NaDr. Masood Ahmadi Afzadi,
Dr. Razie Moafi
NHANGANYAYA
Munyika yemazuva ano, mamiriro ezvinhu ane chokuita nekuwedzera nokukurumidza kwechiverengero chezvitendero anoonekwa sechinetso chikuru. Idi iri, mukuwirirana nekakavadzano inoshamisa kunze kuri pachena pamusoro pechimiro chokutenda, inoderedza kunzwisiswa kwemudzi wezvitendero zvorudzidziso. Kutonga uku kunotonyandura mune vamwe vanhu pfungwa yokuti rudzi rumwe norumwe, rwakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvarwo, runoumba chitendero, uye Mwari weichi chitendero, chingava fungidziro kana kuti chokwadi, ndechenhema uye hachisi chokwadi.
Mhinduro yedambudziko iri encoded mune monotheism. Uyu murangariro unopupurira kuti marudzidziso ose anobva kumanyuko mamwe, sezvinoratidzirwa muchinzwano cheruramisiro. Nokuda kweizvi, vose, kubva pakuona kwehukama hwepedyo, ndevamwe, asi mukuratidzwa kwavo kwekunze, vanosiyana. Nokudaro, monotheists uye vanofunga-vazivi, kusanganisira Schuon, vakagadzira misoro inotevera yekukurukurirana: "Kutsvaga nzira dzekuona maitiro ekuwedzera nhamba yezvitendero", "Kubatana kwechitendero" uye "Mutemo weIslam".
Basa rechinyorwa ichi nderekuongorora, kuongorora uye kutsanangura pfungwa dzevanonamata Mwari mumwe chete uye vanofunga-vazivi kubva pamaonero eSchuon uye hwaro husinganzwisisike hwe "Monotheism uye Theology", pamwe nekuita ongororo yekufananidza pakati pemaonero aSchuon uye hutsva hwaHuntington. dzidziso "Clash of Civilizations".
Maonero maviri ari pasi pechinyorwa chino ane humbowo uye ane humbowo husingarambiki hwekudzama kwemazano avo, anobva kumidzi yezvakavanzika zvechitendero, kuratidzwa kwemagariro netsika, nekuremekedza maonero evazhinji vanopikisa uye vanopikisa zvinzvimbo zvinomiririrwa.
- SEMANTICS YECHITENDERO
Izwi rokuti "chitendero" rinobva pashoko rechiLatini rokuti "religo" uye rinoreva kubatana patsika, kukunda kupatsanurana, kutenda kwakanaka, tsika dzakanaka uye tsika.
Zvakafanana nerevo yeiyi pfungwa, inotorwa setsananguro yetsika yechitendero, izwi rine midzi yechiGiriki "religale", zvinoreva.
"zvakabatana zvakasimba." Shoko iri rine zvarinoreva rinoreva kubatanidzwa kwomunhu pakunamata nguva dzose.
Revo inowanzogamuchirwa yeshoko rokuti “rudzidziso” i“batanidzo yomunhu oga yomumwe munhu ane mufungo wakavakwa wezvokwadi yakakwana.” (Hosseini Shahroudi 135:2004)
MuFarsi, zvinoreva uye kukosha kweshoko rekuti "religo" zvinoreva "kuzvininipisa, kuteerera, kutevera, kutevedzera, kusiya basa uye kutsiva".
Mumazera ose, vafungi venyika dzokuMadokero vakatsanangura “religo” seshoko rinoreva “kupa rukudzo kuna Mwari” uye mazuva ano tsanangudzo iyi iri kubvunzwa. Mukududzira kwaro kwekutanga muchimiro che“chitendero” chave nepesvedzero yakasimba kune avo vanonzwisisa zvarinoreva. (Javadi Amoli 93:1994)
KuJavadi Amoli, chirevo cheshoko rekuti "chinamato" i "muunganidzwa wemaonero, tsika, mitemo nemitemo, mirau inoshanda kutonga nekudzidzisa nzanga dzevanhu." (Javadi Amoli 93:1994)
Vateveri vetsika dzemadzitateguru vanoshandisa izwi rekuti "chinamato", rinoenderana nezvarinoreva ku "humbowo hwechokwadi hwepesvedzero yedzidzo pamafambiro nemaitiro emunhu kana boka revanhu". Havarambi, asi havagamuchiri iyi rondedzero seyakarurama, vachiti: “Kana iyi rondedzero yakarurama, ipapo communism nerusununguko zvinogona kunzi 'chitendero.' Iro izwi rakagadzirwa nepfungwa inonzwisisika uye ruzivo rwemunhu, asi kuti rinzwisiswe nemazvo kubva pakuona semantic, vafungi vemadzitateguru vanotungamira ratidziro maererano nezvirimo semantic, iyo inofanirwa kuwedzerwa chirevo chehuMwari hwayo. mavambo. (Malekian, Mostafa “Rationality and Spirituality”, Tehran, Contemporary Publications 52:2006)
Nasr anoti: “Chitendero chitendero icho hurongwa hwese hwemunhu hunoiswa muhumwe naMwari, uye panguva imwe chete hunozviratidza munhevedzano yenzanga” – “MuIslam – Omat” kana kuti vagari vomuParadhiso. . (Nasr 164:2001)
2. BASIC CONSTITUENT COMPONENTS PAKUBATANA KWEZVITENDE
2. 1. MUPARIDZO YEDZIDZO YEKUBATANA KWEZVITENDE
Vateveri vetsika dzemadzibaba vanogamuchira maonero aSchuon mukati
"Dzidziso yeKubatana kweZvitendero" yezvakawanda uye zviri pamutemo.
Dr. Nasr anopwiswa kuti vatsigiri vari pamusoro apa havafaniri kukakavadzana pamusoro pokuti ndechipi chitendero “chiri nani” nemhaka yokuti zvitendero zvose zvikuru zvinodavira Mwari mumwe zvine mavambo akafanana. Kubva pakuona kwekushandisa uye kuita mune dzimwe nguva dzenhoroondo, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pekuvapo kwemikana yekutevedzera pamweya kunoshanda. (Nasr 120: 2003) Anosimbisa kuti chitendero chega chega Chiratidzo chaMwari, asi panguva imwe chete - "chakakosha", uye naizvozvo, munyori anotsanangura, chokwadi chakakwana uye nzira dzekusvika pazviri mumatumbo. chitendero pachacho. Mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomudzimu zvavanhu, rinosimbisa zvinhu zvikuru zvezvokwadi. (Nasr 14:2003)
Kubva pamaonero aSchuon, kuwanda kwezvitendero zvakawanda, kusanganisira kubatana neWokumusoro-soro, kunogona kugamuchirwa sehwaro hwakakosha uye nzira yekufunga. Zvinoenderana nevazhinji vemutemo wechiIslam, zvitendero zvakasiyana zvinosiyaniswa nekusiyana mukunamata uye minamato, asi misiyano iyi haina basa rakakosha muchinhu chakazara chekubatana. Zvitendero nevateveri vazvo vari mukutsvaga neruzivo rwechokwadi chekupedzisira. Vanodaidza maitiro nemazita akasiyana, asi kutaura zvazviri chinangwa chechitendero chega chega ndechekutungamira munhu kuchokwadi chisingaperi, chisingaparare uye chisingaperi. Munhu mukuonekwa kwake kwepanyika haasi wekusingaperi, asi wenguva pfupi.
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), Frittjof Schuon - kuenderera mberi uye muteveri wedzidziso yake, uye vadzidzi vake vakabatana kumativi edzidziso yokuti pahwaro hwezvitendero zvose pane "Divine Unity". (Sadeghi, Hadi, "Introduction to the New Theology", Tehran, Publications "Taha" 2003, 77: 1998)
Kuwanda kwezvitendero kunoratidzirwa somuuyo wokusiyana kwemirangariro uye kushanda kwawo kunoshanda.
Mukuwirirana neLegenhausen, chinoitika chorudzidziso “chakavanzika” chiri munheyo huru yamarudzidziso ose. (Legenhausen 8:2005)
William Chittick ane imwe dudziro yemaonero aSchuon. Anotenda kuti kubatana kwezvitendero kunobva mukuremekedzwa kwekunzwa kwechakarurama, chisungo chetsika uye utsvene hunoratidzwa muIslam, yakakweretwa kubva kuSufism. (Chitiki 70:2003)
Vateveri vetsika dzamadzibaba vanotaura chokwadi chokuti Mwari mumwe anobatanidza zvitendero zvose. Vanodavira kuti marudzidziso ose ane mavambo oumwari uye vatumwa vanobva kumusoro, vanooneka somukova unoenda kuna Mwari, uyo kupfurikidza nawo unoshanduka kuva nzira inoenda kuna Mwari. Naizvozvo, iwo ose mutemo woumwari unoratidzwa, une kupenya kunotungamirira kuzvokwadi yakakwana.
Vateveri vetsika dzamadzibaba vanonyanya kukoshesa zvitendero zvisingabvi mumutsara waAbrahama. Vanoongorora musimboti wemabviro eTaoism, Confucianism, Hinduism uye chitendero cheredskins. (Avoni 6:2003)
Vatsigiri vevateveri vetsika dzemadzitateguru echikoro che "Chikonzero Chisingagumi" havarevi kune zvimwe zvechitendero chakati, asi vanokwevera zvese pahupfumi hwenhaka yeIslam, kupfuura kudzika kwayo kwechimiro, uye nezvechiHindu nevapfumi. nhaka yemetaphysics yezvitendero zvekuMadokero nezvimwe zvinotendwa. ( Nasr 39:2007 ) Vatsigiri vepfungwa yeKubatana kwaMwari vanotenda kuti chinangwa chezvitendero zvese chakafanana. Vane meseji imwe chete asi vanoitsanangura zvakasiyana. Vanogutsikana nehupupuriro hwokuti zvitendero zvose zvinobva kune imwe nzvimbo - separera, iro musimboti wayo nheyo, uye kunze kwayo kune maitiro akasiyana. Ndiko kuratidzwa kwekunze kwezvitendero, zvine hunyoro hwakajeka uye maitiro ega ega anotema mutsauko wazvo. (Nasr, Genesi 559).
Maererano nemaonero aSchuon, pamusoro pepiramidhi yakarongeka inomiririra pfungwa yemamiriro ezvinhu, akabatanidzwa pamwe chete kuburikidza nekubatana kwemavambo eumwari. Sezvo munhu achifamba kubva pakakwirira, chinhambwe chinooneka, chichiwedzera mukuenzana, chichiratidza misiyano. Zvitendero, kubva pakuona kwechinhu chinoera chazvo uye zviri mukati, zvinoonekwa sechokwadi chepakutanga uye chega, asi kuburikidza nekuratidzwa kwekunze, hapana chimwe chazvo chine simba rakakwana.
Kunoonekwa kuburikidza nemeso evateveri vetsika dzemadzitateguru, chero chitendero chechitendero chimwe chiri pasi rose uye chinofanira kutorwa sechakadaro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chitendero chimwe nechimwe chakadaro chine zvachinosiyana nacho, chisingafaniri kuva chinoganhurira kodzero yokuvapo kwezvimwe zvitendero.
2. 2. RUMWE RUMWE CHEZVITENDERO KUBVA MAONERO ESCHWON.
Kubva pakuona kwevatevedzeri vetsika dzemadzitateguru, zvitendero zvose pakutanga zvinotakura kubatana kwemukati kwakavanzika. Schuon akatanga kududza kubatana kwoUmwari kwezvitendero. Imwe dudziro yepfungwa dzaSchuon inosimbisa chitendero chake chokuti zvitendero hazvina chokwadi chinopfuura chimwe. Mamiriro ezvinhu enhoroondo nemagariro chete anoita kuti chitendero netsika zvitore zvimiro zvakasiyana uye dudziro. Kuwanda kwavo kunokonzerwa nemaitiro ezvakaitika kare, kwete kune zvinyorwa zvavo. Zvitendero zvose mukuona kwaMwari zvinomiririra kuratidzwa kwechokwadi chakakwana. Schuon inoreva maonero ehumwe humwari hwezvitendero, vachitsanangura hunhu hwavo sechikamu chechitendero chimwe, tsika imwe chete, iyo isina kuwana huchenjeri kubva mukuwanda kwavo. Achipesvedzerwa nechiSufi nechiIslam chakavanzika, murangariro wake wokubatana kwoumwari wakasimbisa kuvapo kwoukama pakati pamarudzidziso. Maonero aya haarambi mukana wekuongorora pamusoro pemisiyano pakati pezvitendero, zvinotokurudzirwa kutaura pamubvunzo wekwakabva Zvakazarurwa zvine chokwadi chakakwana. Chokwadi chakaumbwa nehumambo chinoshanda sekutanga kwekuratidzwa kwehurongwa hwebudiriro hwakabatana nezvitendero. Kubva pane izvi, Schuon akaita nharo: chitendero hachina chokwadi chinopfuura chimwe chete uye musimboti. (Chidzidzo 22:1976)
Exoterism uye Esotericism senzira dzezvitendero, kusanganisira mutemo wechiIslam uye dzidziso ("exo" - nzira yekunze; "eso" - nzira yemukati), inomiririra maonero ekubatana kwezvitendero zvinoreva kuna Mwari mumwe chete. Nzira mbiri idzi, dzine mabasa anopindirana, dzinofanirawo kuonekwa sedzakasiyana kubva kune imwe neimwe. Maererano naSchuon, nzira yekunze inoumba tsika, uye nzira yemukati inogadzirisa zvarinoreva uye zvarinoreva, richiratidza zvarinoreva. Chinobatanidza zvitendero zvose “Kubatana kwoumwari”, uko kuratidzirwa kwokunze kusina kururama kwezvokwadi, asi zvokwadi pachayo pahwaro hwayo kuratidzirwa kwokubatana. Huchokwadi hwezvitendero zvese pahwaro hwahwo hune kubatana nehumwe, uye ichi ndicho chokwadi chisingarambiki… Kufanana kwechitendero chimwe nechimwe nechokwadi chepasi rose kunogona kumiririrwa sechimiro chejometri chine musungo wakafanana - poindi, denderedzwa, muchinjikwa kana a square. Musiyano unobva mukusiyana pakati pavo zvichienderana nenzvimbo, hushamwari hwenguva pfupi, uye chitarisiko. (Chidzidzo 61:1987)
Schuon anogashira sechitendero chechokwadi icho chine hunhu hwedzidzo uye chirevo chakajeka. Izvo zvinodiwawo kuve nekukosha kwemweya, ine meseji isina huzivi asi humwari mavambo, chibayiro uye chikomborero. Anoziva uye anobvuma kuti chitendero chega chega chinounza Zvakazarurwa uye ruzivo rusingaperi rweKuda kwaMwari. ( Schuon 20:1976 ) Schuon anonyatso tsanangura zvakavanzika zvechiIslam nokutaura nezvekubatana kuri pakati penyika ‘dzokutya’, ‘rudo’ uye ‘uchenjeri’ huri muchiJudha nechiKristu. Anoisa munzvimbo yehukuru hwakakwana zvitendero zvitatu zvikuru - chiJudha, chiKristu uye Islam, izvo zvinobva kudzinza raAbrahama. Kutaura kwechitendero chimwe nechimwe kuti chakakwirira kune chimwe chinhu nemhaka yokusiyana kwazviri. Ichokwadi, muchiedza chemetaphysical, inotungamirira kune kujekesa kwakasiyana nekunze kwezvinhu zvinoumba zvitendero. Hunhu hwavo hwemukati chete hunotungamirira kumutongo uri pachena wekubatana naMwari. (Chidzidzo 25:1976)
3. HWARO HWE“DZIDZISO YEKUSAFI” KUBVA M MAONERO ESCHWON.
"Theology of Immortality" idzidziso yeanthropological yakabatanidzwa neakajairika echinyakare maonero e avant-garde vanofunga - vazivi, vakadai saRené Genome, Coomaraswamy, Schuon, Burkhart, etc. "Theology of Immortality" kana "Kusingaperi Chikonzero" sezvirevo zvechitendero zvichireva kuchokwadi chekutanga ndidzo hwaro hwetsika dzedzidziso dzezvitendero zvese kubva kuBuddhism kuenda kuKabbalah, kuburikidza nemaitiro echinyakare metaphysics echiKristu kana chiIslam. Izvi zvinomiririra, zvine zvazvinoreva, zvinomiririra nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yehupenyu hwevanhu.
Maonero aya anopupurira kubatana pahwaro hwezvitendero zvese, zvine tsika, nzvimbo uye madaro enguva isingachinji kuenderana kwehuchenjeri. Chitendero chimwe nechimwe chinoona chokwadi chisingaperi nenzira yacho. Pasinei nokusiyana kwavo, marudzidziso anosvika pakunzwisisa kwakabatana chimiro cheChokwadi Chisingagumi kupfurikidza nokuchinzvera. Vateveri vegamuchidzanwa vanotaura murangariro wakabatana pamubvunzo wokuratidzirwa kwokunze nomukati kwezvitendero, zvakavakirwa pauchenjeri hwokusafa, vachiziva zvokwadi yenhau.
Nasr, mumwe wevatsvakurudzi vakatanhamara, aidavira kuti “Theology of Immortality” yaigona kuva kiyi yokunzwisisa kwakakwana kwezvitendero, tichirangarira misiyano pakati pawo. Kuwanda kwezvitendero kunobva pane zvisinganzwisisiki uye kusiyana kwekuratidzwa kweSaramende. (Nasr 106:2003)
Nasr anoona zvakakosha kuti chero muongorori anobvuma uye achitevera "dzidziso yekusafa" anofanira kunge akazvipira zvizere uye akazvipira pfungwa nemweya kuSakaramende. Ichi ndicho chivimbiso chakazara chekunzwisisa kwechokwadi kupinda. Mukuita, izvi hazvigamuchirwi nevatsvakurudzi vose kunze kwevaKristu vanozvipira, maBhudha, uye maMuslim. Munyika yekufungidzira, kusava nechokwadi zvachose hakugoneki. (Nasr 122:2003)
Mune maonero aSchuon nevateveri vake, "pfungwa yekusafa" inoradzikwa pasi rose, ichiratidza kuratidzwa kwayo kukuru muIslam. Chinangwa chepasi rose ndechekubatanidza tsika netsika dzezvitendero zvese. Kubva pamavambo chaipo, Schuon aiona chiIslam senzira chete yekuguma, kureva “Dzidziso yeKusafa”, “Chikonzero Chisingagumi” kana kuti.
“Kusafa Kwechitendero.” Muzvidzidzo zvake anoisa “Chitendero Chisingafi” pamusoro pemitemo inoyera, isingarambidzwi nezvirongwa.
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Schuon akatamira kuAmerica. Mudzidziso yake yeuniversalism, pfungwa itsva pamusoro pemitambo, iyo inonzi "Cult" muChirungu, inobudawo. Iri izwi rinosiyana nerevo yeizwi rekuti “Sekete”. “Sekete” rinoreva boka duku rinotaura chitendero chakasiyana nechakakurumbira, chine pfungwa dzakati nemiitiro. Akazviparadzanisa nevateveri vechitendero chikuru. Vamiriri ve“chitendero” iboka duku ravateveri vamarudzidziso asina kupararira ane mifungo yokunyanyisa. (Oxford, 2010)
Kududzira hwaro hwe "Theology of Immortality of Religions", tinogona kusiyanisa zvinhu zvitatu:
a. Zvitendero zvose zvinodavira Mwari mumwe zvakavakirwa pakubatana kwaMwari;
b. Kuratidzwa kwekunze uye hunhu hwemukati hwezvitendero;
c. Kuratidzwa kwekubatana neuchenjeri muzvitendero zvese. (Legenhausen 242:2003)
4. RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE UYE ZVINOONEKWA ZVAKAWANDA CHEZVITENDERO
Dzidziso yaSchuon, nechimiro chayo chokushivirira pamusoro pemisiyano yokutenda, haimanikidziri kutaura kwayo nenharo pavatendi vakazvipira mudzidziso dzechitendero chavo vamene. ( Schuon, 1981, peji 8 ) Vateveri vedzidziso yake vanoona kusatora rutivi somutoo wokushivirira uye, vachiva vakasarura uye vasingakendengi, vanogamuchira misiyano mukutenda yedzimwe nzanga. Hunhu hwe
dzidziso yacho yakafanana zvikuru nezviratidzo zveSufism. Zvakadaro, misiyano muchimiro chekunze chemutemo wechiIslam neSufism uripo. Naizvozvo, Schuon nevatsigiri vedzidziso yake vanoomerera kurondedzero yokuvapo kwemisiyano pakati pechitendero nokutenda. Chinhu chakakosha mumisiyano inomuka kubva kune chimiro chekuratidzwa, maererano nekunze uye mukati kuratidzwa. Vese vakatendeka vanozivisa kutenda kwavo, kuburikidza nezvinhu zvekunze, izvo zvisingafanire kutungamira mukududzirwa kwezvitarisiko, asi zvinofanirwa kuve zvine hukama nehwaro hwezvinotendwa zvevasinganzwisisike muchitendero. Kuratidzwa kwekunze kwe "Mutemo wechiIslam" muunganidzwa wepfungwa, huchenjeri uye zviito zvekurumbidza Mwari, zvinokanganisa maonero enyika nemagariro enzanga, uye kuratidzwa kusinganzwisisike kunotakura humbowo hwechokwadi hwechitendero. Magadzirirwo aya ane chekuita nekuratidzwa kwekunze nemukati pasina mubvunzo anotungamira kune mhedziso dzekupokana pakati pezvitendwa nezvitendero, asi kuti tisvike papfungwa yekubatana pakati pezvitendero zvinofanirwa kunangidzira ngwariro kune yakakosha yedzidziso huru.
Martin Lings anonyora kuti: “Vatendi vezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana vakaita sevanhu vari mujinga megomo. Nokukwira, vanosvika pamusoro.” (“Khojat”, bhuku #7 p. 42-43, 2002) Avo vakasvika kumusoro vasina kufamba kwairi ndivo vazivikanwi—vachenjeri vakamira pahwaro hwezvitendero izvo kubatana kwakatowanwa nokuda kwacho, muuyo wokubatana naMwari. .
Kuna Schuon, kuiswa kweimwe maonero anoganhurira pakutenda kune ngozi (Schoon p. 4, 1984), kune rumwe rutivi, kuvimba nechokwadi chechitendero chipi nechipi haisi nzira inoenda kuruponeso. ( Schuon p. 121, 1987 ) Anodavira kuti kunongova nenzira imwe bedzi yoruponeso nokuda kworudzi rwomunhu; kuratidzwa kwezvakazarurwa zvakawanda netsika ichokwadi. Kuda kwaMwari ndihwo hwaro hwekusiyana-siyana kunotungamirira kukubatana kwavo kukuru. Kuratidzwa kwekunze kwezvitendero kunogadzira kusawirirana, uye zvinotendwa zvemukati zvedzidziso - zvinobatanidza. Chinangwa cheSchuon's kufunga ndiko kukura kwekunze uye mukati mekuratidzira kwechitendero. Manyuko orudzidziso rwechokwadi, kuno rumwe rutivi, kuratidzirwa kwoUmwari, uye kuno rumwe rutivi, nzwisiso mumunhu, iyo iriwo musimboti wokuvapo kwose.
Achidudzira zvakataurwa naSchuon, Nasr anogovera nezve kushushikana kwemukati kwaSchuon maererano nepamusoro pezvinhu zviri mudzidziso yake, uye neimwe nzira kushaya kujeka kwemweya. Iyewo ane pfungwa yokuti kuratidzwa kwekunze kwezvitendero kunotakura pfungwa yekubatana kweVamwari, iyo, maererano nezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinotarisirwa, zvakatipoteredza uye nheyo dzevateveri vavo, zvinogadzira chokwadi chega. Hwaro hweruzivo rwese, tsika, tsika, hunyanzvi uye kugara kwechitendero kuratidzwa kwakafanana mumatanho ese ehurongwa hwemunhu ari pakati pemunhu. Schuon anotenda kuti mune dombo rakavanzika muchitendero chega chega. Sekureva kwake, chiIslam chiri kupararira pasirese nekuda kwekukosha kwacho kunobva kune risingaperi sosi. Ane chokwadi chekuti mutemo wechiIslam, kubva pakuona kwehunhu uye kukosha kwawo, unomiririra kukosha kukuru, uko, kunoratidzwa munharaunda yemunhuwo zvake mukuzara kwemanzwiro uye mamwe manzwiro, anotaridzika ane hukama. ( Schoon 26:1976 ) Mwari anosika uye anoratidzira mativi okudenga naZvakazarurwa kupfurikidza namarudzidziso akasiana-siana. Mugamuchidzanwa rega rega Anoratidza mativi Ake kuratidza kukosha Kwake kukuru. Naizvozvo, kuwanda kwezvitendero mugumisiro wakananga wekupfuma kusingagumi kwekuvapo kwaMwari.
Chiremba Nasr mumabasa ake esainzi anoti: “Mutemo wechiIslam muenzaniso wekuwana kuwirirana nekubatana muhupenyu hwevanhu. (Nasr 131: 2003) Kurarama zvinoenderana nemitemo yemutemo wechiIslam, uchitevedzera zvekunze uye zvemukati misimboti, izvi zvinoreva zviripo uye kuziva chokwadi chetsika yehupenyu. (Nasr 155:2004)
5. KURUDZERA CHIKORO CHOKUBATANA PAKATI PAZVITENDERO
Vateveri vetsika dzamadzibaba vanochengeta tsananguro yokuvapo kwokubatana kwomukati kwakavanzwa pakutanga pakati pezvitendero. Maererano navo, kuwanda kuri muchikamu chinooneka kuratidzwa kwenyika uye chitarisiko chokunze chechitendero. Kubuda kwechokwadi chakazara ndihwo hwaro hwekubatana. Chokwadika, ikoku hakurevi kufuratira uye kurerutsa mavara omunhu oga nemisiyano pakati pezvitendero. Zvinogona kunzi: “Kubatana kwoumwari ikoko—hwaro hwezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana—hahugoni kuva chimwe chinhu kunze kwechinhu chaichoicho—chinosiyana uye chisingachinjiki. Misiyano chaiyo yorudzidziso rumwe norumwe inofanirawo kucherechedzwa, iyo isingafaniri kurerutswa kana kuti kurerutswa.” (Nasr 23:2007)
Pamubvunzo wekubatana pakati pezvitendero, Schuon anogovera kuti huchenjeri hwepakutanga hunounza hutsvene, kwete kunyengera: kutanga - "Hapana kodzero iri pamusoro pechokwadi chaMwari" (Schuon 8: 1991); chechipiri, kusiyana kwetsika kunokonzera kusava nechokwadi muvatendi vanozununguka pamusoro pehuchokwadi hwehuchenjeri husingagumi. Chokwadi chehumwari - sechikuru uye chisingachinjiki - ndiyo chete mukana unokonzera kutya uye kutenda muna Mwari.
6. MAONERO MAKURU EVASIDZI WEDZIDZISO YEKUROVERA KWEZVINHU.
6. 1. PRESENTATION OF THE Clash of Civilizations Theory Samuel Huntington - muongorori weAmerica uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, musiki we "Clash of Civilizations" pfungwa (purofesa paHarvard University uye mutungamiriri weSangano reStrategic Studies muAmerica) muna 1992 akapa. dzidziso ye "Clash of Civilizations". Pfungwa yake yakakurumbira mumagazini "Foreign Policy". Kuita uye kufarira kune maonero ake zvakasanganiswa. Vamwe vanoratidza fariro huru, vamwe vanoshora zvikuru murangariro wake, uye vamwezve vanoshamiswa chaizvoizvo. Gare gare, dzidziso iyi yakagadziridzwa mubhuku rine simba pasi pezita rimwechete "Kurwisana Kwemagariro uye Shanduko yeNyika Order." (Abed Al Jabri, Muhammad, Nhoroondo yeIslam, Tehran, Institute of Islamic Thought 2018, 71: 2006)
Huntington anovandudza thesis pamusoro pekugona kuenderana kwebudiriro yeIslam neConfucianism, zvichikonzera kunetsana nebudiriro yekuMadokero. Anoona zana ramakore rechi21 sezana ramakore rekupesana pakati pebudiriro yekuMadokero neIslam neConfucianism, achiyambira vatungamiriri venyika dzeEurope neAmerica kuti vagadzirire kurwisana kunobvira. Anopa zano pamusoro pekudikanwa kwekudzivirira kuswederana kwebudiriro yeIslam neConfucianism.
Pfungwa yedzidziso inotungamira kune kurudziro kune vezvematongerwo enyika veWestern civilization kuchengetedza uye kuvimbisa basa ravo guru. Dzidziso yaHuntington sechirongwa chitsva chinotsanangura hukama hwenyika mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union munguva yebipolar West, East, North neSouth inopa dzidziso yenyika nhatu dzekukurukurirana. Inopararira zvisingatarisirwi nokukurumidza, yakakwaziswa nengwariro huru, dzidziso yacho inotaura kuoneka kwayo kwakakodzera panguva mumamiriro ezvinhu apo nyika iri kusangana nokushaikwa kweparadigm yakakodzera. (Toffler 9:2007)
Huntington anoti: “Nyika dzokuMadokero munguva yeHondo Yemashoko dzakaona chikomonizimu somuvengi anopandukira, chichichidana kuti 'chikomonisiti chinopandukira.' Nhasi, vaMuslim vanoona nyika dzokuMadokero semuvengi wavo, vachidzidana kuti “Madokero anopandukira.” Mukureva kwayo, Dzidziso yeHuntington idonhwe remakakatanwa uye nhaurirano dzakakosha maererano nekudzikisirwa kwecommunism mumatunhu ezvematongerwo enyika ekuMadokero, pamwe chete nemadingindira anotsanangura kudzoreredzwa kwekutenda muIslam, kufanoronga shanduko. Muchidimbu: dzidziso iyi inopa pfungwa yekugona kwehondo nyowani inotonhora, semhedzisiro yekunetsana pakati pebudiriro mbiri idzi. (Afsa 68:2000)
Hwaro hwedzidziso yaHuntington hunobva pakuti nekupera kwehondo yechando - nguva yekunetsana kwepfungwa kunopera nekutanga nguva itsva, hurukuro huru iri musoro wekunetsana pakati pebudiriro. Kubva pamatanho etsika, anotsanangura kuvepo kwevanomwe budiriro: Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Indian, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin America neAfrica. Anotenda mune pfungwa yekushandura zvitupa zvenyika, achitarisa mukana wekufunga patsva hukama hwehurumende nekusimbisa pakuwedzera zvitendero netsika dzetsika. Kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinofanosarudzira shanduko ichabatsira mukupunzika kwemiganhu yezvematongerwo enyika, uye nerumwe rutivi, nzvimbo dzakakomba dzekudyidzana pakati pebudiriro dzichaumbwa. Mhedzisiro yedenda iri rinoratidzika kunge riri pakati pebudiriro yekuMadokero, kune rumwe rutivi, neConfucianism neIslam, kune rimwe divi. (Shojoysand, 2001)
6. 2. KUKANGANANA KUKATI PAKURURAMA ZVICHIITA MAONERO AHUNTINGTON.
Mumabasa ake, Huntington anopa kukosha kune akati wandei nyika budiriro uye anonongedza nekududzira mhirizhonga inogona kuitika pakati pemarudzi maviri makuru ebudiriro - yeIslam neWestern. Kunze kwekupokana kwataurwa, anotarisisa kune imwe, achiidaidza kuti "kupokana kwekudyidzana." Kuti azvidzivise, munyori anovimba nepfungwa yekubatana kwematunhu pahwaro hwehumwe hunhu nezvitendero. Muongorori anotenda kuti kubatana kwenheyo iyi kwakasimba uye mamwe magariro anozoziva maitiro akakosha. (Huntington 249:1999)
Huntington aidavira kuti budiriro yokuMadokero yakanga ichirasikirwa nokupenya kwayo. Mubhuku rinonzi "Kupesana kwehupfumi uye kushandurwa kwehurongwa hwepasi rose" anopa muchimiro chemufananidzo kunyura kwezuva kweWestern Christian civilization kubva pakuona kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye mamiriro emweya evanhu. Anotenda kuti mauto ezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi uye ehondo, achienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika, ari kuderera, zvichiita kuti kuomerwe kwemhando yakasiyana - kuderera kwehupfumi hwehupfumi, kusashanda kwevanhu, kushayikwa kwemabasa, kushomeka kwebhajeti, kuderera kwetsika, kuderedzwa kwekuchengetedza. Somugumisiro weizvi, munyika dzakawanda dzekuMadokero, pakati peAmerica, kune kuparara kwevanhu, munzanga iyo mhosva inoratidzwa zvakajeka, ichikonzera matambudziko makuru. Kuenzana kwebudiriro kuri kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma, uye mumakore anotevera simba reMadokero richadzikira. Kwemakore 400 mukurumbira wekumadokero hauna kupokana, asi nekuderera kwesimba rawo, nguva yaro inogona kuve mamwe makore zana. (Huntington 184:2003)
Huntington anotenda kuti budiriro yechiIslam mumakore zana apfuura yakasimukira, nekuda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kusimukira kwehupfumi hwenyika dzechiIslam, pesvedzero yezvematongerwo enyika, kubuda kweIslamic fundamentalism, shanduko yeIslam, chiitiko chenyika dzeMiddle East…, zvichiunza njodzi. kune dzimwe budiriro, zvichipa fungidziro pamusoro pebudiriro yekuMadokero zvakare. Somugumisiro, budiriro yokuMadokero yakarasikirwa zvishoma nezvishoma kutonga kwayo, uye chiIslam chakawana pesvedzero huru. Kugoverazve pesvedzero kunofanirwa kunzwisiswa nenyika yechitatu se: kusimuka kubva kuhurongwa hwepasirese nekurasikirwa kwehupfumi kunoguma kana kutevera maitiro ekuMadokero ekupesvedzera kwakavepo kwemazana emakore. Kuti kuenzanisa kuitike munyika yebudiriro yebudiriro, zvinodiwa kuti budiriro yekuMadokero ifunge zvakare uye ichinje maitiro ezviito zvayo, izvo nenzira yechishuwo chekuchengetedza basa rayo rinotungamira - zvinotungamira mukudeuka kweropa. (Huntington 251:2003)
Maererano naHuntington, budiriro yenyika yakafamba munzira iri mupesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika youbati ushe, somuuyo wazvo, mumakore okupedzisira ezana ramakore idzva, kurwisana kunopfuurira uye kukakavadzana zvakaonekwa. Musiyano uri pakati pebudiriro unotungamirira kuchinjo mukuziva, uko kunozowedzera pesvedzero yezvinodavirwa zvorudzidziso, kuva nzira yokuzadza chishava chiripo. Zvikonzero zvekumuka kwebudiriro hunhu hwekuMadokero, humbowo hwekusiyana kwehupfumi uye kuzivikanwa kwetsika dzevanhu. Hukama hwakadamburwa pakati pebudiriro nhasi hwatsiviwa nemiganhu yezvematongerwo enyika neyepfungwa yenguva yeCold War. Hukama uhwu chinhu chinodiwa pakukura kwematambudziko nekudeuka kweropa.
Huntington, achipa fungidziro yake maererano nekunetsana nebudiriro yeIslam, anotenda kuti nguva iripo inguva yekuchinja kwebudiriro. Achiratidza kuparara kweWest neOrthodoxy, kusimukira kwechiIslam, East Asia, African and Indian civilizations, anopa chikonzero chekutora mhedziso pamusoro pekuitika kwekukonana kunobvira pakati pebudiriro. Munyori anotenda kuti kunetsana kwepasi rose kuri kuitika nekuda kwekusiyana kwerudzi rwevanhu. Anotenda kuti hukama huri pakati pemapoka akasiyana-siyana emagariro haana ushamwari uye kunyange utsinye, uye hapana tariro yekuchinja. Munyori ane imwe pfungwa pamubvunzo wehukama pakati peIslam neWestern Christianity, iyo, nekudyidzana kwavo kwakasiyana, kwakavakirwa pakuramba misiyano, inotungamirira mukugumburwa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukakavara uye kukakavara. Huntington anotenda kuti kurwisana mune ramangwana kuchava pakati pekumadokero neConfucianism yakabatana neIslam sechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru uye zvakakosha zvinoumba nyika itsva. (Mansoor, 45:2001)
7. KUFUNGA
Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora dzidziso yekubatana kwezvitendero, maererano nemaonero aSchuon, uye dzidziso yaHuntington yekukonana kwemagariro. Zvinotevera zvinowanikwa zvinogona kuitwa: Schuon anotenda kuti zvitendero zvese zvinobva kune imwechete sosi, separera, iyo musimboti ndiyo hwaro uye kunze kwehumwe hunhu hwakasiyana. Ndiko kuratidzwa kwekunze kwezvitendero, zvine hunyoro hwakajeka uye maitiro emunhu, anoratidza kusiyana kwavo. Vateveri vedzidziso yaSchuon vanotaura chokwadi chokuti kuna Mwari mumwe chete anobatanidza zvitendero zvose. Mumwe wavo muzivi-muongorori Dr. Nasr. Anofunga kuti nhaka yesainzi yebudiriro yeIslam, ine ruzivo kubva kune dzimwe magariro zvakare, vachitsvaga genesis yavo seyo huru yemukati sosi. Nheyo dzenheyo dzebudiriro yeIslam ndeyepasirese uye nekusingaperi, kwete yeimwe nguva. Vanogona kuwanikwa munharaunda yenhoroondo yeMuslim, sainzi netsika, uye mumaonero evazivi veIslam nevanofunga. Uye, zvichibva pamusimboti wepasi rose wakadzikwa mavari, vanova tsika. (Arami 166:2008)
Zvinoenderana nemaonero aSchuon nevechinyakare, budiriro yeIslam inogona kusvika pakakwirira chete kana ichinge yaratidza chokwadi cheIslam munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu hwevanhu. Kuti budiriro yeIslam ibudirire, zvinodikanwa kuti mamiriro maviri aitike:
1. Ita ongororo yakakosha yekuvandudza nekugadzirisa;
2. Kuunza rumutsiriro rwechiIslam muchikamu chekufunga (kumutsidzira tsika). (Nd. 275:2006)
Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti pasina kuita zvimwe zviito, kukundikana kunowanikwa; zvakakosha kushandura nzanga pahwaro hwetsika dzekare netarisiro yekuchengetedza basa rinopindirana retsika. (Legenhausen 263:2003)
Dzidziso yaSchuon mune dzakawanda zviitiko zveyambiro, inonyevera nyika dzekuMadokero nezvematambudziko asingadzivisiki uye makakatanwa achatevera. Maonero aya anoperekedzwawo nekusaziva kwakawanda. Chinangwa chezvitendero zvose ndechekuita nharo kuburikidza nekuratidza chokwadi chenyika yose pasinei nemisiyano yakawanda iripo. Ndicho chikonzero nei dzidziso yeSchuon inoperekedzwa nekusava nechokwadi. Kukosha kwechitendero kubva pakuona kwevateveri vegamuchidzanwa ndiyo nheyo, hwaro hwekunamata nebasa. Mamiriro ezvinhu uye musimboti wezvitendero zvechitendero chimwe chete, pamwe chete nevateveri vemagamuchidzanwa, zvinogona kuva hwaro hwekukunda pfungwa dzekunyanyisa. Chokwadi chinoratidza kusabvuma kusiyana kwedzidziso dzinopikisa, pamwe nekusayananisa chokwadi chezvitendero. (Mohammadi 336:1995)
Vateveri vemagamuchidzanwa vanogamuchira fungidziro yokutanga pahwaro hwavanosikira dzidziso yokubatana kwoUmwari. Kufungidzira kunobatanidza ruzivo rwekuratidzwa kwekubatana kweVamwari, kunongedzera nzira yekubatana kuburikidza nechokwadi chepasi rose.
Pfungwa dzese dzinofanirwa kutariswa nekuda kwechokwadi chirimo. Kugamuchirwa kwepfungwa yekuwanda kwezvitendero ndeyemazuva ano uye inopesana nefungidziro iri pamusoro. Pfungwa yekuwanda haienderane, iri chipingamupinyi kudzidziso yeIslam, nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana inoshandira vanhu vese. Chero bedzi ichi chiri chikonzero chekusiyana pakati pezvitendero (Islam nedzimwe tsika), zvinozokonzera kusagadzikana kwetsika. ( Legenhausen 246:2003 ) Kusajeka kweiyi fungidziro kunobva mukuratidzirwa kwokunze nomukati kwezvitendero. Chitendero chimwe nechimwe muhutano hwacho chinomiririra yose - "isina kupatsanurwa", iyo nhengo dzayo dzisingaparadzaniswi kubva kune imwe neimwe, uye kuratidzwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvingave zvisina kururama. Sekureva kwaSchuon, kupatsanurwa kwekuratidzwa kwekunze uye kwemukati kwakatemwa nekuvandudzwa kweIslam. Kukurumbira kwayo uye pesvedzero inokonzerwa nekukosha kukuru kwemutemo wechiIslam, nepo fungidziro yacho yese ichiunza zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba. Kune rumwe rutivi, kufanana kwezvitendero neIslam, kubva pakuona kwehupenyu hwavo, hazvireve kuti kuguma kweIslam. Ngatitaurei nezvevakuru vanofunga - theorists yechikoro chetsika, zvakadai saGuénon naSchuon, vakasiya zvitendero zvavo, vachigamuchira Islam uye kunyange - vakashandura mazita avo.
Mudzidziso yekukonana kwebudiriro, Huntington anonyora nharo dzakati wandei dzeuchapupu. Ane chokwadi chekuvapo kwekusiyana pakati pebudiriro, kwete chete sechikamu chaicho, asiwo sehwaro hwese, kusanganisira nhoroondo, mutauro, tsika, tsika uye kunyanya chitendero. Ose anosiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe nekuda kwekugamuchira kwakasiyana uye ruzivo rwekuva, pamwe nehukama pakati paMwari nemunhu, munhu neboka, mugari wenyika, vabereki nevana, murume nemukadzi… Misiyano iyi ine midzi yakadzama. uye dzakakosha kupfuura mirairo yepfungwa neyezvematongerwo enyika.
Chokwadika, misiyano pakati pebudiriro inokonzerwa nehondo uye kukakavadzana kwakakasharara kwenguva refu, uko kwakazova misiyano iri pachena iripo, kunoparira pfungwa yokuti kune kurwisana. Nekune rimwe divi, nyika ine chimbi-chimbi inoshanduka uye kusimudzira hukama hwepasirese ndicho chikonzero chekusvinurira kwebudiriro uye chiziviso chekuvapo kwekusiyana pakati pebudiriro. Kuwedzera hukama pakati pebudiriro kunokonzera kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvakadai sekubva kune dzimwe nyika, hukama hwehupfumi uye kudyara kwezvinhu. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti dzidziso yaHuntington inoreva kudyidzana pakati petsika nemagariro chiitiko kwete maonero asinganzwisisike.
Mutoo wekutsvakurudza unoreva maonero aSchuon, achisimbisa zvakakomba kubatana kwoUmwari kwezvitendero zvinoumbwa pahwaro hwezvazvo zvomukati. Kusvika parizvino, thesis yakataurwa haisati yawana kuzivikanwa pasi rose nekuda kwemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika nemauto munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, zvichiita kuti zvisaite kuita munguva pfupi.
Munyika yemazano, kuzivikanwa kwechitendero kwaSchuon uye maonero anotungamira kune thesis yekubatana kweVamwari, nepo munyika yekuita munhu anoona kusanzwisisika uye kusagoneka kwekuziva dzidziso yake. Muzvokwadi, anopenda mufananidzo wemafungiro akafanana pakati pevanhu. Huntington mune dzidziso yake, yakavakirwa pane zvehupfumi, zvemagariro uye zvetsika zviitiko, inopa maonero echokwadi echokwadi mumunda wenyaya dzebudiriro. Hwaro hwekutonga kwake hunoumbwa nemaitiro ezvakaitika kare uye kuongorora kwevanhu. Maonero echitendero aSchuon akazova pfungwa huru yekubatana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Dzidziso yaHuntington, yakavakirwa pane zveupfumi, magariro netsika, inoonekwa seyakakosha uye yakakosha, ichipa chimwe chezvikonzero zvakawanda zvekukonana chaiko kwebudiriro.
Nhungamiro yemazuva ano, pamwe chete nekuchinja kwehupfumi nemagariro evanhu, inogadzira mamiriro ekuparadzaniswa kwezviziviso zviripo uye kuchinja munzvimbo yavo. Munyika dzekuMadokero, hukama hwehukama huri kuwanikwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, Madokero ari pakakwirira kwesimba rayo, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kune kuderera kwepesvedzero inokonzerwa nekurwisana nehegemony yayo, netsika dzakasiyana kubva kuMadokero zvishoma nezvishoma kudzokera kune avo vamene.
Ichi chiitiko chinonakidza chiri kuwedzera simba rayo, kusangana nekupikisa kwakasimba kwekumadokero kune mamwe masimba asiri ekumadokero, anoramba achikura nechiremera chavo uye chivimbo.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzamisa misiyano yetsika zvichienzaniswa nehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika. Ichi chinhu chinodiwa pakugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara uye nekuyananisa budiriro.
Mumusangano wevanhu, nyaya huru ine chekuita nechido chekuzivikanwa inoratidzwa. Aya haasi mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuenzanisirwa nyore nyore nekuda kwekusiyana kwezviitiko zvenyika. Zvakanyanya kuoma kuva hafu-muKristu kana hafu-muMuslim, nekuda kwekuti chitendero isimba rine simba kupfuura kuzivikanwa kwenyika, kusiyanisa munhu mumwe nemumwe.
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Mufananidzo: Fig. Girafu yakachinjika-yakatwasuka inomiririra chimiro chezvitendero, maererano nemisimboti miviri (cf. Zulkarnaen. Chinhu cheFritjohf Schuon's Kufunga NezveNzvimbo Yezvitendero. - Mu: IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR- JHSS) Bhuku 22, Nyaya 6, Ndima 6 (June. 2017), e-ISSN: 2279-0837, DOI: 10.9790/0837-2206068792, p. 90 (pp. 87-92).
Notes:
Vanyori: Dr. Masood Ahmadi Afzadi, Ass.Prof. Kuenzanisa Zvitendero uye Mysticism, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]; &Dr. Razie Moafi, mubatsiri weSainzi. Islamic Azad University, Tehran East Bazi. Tehran. Iran
Kudhindwa kwokutanga muchiBulgarian: Ahmadi Afzadi, Masood; Moafi, Razie. Chitendero Munyika Yanhasi – Kunzwisisana Kana Kusawirirana – Mu: Vezni, chinyorwa 9, Sofia, 2023, mapeji 99-113 {yakaturikirwa kubva kuPersian kuenda kuchiBulgarian naDr. Hajar Fiuzi; mupepeti wesainzi wechiBulgarian edition: Prof. Dr. Alexandra Kumanova}.
