? Asi dhiyabhorosi ari mune zvakadzama.
Kudzoka kwe "pfungwa dzokudzora" dzidziso
“Pfungwa inozviisa pasi” idimikira rezvinowanzonzi “kugadzirisa pfungwa”, “kudzora pfungwa”, kana kuti “kupwanya pfungwa”. Izvo zvakajeka kana iwe uchiverenga "chidzidzo chemhedzisiro" yehurumende yeFrance, iyo inoedza kururamisa kudiwa kwemutemo mutsva wakadaro nekunetseka kukuru. Aya mafungiro asina kujeka, kana akashandiswa kumutemo wematsotsi nemafambiro echitendero, akapedzisira aburitswa semanyepo esainzi munyika zhinji kwaakange amboshandiswa, kunze kwedzimwe nyika dzehudzvanyiriri dzakaita seRussia neChina. MuUS, Pfungwa ye“pfungwa” ye1950 yaishandiswa neCIA kuyedza kutsanangura kuti sei mamwe mauto avo akanzwira tsitsi vavengi vavo vechikominisiti, akatanga kushandiswa nevamwe varapi vepfungwa kumasangano matsva echitendero muma80s. Boka revashandi vezvepfungwa rakagadzirwa kuti rishande pa "Nzira Dzekunyengedzera uye Dzisina Kunanga dzekunyengetedza uye Kudzora" nezvitendero zvidiki uye vakapa "report" kuAmerican Psychological Association muna 1987. Mhinduro yepamutemo kubva kuEthical board yeAmerican Psychological Association. zvairwadza. Muna Chivabvu 1987, vakaramba pfungwa yevanyori ye "kunyengetedza nechisimba", vachizivisa kuti "kazhinji, chirevo hachina kuomarara kwesainzi uye kunyange neruoko rwakakosha nzira inodiwa kune APA imprimatur", uye vachiwedzera kuti vanyori veshumo havafanirwe kuzivisa chirevo chavo. pasina kuratidza kuti "hazvigamuchirike kubhodhi".
Izvi zvichangoitika, American Psychological Association neAmerican Sociological Association vakaendesa pfupiso yeamicus curiae kuDare Repamusorosoro reUS umo vakapokana kuti dzidziso yecultic washing pfungwa haigamuchirwi seine hunhu hwesainzi. Ichi chipfupi chinopikisa kuti dzidziso yeculttic yekuchenesa pfungwa haipi nzira inogamuchirwa nesayenzi yekuziva kana pesvedzero yenzanga inokurira kuzvisarudzira uye kana isingadaro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, matare eUS akadzokorora kuona kuti huremu hwehumbowo hwesainzi hwakaratidza kuti anti-cult-cult washing theory haigamuchirwe nenharaunda yesainzi yakakodzera.
Asi France (kana vangangoita vashandi vehurumende vekuFrance vakanyora mutemo, asiwo hurumende yakautsigira) haina hanya nehuroyi hwesainzi.
Italy uye mutemo we "Plagio".
Mutemo wakafanana newakatsanangurwa mubhiri reFrance waivepo chaizvo muItaly kubva 1930 kusvika 1981. Waive mutemo wechifascist unonzi "plagio" (zvinoreva "kudzora pfungwa"), wakapinda muchikamu chinotevera muCriminal Code: "Ani nani. anoisa munhu pasi pesimba rake, kuti aderedze kuzviisa pasi, anorangwa nekugara mujeri kwemakore mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu”. Hongu, ndiyo pfungwa imwechete kupfuura iyo iri muchinyorwa 1 cheFrench bill.
Mutemo wePlagio wakave nemukurumbira pawakashandiswa kurwisa muzivi wengochani yeMarxist, Aldo Braibanti uyo akanga atora mumba make majaya maviri kuti ashande sevanyori vake. Sekureva kwemuchuchisi, akavaunza kumamiriro ekudzora pfungwa nechinangwa chekuvaita vadikani vake. Muna 1968, Braibanti akawanikwa aine mhosva ye "plagio" neRome Court of Assizes, uye akatongerwa makore 9 mujeri. Pakukwidzwa kwekupedzisira, Dare Repamusorosoro (richitopfuura zvisarudzo zvematare maduku) rakarondedzera “plagio” yaBraibanti se“mamiriro ezvinhu umo pfungwa dzomunhu akamanikidzwa dzakadururwa. Ikoku kwaibvira kunyange pasina kushandisa masimba masimba omuviri kana kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga inokuvadza, kupfurikidza nomugumisiro wakabatanidzwa wemitoo yakasiana-siana, imwe neimwe yadzo ingave isina kushanda, nepo yakava inoshanda apo yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete.” Kutevera kutongwa uku, vakangwara vakaita saAlberto Moravia naUmberto Eco, uye ruzhinji rwemagweta anotungamira nevarapi vepfungwa, vakakumbira kubviswa kwemutemo pa "plagio."
Nepo kutongwa kwacho hakuna kumbobviswa, kwakagadzira nharo muItaly kwemakore. Kushoropodzwa kwemutemo kwaive kwemhando mbiri. Imwe yaive kubva pakuona kwesainzi: vazhinji vevanyanzvi vepfungwa vekuItaly vaidavira kuti "plagio" mupfungwa ye "kuzviisa pasi kwepfungwa", yakanga isipo, uye vamwe vaikakavadzana kuti chero zvakadaro, yakanga isina kujeka uye isina kufanirwa kushandiswa. mumutemo wemhosva. Rudzi rwechipiri rwekutsoropodza rwakanga rwuri rwezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo vatsoropodzi vakapokana kuti "plagio" yaibvumira rusarura rwepfungwa, sezvakaitika kuna Braibanti uyo akatongerwa kubva patent homophobic maonero, nekuti aisimudzira "mararamiro eunzenza".
Makore gumi pashure pacho, muna 1978, mutemo panguva iyoyo wakashandiswa kuronda muprista weKaturike, Baba Emilio Grasso, akapomerwa kuva akashandisa “kudzora ndangariro” pavateveri vake. Emilio Grasso, mutungamiriri wesangano reCharismatic Catholic muItaly, akapomerwa kuti akanga aita kuti vateveri vake vazviise mupfungwa dzavo kuti vashande semamishinari enguva yakazara kana kuti vazvipiri mumabasa okuyamura muItaly nokune dzimwe nyika. MuRoma, dare rinotarisira kuongorora nyaya yacho rakasimudza mubvunzo webumbiro remutemo wemhosva ye "plagio", uye yakatumira nyaya yacho kuDare reConstitutional reItaly.
Musi wa8 Chikumi 1981, Dare reConstitutional Court rakazivisa mhosva yeplagio isingaenderane nebumbiro remutemo. Zvinoenderana nemutongo weDare, Zvichienderana nezvinyorwa zvesainzi nezvenyaya iyi, ingave kubva ku "psychiatry, psychology kana psychoanalysis," pesvedzero kana "kuzviisa pasi pepfungwa" chikamu "chakajairika" chehukama pakati pevanhu: "mamiriro chaiwo ekutsamira mupfungwa anogona kusvika. madhigirii ekusimba kunyangwe kwenguva refu, sehukama hwerudo, uye hukama pakati pemupristi nemutendi, mudzidzisi nemudzidzi, chiremba uye murwere (…). Asi kutaura chaiko kwakaoma zvakanyanya, kana zvisingaite, kusiyanisa, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai seaya, kunyengetedza kwepfungwa kubva mukudzorwa kwepfungwa, uye kusiyanisa pakati pazvo nekuda kwezvinangwa zvepamutemo. Hapana maitiro akasimba aripo ekuparadzanisa uye kutsanangura chiitiko chimwe nechimwe, kutsvaga muganho chaiwo pakati pezviviri izvi. " Dare racho rakawedzera kuti mhosva yeplagio “ibhomba rava kuda kuputika mumutemo wedu, sezvo richigona kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chero api zvawo anoratidza kuvimba kwomunhu mupfungwa nomumwe munhu.”
Ndiko kwaive kupera kwekuzviisa pasi kwepfungwa muItari, asi sezviri pachena, izvo hazvina kukwana kudzivirira hurumende yeFrance kudzoka nepfungwa imwechete yechifascist nhasi.
Ndiani aigona kubatwa?
Sezvakataurwa nedare reConstitutional Court, pfungwa yakadai "inogona kushandiswa kune chero mamiriro ezvinhu anoreva kutsamira kwepfungwa kwemunhu kune mumwe". Uye ndizvo zvazviri kune chero boka rechitendero kana remweya rechero dhinominesheni, uyezve kana paine ruvengo rwemagariro kana ehurumende pamusoro pavo. Kuongororwa kwekukanganisa kwekuita kwe "kuzviisa pasi kwepfungwa" kwakadaro kunofanira kupiwa kune nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepfungwa, uyo achakumbirwa kuti ape maonero pamusoro pekuonekwa kwechirevo chisina kusimbiswa kwesayenzi.
Chero muprista anogona kupomerwa kuchengetedza vakatendeka mumamiriro e "kuzviisa pasi kwepfungwa", sezvingave mudzidzisi weyoga kana rabhi. Sezvakatiudza rimwe gweta rokuFrance pamusoro pebhiri racho: “Kuri nyore kuratidzira dzvinyiriro yakakomba kana kuti inodzokororwa: mirairo inodzokororwa inodzokororwa nomushandirwi, mudzidzisi wemitambo, kana kuti kunyange mukuru muchiuto; murayiro wokunyengetera kana kureurura, unogona kukwaniriswa nyore nyore saizvozvo. Matekiniki ekushandura kutonga ari mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva munharaunda yevanhu: kunyengedza, kutaura uye kushambadzira ndiwo maitiro ekushandura kutonga. Schopenhauer angave akaburitsa Iyo Art yeKugara Akarurama pasi pesimba reProjekti iyi, pasina kupomerwa mhosva yekubatanidzwa mumhosva iri mubvunzo? Kukanganisika kwakakomba kwehutano hwemuviri kana hwepfungwa zvakare zvakareruka kuratidza pane zvazvingaite pakutanga. Mukumhanya kuMitambo yeOlympic, somuenzaniso, mumhanyi wepamusoro ari pasi pedzvinyiriro yadzokororwa anogona kutambura kuderera kwoutano hwake hwomuviri, somuenzaniso muchiitiko chokukuvadzwa. Chiito cherusaruro chakakomba kana kuti kurega chinobatanidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Murwi wemauto, achimanikidzwa adzokororwa, anomanikidzwa kuita zviito zvinogona kuve nerusaruro rwakanyanya, kunyangwe mumamiriro ekudzidzira zvechiuto. "
Chokwadika, kutendwa kwakavakirwa papfungwa yepamutemo isina kujeka yakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kukutongerwa kwokupedzisira kweFrance neEuropean Court of Human Rights. Sezvazviri, mumutongo waro weZvapupu zvaJehovha zveMoscow and Others v. Russia n° 302, Dare racho rakatobata nyaya ye“kudzora pfungwa”: “Hapana tsanangudzo inogamuchirwa uye yesayenzi yezvinonzi 'kudzora pfungwa'”. Asi kunyange dai zvakadaro, vanhu vangani vachatongerwa kugara mujeri zvisina kururama mutongo wokutanga weECHR usati wauya?
Kudenha kusiya kurapwa
Chinyorwa chemutemo chine zvimwe zvinonetsa. Chimwe chazvo chiri muchinyorwa chayo chechina, icho chine chinangwa chekupa mhosva “Kukurudzira kusiya kana kurega kutevera kurapa kana kuti prophylactic medical, kana kurega kana kurega kunoratidzwa sekunobatsira kuhutano hwemunhu ari kubatwa, nepo, zvichipihwa mamiriro ruzivo rwezvokurapa, sezvingabvira zvikuru kuva nemiuyo yakakomba nokuda kwoutano hwavo hwomuviri kana kuti hwendangariro, tichifunga nezvechirwere chavanotambudzwa nacho.”
Mumamiriro ezvinhu epashure-denda, munhu wese ari kufunga nezve vanhu vari kutsigira kuti vasatore vaccine uye dambudziko raimiririra kuhurumende dziri kusundira kubayiwa. Asi semutemo unoshanda kune chero munhu "anodenha" kazhinji pasocial media kana mukudhinda midhiya, njodzi yemutemo wakadaro iri pamusoro zvakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, French Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) yakapa pfungwa pachirongwa ichi musi wa9 Mbudzi:
"The Conseil d'Etat inotaura kuti kana chokwadi chakapomedzerwa chikabuda kubva muhurukuro yakajairika uye isina munhu, semuenzaniso pablog kana pasocial network, nepo chinangwa chekuchengetedza hutano, chinobva mundima yegumi neimwe yePreamble kuBumbiro reMitemo ra1946, inogona. kururamisa ganhuriro parusununguko rwokutaura kuenzanisa kunofanira kuitwa pakati peidzi kodzero dziri mubumbiro remitemo, kuitira kuti pasazokanganisa rusununguko rwegakava resayenzi nebasa ravadziri vemiridzo kupfurikidza nokuparira zvinetso kunzira dzazvino dzokurapa.”
Pakupedzisira, French Council of State yakayambira kubvisa chibvumirano kubva mubhiri. Asi hurumende yeFrance haina kuita hanya nazvo.
Masangano anopesana nechitendero anopiwa zvigunwe
Mutemo wekunyorwa, uyo unoratidzika semugumisiro wekukumbirwa kwakakosha kwemasangano eFrance anorwisa machechi ari eFECRIS (European Federation of the Centers of Research and Information on Sects and Cults), haana kuvasiya vasina muripo. Nechinyorwa 3 chemutemo, masangano anopesana nechitendero anotenderwa kuve vamhan'ari vari pamutemo (mapato ehurumende) uye kuunza zviito zvehurumende mumatambudziko anosanganisira "kutsauka kwechitendero", kunyangwe ivo vasina kukuvadzwa. Vanongoda "chibvumirano" kubva kuMinistry of Justice.
Chaizvoizvo, ongororo yekukanganisa yakanamatira kubhiri, inodoma masangano anofanirwa kugamuchira chibvumirano ichi. Vese vanozivikanwa kuti vanopihwa mari chete neFrance State (izvo zvinovaita "Gongos", izwi rakagadzirwa kunyomba masangano asiri ehurumende ayo ari "masangano ehurumende-asiri ehurumende), uye kunangana nevezvitendero zvidiki. . Nechinyorwa ichocho, pasina mubvunzo kuti vachazadza matare edzimhosva nokunyunyuta kusingatarisirwi kweutsotsi pamusoro pemasangano avanorambidza, muchiitiko ichi vezvitendero zvidiki. Ikoko, chokwadika, kuchakanganisa kodzero yekutongwa kwakarurama kwevezvitendero zviduku muFrance.
Zvinonakidzawo kuziva kuti akati wandei emasangano aya ndeeFECRIS, Federation iyo The European Times akafumura seari kukonzeresa manyepo eRussia achipikisa Ukraine, achipomera "machechi" kuti ari seri kwehutongi hwe "Nazi cannibalism" hwaMutungamiri Zelensky. Unogona kuona FECRIS kufukidzwa pano.
Ko mutemo wekutsauka kwechitendero uchapasiswa here?
Nehurombo, France ine nhoroondo refu yekukanganisa rusununguko rwechitendero kana kutenda. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo raro richida kuremekedzwa kwezvitendero zvose uye kuremekedza rusununguko rwehana nechitendero, inyika inorambidzwa zviratidzo zvechitendero muchikoro, umo magweta anorambidzwawo kupfeka chero zviratidzo zvechitendero pakupinda mumatare, umo mapoka maduku ezvitendero akasarurwa. se“machechi” kwemakumi emakore, zvichingodaro.
Saka hazvigoneke kuti vamiriri veParamende veFrance, avo vasingawanzofarira mibvunzo yerusununguko rwechitendero kana kutenda, vanzwisise njodzi iyo mutemo wakadaro ungamiririre vatendi, uye kunyangwe kune vasingatendi. Asi ndiani anoziva? Zvishamiso zvinoitika, kunyange munyika yeVoltaire. Tinovimba.
