Bophelo le Lithethefatsi, Karolo ea 1, Kakaretso

lithethefatsi // "Ho molemo ebile ho molemo ho sebetsana le bothata ka nako ho feta ho batla pheko ka mor'a hore tšenyo e etsoe" e hlalosa polelo ea Selatine ea bohareng ba Lekholo la bo13 la lilemo. Ho ea ka Lekhotla la European Union (Tlhahlobo ea Phato 2022):

Lithethefatsi le histori

Hoa makatsa hore ebe histori ea lithethefatsi e amahanngoa le ho ba teng ha bophelo Lefatšeng, e ileng ea hlaha lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 3.5 tse fetileng, pele e le metsing 'me e ntan'o ba holim'a metsi. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le nts'etsopele ea bophelo, ho hlaha bothata ba mantlha: mokhoa oa ho phela le ho ba karolo ea ketane ea lijo ha o ntse o netefatsa ho pholoha ha mefuta.

Ka hona lintho tse phelang li thehile mekhoa ea ho itšireletsa: the molao-motheo tse kang manala, manaka, mokokotlo, joalo-joalo le tse bitsoang inducible tse qalong ea ho qaptjoa ha lintho tse chefo ka mokhoa oa metabolite ea bobeli e sa hlokahaleng bakeng sa bophelo ba 'mele empa e hlokahala bakeng sa ho phela khahlanong le libatana. Mme motho ke se seng sa dibatana tsena tse tshabehang! Kahoo ho na le kamano e haufi pakeng tsa ho phela le chefo e teng kapa lithethefatsi.

Qalong ea mehla eo, bophelo bo botle ba batho bo ne bo le lefatšeng la meea, mekhoa ea boselamose le litumelo. Mekhoa ea phekolo ea setso e khutletse mehleng ea pele ho histori le meetlo ea phekolo e se e kenyelelitse tšebeliso ea limela tsa psychoactive. Ho Europe, e ne e le Greece ea Boholo-holo, lekholong la bo5 la lilemo BC, moo Hippocrates a ileng a rala metheo ea phekolo e utloahalang le melao ea boitšoaro ea bongaka. Kano ea hae e ile ea nkoa lefatšeng ka bophara ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bongaka, o entsoeng ka 1947, joale ho Phatlalatso ea Geneva ea 1948 (e ntlafalitsoeng ka 2020) hape le ke litsebi tsa meriana / apothecaries le lingaka tsa meno.

Phapano e tlameha ho etsoa lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi le meriana. Phapang e kholo e mabapi le sepheo sa tšebeliso kapa tšebeliso:

-Moriana o na le tekanyo, morero oa phekolo, ketso e nepahetseng le e pheta-phetang. Empa meriana hase kamehla e se nang chefo. Paracelsus (1493-1541) ngaka ea Switzerland, rafilosofi le setsebi sa thuto ea bolumeli o bile a re:

-A lithethefatsi ke ntho efe kapa efe, ea tlhaho kapa ea maiketsetso, e nang le phello e fetolang boemo ba kelello, ts'ebetso ea kelello le boitšoaro, tse ka bakang bokhoba. Meriana e meng e ka lumellana le tlhaloso ena empa moriana o sebelisoa ntle le lengolo la ngaka 'me tšebeliso ea oona ha e na sepheo sa ho phekola. E ka 'na ea e-ba ho ba le maikutlo a macha kapa a monate, ho baleha ntho ea sebele, matšoenyeho, mathata a kamano, mahlomola a nakong e fetileng, ka ho lumellana kapa borabele, ho sebetsa hantle kapa ho mamella khatello. Empa, ho sa tsotellehe hore na mabaka le mekhoa ke efe, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha e na kotsi ka liphello tse sa laoleheng ...

Lithethefatsi le Botho

Nalane ea lithethefatsi e boetse e kopana le nalane ea batho joalo ka:

a) ho Hemp (cannabis) e neng e tsejoa Asia ho tloha Neolithic, hoo e ka bang 9000 BC. Lipeo li ne li sebelisoa Egepeta bakeng sa thepa ea tsona e thibelang ho ruruha, le Chaena bakeng sa leruo la tsona la limatlafatsi 'me ka 2737 BC hemp e kenyelelitsoe Tumellano ea litlama tsa bongaka ea moemphera Shen Nong; li-hemp canes li hlaha Europe tse tsoang kantle ho naha ke Baroma le ka litlhaselo tse fapaneng tse tsoang Asia. E ne e boetse e le “setlama se halalelang” sa meetlo ea bo-shaman le karolo ea mekhoa ea bongaka ea baitlami ba lekholong la bo12 la lilemo.

b) tse Makhasi a Coca, ho tsoa semeleng Erythroxylum coca, li ile tsa sebelisoa ho tloha lilemo tse 3000 BC lithabeng tsa Andes. Bakeng sa Mainca, semela sena se ne se bōpiloe ke Molimo oa Letsatsi ho tima lenyora, ho khaola tlala le ho etsa hore u lebale mokhathala. E ne e boetse e sebelisoa meketeng ea bolumeli joaloka Peru le Bolivia. Bophirima ba ile ba sibolla tšebeliso ea coca le thepa lekholong la bo16 la lilemo le "bahapi" ba Spain ba Pizarro (1531), baromuoa le bajaki. Joale makhasi a coca a ne a sebelisetsoa ho etsa makhoba le ho romela Maindia ho ea sebetsa merafong ea silevera, khauta, koporo le thini. Ka 1860, setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Lejeremane Albert Niemann o ile a arola ntho e sebetsang e thethefatsang mahlakung a coca. Ka 1863, setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Corsican, Angelo Mariani, se ile sa hlahisa veine e tummeng ea French tonic "Vin Mariani" e entsoeng ka veine ea Bordeaux le makhasi a coca. Ho sa le joalo, ka 1886, John Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), rakhemisi oa Atlanta (USA), o ile a lemala ntoeng ’me a sebelisa. k'hok'heine, e susumelitsoeng ke veine ea Mariani e hlahisitse seno se hlasimollang se entsoeng ka coca, makotomane a kola le soda. Joale mohoebi Asa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) o ile a reka foromo 'me ka 1892 a theha The Coca-Cola Company. Ka 1902 caffeine e ile ea nkela k'hok'heine sebakeng sa Coca-cola. 

 Cocaine ke ntho e susumetsang e matla ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ka mor'a hore "phahameng" e fokotsehe (15-30 min), motho a ka 'na a ikutloa a tšoenyehile, a tepeletse maikutlo, a e-na le tlhokahalo e matla ea ho sebelisa cocaine hape. Cocaine ke e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse thata ka ho fetisisa ho ikhula.

E ne e le lilemong tsa bo-1960, tse neng li tumme ka ’mino le mecha ea litaba, moo lithethefatsi li ileng tsa fetoha matšoao a borabele ba bacha, merusu ea sechaba ’me ea qala ho hlasela likarolo tsohle tsa sechaba. Ka litsela tse ngata, ena e ne e le lilemo tse leshome tsa meriana tsa lekholo lena la lilemo tse nang le lintho tse ngata tse ncha-le lithethefatsi tse fumanehang.

Lithethefatsi li arotsoe ka lihlopha

Haeba re iphumanela lefatše la lithethefatsi, re ka li arola ho latela litlamorao tsa tsona, joalo ka:                                                                

• Li-dissociatives: Nitrous oxide (N2O, khase e tšehang) e sebelisoa e le moriana o thethefatsang bohloko le ho kokobetsa bohloko ha ho buuoa le ho phekola meno. 'Me hona joale e sebelisoa bakeng sa li-siphons tse shapuoang. E ananeloa haholo ke bacha nakong ea mekete bakeng sa phello ea euphoric empa e ka baka mathata a tebileng a methapo ea mali, ea mali le ea pelo. E senya vithamine B12. E boetse e kenyelletsa Ketamine, PCP (lerōle la lengeloi), GBL (sedative) le GHB (solvent), joalo-joalo.
• Delusional le entactogenic (takatso ea ho ikopanya, kutloelo-bohloko): Scopolamine, Atropine, joalo-joalo.
• Li-depressants: joala, barbiturates (Amytal, Pentobarbital), opium, codeine,…
• Li-cannabinoids (Kannete, hashish): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, joalo-joalo.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol, ...
• Lithethefatsi tsa kelello: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), joalo-joalo.
• Lintho tse susumetsang tlhaho: cocaine, caffeine, theophylline, cocoa theobromine, joalo-joalo;
• Lintho tse susumetsang: amphetamines, crystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), joalo-joalo.
• Li-stimulants tsa meriana: Adrafinil, Modafinil, Bupropion, joalo-joalo.
• Li-Psychedelic stimulants (hallucinogens): LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Psilocybin, Bufotenin (alkaloid e hlahisoang ke letlalo la sekhoqana se rometsoeng ke batho ba sa tloaelehang) le Ibogaine (ho tsoa semela sa Central African Iboga) ka bobeli li tsoa lelapeng la tryptamine e tsoang ho neurotransmitter serotonin. .

Hape ho lokela ho boleloa The New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) e etsisang lintho tsa setso tsa psychoactive -cannabis, cathinone (ho tloha makhasi a khat), opium, cocaine, LSD kapa MDMA (amphetamine). Empa, li matla haholoanyane ebile li lemalla haholoanyane. Lithethefatsi tsa maiketsetso tse fetang 900 li se li khethiloe Europe, li sa laolehe, ebile ha li molaong empa li rekisoa Marang-rang, 'me li arotsoe ka lihlopha. (ho feta ka Litlhaloso tsa lithethefatsi tsa EMCD).

Mehlala ea NPS:

1) Synthetic cannabinoids, li fumanoa ho: Spice, Yucatan, joalo-joalo joalo ka JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, joalo-joalo, ho ba le kamano bakeng sa li-receptor tsa CB1.

2) Li-synthetic derivatives tsa cathinone (alkaloid e ntšitsoeng lekhasing la khat, sympathicomimetic): 3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) le 4-MMC (Mephedrone) e bakang euphoria, blue-knee syndrome, kotsi ea lefu la pelo, joalo-joalo.

• MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), ho tloha ho "bath-salts".
• Ho feta tekano ho lebisa ho hyperthermia, lefu la pelo, arrhythmia, likarolo tsa psychosis le boitšoaro bo mabifi.

3) Sehlahisoa sa maiketsetso sa psychoactive opioid: fentanyl, e matla ho feta morphine ka makhetlo a 100 ebile e lemalla ho feta, e nang le litlamorao tse sa lebelloang. E nkoa e le lithethefatsi tse bolaeang ka ho fetisisa ka ho feta tekano.

4) Krokodil, sethethefatsi sa Serussia "se jang nama". E ipapisitse le desomorphine e entsoeng Jeremane ka 1922 ho tsoa ho morphine/codeine, sedative se matla le analgesic e seng e lahliloe. Li-solvents, peterole, HCl, joalo-joalo li kenngoa ho hlahisa moriana o nang le necrosis e ke keng ea qojoa.

2022 tlaleho ea Europe ka lithethefatsi

The European Drug Report 2022 ea EMCDDA (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction), e hlokometse hore Europe e ne e e-na le batho ba limilione tse 83.4 ba lilemo li 15-64 ba sebelisang lithethefatsi, 29% ea baahi. Sena se emetse:

• limilione tse 22.2 bakeng sa cannabis, lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa (7% ea batho ba Europe), bao limilione tse 16 ba neng ba le lilemo li 15 ho isa ho tse 34;
• limilione tse 3.5 bakeng sa cocaine, ho kopanyelletsa le limilione tse 2.2 tsa lilemo tse 15-34;
• Ecstasy kapa MDMA e ama batho ba limilione tse 2.6;
• 2 milione bakeng sa amphetamines, boholo ba lilemo tse 15-34;
• 1 milione bakeng sa heroine le li-opioid tse ling, 'me ba 514,000 ba fumana liphekolo tse ling.

Litsubi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa cannabis ke bacha ba Czech Republic ba nang le 23% ea lilemo tse 15-34, e lateloe ke Fora (22%) le Italy (21%). Netherlands le Belgium tse nang le lithane tse 110 tsa koae tse hapiloeng boema-kepeng ba Antwerp ka 2021, hajoale ke litsi tsa lithethefatsi Europe.

EMCDDA e tlaleha hore linaheng tse 25 tsa Europe, batho ba 80,000 ba phekoloa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea cannabis, e emelang 45% ea bohle ba kenang kalafo ea lithethefatsi ka 2020.

Keketseho ea ho fumaneha ha mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea litlhare tse seng molaong ho kenyeletsoa le NPS e lebisitse lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ngata tse thatafatsang setšoantšo sa bongaka. Palo ea batho ba bolailoeng ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e seng molaong ho EU ho hakanngoa hore ka 2019 bonyane ba 5,150 le 5,800 ho kenyeletsa Norway le Turkey. Sehlopha sa lilemo se amehileng haholo ke 35-39 ka palo ea batho ba shoang habeli ka kakaretso.

* Naheng ea Washington (USA), phuputso ea 2021 e bonts'a hore batho ba shoang ka ho ipolaea ba eketsehile ka 17.9% har'a bana ba lilemo li 15-24 kamora ho ngolisoa ka molao ha cannabis.

Ho sireletsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le boitšoaro ba batho le ho latela Litumellano tsa 1925 le 1931, Litumellano tse tharo tsa machaba tsa Taolo ea Lithethefatsi tsa Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Lithethefatsi le Botlokotsebe (UNODC) li ile tsa tekenoa. Tsena ke Litumellano tsa 1961, 1971 le 1988 khahlano le sephethephethe se seng molaong sa lithethefatsi tsa narcotic le lintho tsa psychotropic.

Bana, lithethefatsi le tlolo ea molao

Ka 1989, Tumellano ea Litokelo Tsa Ngoana le eona e ile ea amoheloa. Temana ea eona ea 33, e atisang ho lebaloa ke mebuso, e bolela hore:

Europe, linaha tse 'maloa li hanetse tšebeliso ea cannabis ka molao. Sena ke 'nete haholo-holo ho Spain, Portugal, Italy le Netherlands, moo bareki ba sa tlamehang ho lefisoa kapa ho koalloa chankaneng haeba e le tšebeliso ea botho.

Ke Malta feela e ngolisitseng ka molao tšebeliso ea boithabiso ea cannabis ho latela molao o fetisitsoeng ka December 2021 o sa lumelleng tšebeliso feela empa hape le ho lema.

Jeremane, Letona la Bophelo bo Botle le rerile ho latela mokhoa ona le ho ngolisa ka molao tšebeliso ea boithabiso ea li-cannabis ka 2024. Sepheo sa hae ka ho etsa hore matekoane a be molaong ke ho netefatsa tšireletso e ntlafetseng bakeng sa bana le bacha le ho fana ka tšireletso e ntlafetseng ea bophelo bo botle!

Fora e nka hore liphetho tsa tlolo ea molao / molao ha li e-so tiise le hore ho ngolisoa ka molao ha cannabis ho lebisitse ho fokotseng sehlahisoa, ntle le ho fokotsa ho rekisoa ha lithethefatsi, le ntle le ho thibela barekisi ho tsoela pele ho rekisa lihlahisoa tse ling tse seng molaong.

Naheng ea Czech Republic, Tlaleho ea 2022 mabapi le Lithethefatsi Tse seng molaong e boletse seo

Naheng ea Hungary cannabis ha e molaong empa e" bongata ba motho" (1 gram) e lumelloa.

Lintlha tse ka holimo li lokafatsa Maano a latellanang a Lithethefatsi a EU joalo ka 2021-2025 ea Lekhotla la European Union le reriloeng. "ho sireletsa le ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba sechaba le ba motho ka mong, ho sireletsa le ho khothalletsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, ho fana ka boemo bo phahameng ba tšireletso le boiketlo ba sechaba ka kakaretso le ho eketsa tsebo ea bophelo bo botle" le ntlheng ea eona ea 5: Thibela tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho hlokomelisa ka liphello tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi.

Lithethefatsi, batho ba tummeng le thuto

Ho tloha ka 1960-70ies, ho qala ka Beat Generation, 'me joale ka batho ba tummeng (ba bangata ba ileng ba tobana le qetello e bohloko e neng e sa lebelloa), bacha ba nang le khaello ea lintlha tsa' nete le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le taba ea lithethefatsi, ba ile ba fetoha lipheo tse bonolo le tse tlokotsing. Hona joale, bacha ba pepesehetse lithethefatsi pejana ho feta leha e le neng pele ka lebaka la ho fumaneha habonolo ha lithethefatsi, liphatlalatso tse mabifi mecheng ea litaba le Inthaneteng, le ka lebaka la mekhoa e mecha e sa khaotseng 'marakeng oa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong tsa digital.

Ho hlakile ha ho buisanoa le bacha esita le le batsoali hore ba labalabela ho tseba haholoanyane ka liphello tse kotsi tsa sethethefatsi sena hore ba tsebe ho ba le lintlha tsa ho etsa qeto e nepahetseng le hore batsoali ba buisane le bana ba bona ka katleho. Kahoo, ho tobana le bothata ba lithethefatsi, lentsoe le ka sehloohong ke Thuto! Ka 'nete:

Thuto ke phumano e tsoelang pele ea ho hloka tsebo ha rona o ile a ngola rafilosofi Will Durant (1885-1981). Ena ke thibelo e ntle ka ho fetisisa le ketso ea mantlha ea ho hanyetsa khatello le boipiletso ba indasteri ea lithethefatsi.

Ntho e le 'ngoe e senyang ka ho fetisisa e teng moetlong oa rona oa hona joale ke lithethefatsi ho boletse setsebi sa botho L. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). Europe, matekoane (matekoane) a na le joala lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang haholo ke 15,5% ea lilemo tse 15-34. 'Me cannabis e bonahala e le monyako oa lefats'e le senyang la lithethefatsi.

Ke ka lebaka lena liketso tsa Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe le lekholo la eona la mekhatlo ea Say No To Drugs le lihlopha tsa baithaopi ho pholletsa le Europe, ba tseba hore selemo le selemo lithethefatsi li senya bophelo ba likete le tšepo, li kenya letsoho ka mafolofolo 'Nete ka Lithethefatsi letšolo la ho ruta bacha le sechaba ka kakaretso ka lintlha tsa 'nete mabapi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Tse ling ho:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

Tsebisoa ka lithethefatsi ka: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

Fumana haufinyane The European Times, karolo e latelang ea sehlooho sena: Bophelo le Lithethefatsi: (2) Cannabis.