Pefo linaheng tsa Sahel e ka amahanngoa le ho nka karolo ha masole a hlometseng a Tuareg, a loanelang naha e ikemetseng.
ka Teodor Detchev
Tšimoloho ea potoloho e ncha ea pefo linaheng tsa Sahel e ka amahanngoa le Moruo oa Maarabo. Khokahano ha e hlile ha e tšoantšetse 'me ha e amane le "mohlala o khothatsang" oa motho. Khokahano e tobileng e amana le ho kenya letsoho ha masole a hlometseng a Tuareg, ao ka lilemo tse mashome a 'nileng a loanela ho theha naha e ikemetseng - haholo-holo karolong e ka leboea ea Mali. [1]
Nakong ea ntoa ea lehae Libya, nakong ea bophelo ba Muammar Gaddafi, masole a Tuareg a ile a ema le eena, empa ka mor'a lefu la hae, a khutlela Mali ka libetsa tsohle tse boima le tse bobebe. Ponahalo ea tšohanyetso ea matla haholo ho feta pele ho li-paramilitaries tsa Tuareg, tse hlileng li hlometseng ka meno, ke litaba tse mpe ho ba boholong Mali, empa le linaheng tse ling sebakeng seo. Lebaka ke hore phetoho e etsahetse har'a Matuareg 'me tse ling tsa lihlopha tsa bona tse hlometseng li "iphetotse" ho tloha ho bahlabani bakeng sa boipuso ho ea ho lihlopha tsa masole a Uzhkim Islamist. [2]
Ketsahalo ena, eo ho eona lihlopha tsa ethnocentric tse nang le histori e telele, ka tšohanyetso li amohelang mapetjo le mekhoa ea "jihadi", mongoli oa mela ena o bitsa "mekhatlo e habeli". Liketsahalo tse joalo hase tse ikhethang tsa Bophirimela Africa feela, ke “Lebotho la Molimo la Khanyetso” Uganda, hammoho le lihlopha tse fapa-fapaneng tse hlometseng tsa Mamosleme lihlekehlekeng tse ka boroa ka ho fetisisa tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke sa Philippines. [2], [3]
Lintho tsa Afrika Bophirima li ile tsa kopana ka tsela eo ka mor'a 2012-2013, sebaka seo e ileng ea e-ba lebala la ntoa moo "li-franchise" tsa marang-rang a likhukhuni a lefats'e, ao ka tekanyo e kholo kapa e nyenyane e ka bitsoang "likhukhuni" tse sa lumellaneng, ka lebaka la ho khetheha ha tsona. sebopeho, melao le boetapele, e leng ho hana mekhatlo ea khale. [1], [2]
Naheng ea Mali, Matuareg, Mamosleme a sa tsoa qaptjoa, a loantšana le al-Qaeda empa ka selekane le lihlopha tsa Salafist tseo e neng e se tsa 'Muso oa Boislamo kapa al-Qaeda, li lekile ho theha naha e ikemetseng karolong e ka leboea ea Mali. [2] E le ho arabela, balaoli ba Mali ba ile ba qala ts'ebetso ea sesole khahlanong le Tuareg le jihadists, e neng e tšehetsoa ke Fora ka taelo ea Lekhotla la Tšireletso la Machaba a Kopaneng - tlas'a se bitsoang UN Stabilization Mission Mali - Minusma.
Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso Serval le Barhan e qala ka mor'a e 'ngoe, Operation Serval ke ts'ebetso ea sesole sa Fora naheng ea Mali e entsoeng ho latela Qeto ea Lekhotla la Tšireletso 2085 ea la 20 Tšitoe 2012. Qeto e ile ea vouta ka kopo ea balaoli ba Mali, ho se motho, ho kenyeletsoa le Russia. , ho hanyetsa, ho sa bue letho ka veto ea Lekhotla la Tšireletso. Sepheo sa ts'ebetso e nang le taelo ea Machaba a Kopaneng ke ho hlōla mabotho a jihadists le "mekhatlo ea Tuareg e nang le karolo e ka tlaase" karolong e ka leboea ea Mali, e qalang ho ea karolong e bohareng ea naha. .
Nakong ea ts'ebetso, baetapele ba bararo ho ba bahlano ba Mamosleme ba ile ba bolaoa - Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, Abdel Krim le Omar Ould Hamaha. Mokhtar Belmokhtar o ile a balehela Libya mme Iyad ag Ghali a balehela Algeria. Operation Serval (e reheletsoeng ka katse e hlaha ea Afrika e ratehang) e felile ka la 15 Phupu 2014 ho hlahlangoa ke Operation Barhan, e qalileng ka la 1 Phato 2014.
Operation Barhan e etsahala sebakeng sa linaha tse hlano tsa Sahel - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania le Niger. Masole a Mafora a 4,500 a ntse a kenya letsoho, 'me linaha tse hlano tsa Sahel (G5 - Sahel) li koetlisa masole a ka bang 5,000 ho kenela ts'ebetso ea ho loantša bokhukhuni.
Boiteko ba ho arola karolo e ka leboea ea Mali hore e be naha ea Tuareg-Islamist e ile ea hlōleha. Operations "Serval" le "Barkhan" ba finyella lipakane tsa bona hang-hang. Litakatso tsa Maislamo le "mekhatlo e habeli" li felile. Ntho e mpe ke hore sena ha se felise pefo, ka hona, le bora bo Sahel. Le hoja ba hlōtsoe 'me ba qobelloa ho nahana pele-pele ka mokhoa oa ho ipata ho mabotho a Fora le linaha tsa G5-Sahel, li-radicals tsa Mamosleme li fetohela ntoeng ea likhukhuni, ka linako tse ling li fetoha bosholu bo bonolo.
Le hoja ka mor'a ts'ebetso ea Serwal le Barkhan, li-radicals tsa Mamosleme ha li sa khona ho finyella katleho leha e le efe ea leano, bonyane qalong, palo ea litlhaselo khahlanong le baahi ha e fokotsehe, empa libakeng tse ling e ntse e eketseha. Sena se baka tikoloho e tšosang haholo le e sa pheleng hantle, e nkeloang monyetla ke banna ba sesole ba ratang maemo ba sa lumeleng hore sesole ke sa matlong a sesole.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lebotho la Afrika ke lifti ea sechaba. E etsa hore motho a khone ho finyella mofuta o itseng oa molao-motheo oa bohlokoa. Kafa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mokgwa wa go menola puso mo sesoleng mo Afrika o aname thata jaana mo e leng gore ba ba neng ba batla go nna balaodi ba masole ga ba o tseye e le tlolomolao.
Joalo ka ha data ea STATISTA e bontša, lipakeng tsa Pherekhong 1950 le Phupu 2023 ho bile le liteko tse ka bang 220 tse atlehileng le tse hlōlehileng Afrika, tse nkang hoo e ka bang halofo ea (liphesente tse 44 tsa liteko tsohle tsa bofetoheli lefatšeng. ho phethola 'muso ho fetisisa ho tloha ka 1950 ka kakaretso ea 17. Ka mor'a Sudan, Burundi (11), Ghana le Sierra Leone (10) ke linaha tse nang le boiteko bo bongata ka ho fetisisa ba ho ketola puso ho tloha bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
Boemong ba kajeno ba Sahel, kamora tsoelo-pele ea pele ea Mamoseleme a feteletseng le "mekhatlo e habeli" ka leboea ho Mali le tlhaselo e ts'oanang ea mabotho a hlometseng a linaha tsa G5 Sahel le Fora, taba e kholo ke ts'ireletso ea batho. Baahi ba bang ba linaha tse fapaneng tikolohong eo ba na le maikutlo a tšoanang, a ka akaretsoang polelong ea moahi oa Burkina Faso: "Motšehare re thothomela esere sesole se tsoang sesoleng se tloaelehileng se tla, 'me bosiu re thothomela esere Mamosleme tloo.”
Hantle-ntle boemo bona bo fana ka sebete ho lihlopha tse itseng har'a sesole ho fihlela matla. Sena se lokafatsoa ke khopolo-taba ea hore mmuso oa hajoale ha o sebetsane le tšabo e behiloeng ke radicals ea Mamoseleme. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore nako e khethiloe ka nepo - ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-jihadists li hlōtsoe 'me bokhoni ba bona ba ho hapa libaka ka ho sa feleng ha bo kholo hakaalo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litlhaselo tsa li-radicals tsa Mamosleme li lula li le kotsi haholo ebile li bolaea baahi ba bangata. Ka hona, sesole linaheng tse ling se nka monyetla ka mosebetsi o entsoeng ke mabotho a Machaba a Kopaneng le a G5 Sahel khahlanong le batho ba bakang likhathatso ’me ka nako e tšoanang (ka boikaketsi ka ho feletseng) ba hlahisa taba ea hore libaka tsa bona ha lia tsitsa ’me “bokhoni” ba bona bo hloka ho kenella.
Motho a ka ’na a pheha khang ea hore ka nako e ’ngoe Burkina Faso, moo ho lumeloang hore ba boholong ba na le taolo e sireletsehileng ea karolo ea 60 lekholong feela ea sebaka sa naha eo ho tloha mathoasong a 2022, e ipakile e le mokhelo. [40] Sena ke 'nete, empa ka likarolo feela. Ho lokela ho hlaka hore li-radicals tsa Mamosleme ha li sebelise taolo holim'a karolo e setseng ea 40 lekholong ea sebaka seo ka kutloisiso ea hore lentsoe "taolo" le ka sebelisoa tlas'a Naha ea Boislamo Syria le Iraq kapa ho leka ho arola karolo e ka leboea ea baahi ba Tuareg. fokotsa lebelo. Ha ho na tsamaiso ea lehae mona e kentsoeng ke Maislamo, 'me ha ho na taolo ea de facto bonyane holim'a lipuisano tsa mantlha. Ke feela hore marabele a ka etsa litlolo tsa molao ntle le kotlo, ke ka lebaka leo bahlahlobisisi ba 'muso ka nako eo ('me mohlomong le oa hona joale) ba lumelang hore karolo ena ea sebaka sa naha ha e tlas'a taolo ea ba boholong. [9], [17], [40]
Leha ho le joalo, taba e bohloko ka ho fetesisa ea litlhaselo tse sa khaotseng tsa bo-ralipolotiki ba Mamoseleme e fane ka tokafatso ea boitšoaro (bonyane mahlong a bona) bakeng sa sesole linaheng tse ling tsa Sahel ho nka matla ka likhoka, ho lokafatsa liketso tsa bona ka ho ameha ka polokeho ea sechaba. batho. Phetoho ea ho qetela e joalo e etsahetse sebakeng sena e bile phetohelo ea puso ea Niger, moo General Abdurahman Tiani a ileng a nka matla ka la 26 Phupu 2023. [22]
Ho bohlokoa ho bolela mona hore phetohelo ea naha ea Gabon, eo ho ka thoeng ke phetisetso ea morao-rao e ka bang teng Afrika Bophirima, e ke ke ea bonoa maemong a tšoanang le a bakiloeng ke lits'ebetso tse etsahalang linaheng tsa Sahel. [10], [14] Ho fapana le Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, le Chad, ha ho na bora pakeng tsa mabotho a mmuso le batho ba radicals ba Islamic naheng ea Gabon, 'me phetohelo e reretsoe, bonyane hajoale, khahlanong le lelapa la mopresidente, lelapa la Bongo. , ba seng ba ntse ba busa Gabon ka lilemo tse 56.
Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho totobatsoa hore kamora nako ea khutso pakeng tsa 2013 le 2020, ho bile le liteko tse 13 tsa bofetoheli Afrika, ho kenyeletsoa Sudan, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso le Mali. [4], [32]
Mona re tlameha ho supa e batlang e amana le maelstrom e ncha ea hajoale ea tsa lipolotiki ho hloka botsitso Afrika Bophirima, haholo-holo Sahel, pefo e ntseng e tsoela pele Central African Republic (CAR), moo lintoa tse peli tsa lehae li loannoeng ka morao. Ea pele, e tsejoang e le Central African Republic Bush War, e qalile ka 2004 'me ea fela ka molao ka tumellano ea khotso ea de jure ka 2007, le de facto ka March 2013. Ea bobeli, e tsejoang e le "ntoa ea lehae ea Central African Republic" ( Ntoa ea Lehae ea Central African Republic), e qalile ka April 2013 ’me ha e e-s’o fele ho fihlela kajeno, le hoja masole a ’muso hona joale a behile matsoho karolong e khōlō ka ho fetisisa ea naha eo a kileng a e laola.
Ha ho pelaelo hore naha e futsanehileng haholo, index ea eona ea ntlafatso ea batho e maemong a tlase ka ho fetesisa a boemo (sebaka sa ho qetela, bonyane ho fihlela 2021 e boloketsoe Niger) mme kotsi ea ho etsa ts'ebetso efe kapa efe ea moruo e phahame haholo, ke "naha e hlōlehileng" 'me kapele kapa hamorao e fetoha phofu ea manong a sa tšoaneng a lipolotiki le a sesole. Mokhahlelong ona, ka letsoalo le letle re ka fetisetsa Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Central African Republic (CAR) le South Sudan ho tsoa sehlopheng sa linaha tse tšohloang tlhahlobong ena.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, lenane la linaha tsa Afrika moo k'hamphani ea sesole ea poraefete ea Russia Wagner e netefalitsoeng hore e na le boteng bo hlokomelehang le tumellano ea mmuso e kenyelletsa Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Sudan Boroa, CAR, Cameroon, DR Congo, Zimbabwe. , Mozambique le Madagascar. [4], [39]
Papiso pakeng tsa lethathamo la "linaha tse hlōlehileng" tse sentsoeng ke lintoa tsa lehae, likhohlano tsa merabe le bolumeli, ho qhekella ha sesole le litlokotsi tse ling tse joalo le lethathamo la linaha tseo ho tsona masole a PMC Wagner a "sebetsang" ka mokhoa o hlakileng molemong oa mebuso e molaong e bonts'a ketsahalo e makatsang.
Mali, Central African Republic le South Sudan li hlahella haholo mananeng ao ka bobeli. Ho ntse ho se na lintlha tse netefalitsoeng mabapi le boteng ba semmuso ba PMC "Wagner" Burkina Faso, empa ho na le matšoao a lekaneng a ho kenella le tšehetso ea Russia molemong oa boralitaba ba morao-rao ba naha, re sa bue ka maikutlo a atileng a pro-Russia, e se e ntse e le taba ea hore ma-mercenaries a morao tjena Prigozhin a ne a se a ntse a khona ho "ikhetholla" naheng ea boahelani ea Mali. [9], [17]
Ebile, "ponahalo" ea PMC Wagner naheng ea Central African Republic le Mali e tlameha ho baka tšabo har'a Maafrika. Maikutlo a masole a Russia a ho bolaea batho ba bangata le bokhopo esale a tsebahala ho tloha mehleng ea Syria ka ponahalo ea bona, empa liketso tsa bona tsa Afrika, haholo-holo CAR le Mali, li ngotsoe hantle. [34] Qetellong ea Phupu 2022, molaoli oa mabotho a Fora ho Ts'ebetso ea UN-folakha Barhan, General Laurent Michon, o ile a qosa PMC Wagner ka ho toba ka "ho tlatlapa Mali". [24]
Ha e le hantle, joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe ka holimo, liketsahalo tsa Mali le Burkina Faso li hokahane 'me li latela mokhoa o tšoanang. "Tšoaetso" ea pefo e matla ea Boislamo e qalile Mali. E ile ea feta har'a bofetoheli ba Tuareg-Islamist ka leboea ho naha, 'me, ka mor'a ho hlōloa ha marabele ke mabotho a Machaba a Kopaneng le G5 - Sahel, eaba e nka mofuta oa ntoa ea likhukhuni, pefo khahlanong le baahi le bosholu bo totobetseng naheng. karolo e bohareng ea Mali, moo a ileng a batla tšehetso ea batho ba Fulani kapa Fulbe (taba ea bohlokoa haholo e tla hlahlojoa ka ho qaqileng hamorao) mme a fallela Burkina Faso. Bahlahlobisisi ba bile ba bua ka Burkina Faso ho fetoha "sehloho se secha sa pefo". [17]
Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa bohlokoa ke hore ka Phato 2020, phetohelo ea sesole e ile ea liha mopresidente ea khethiloeng oa Mali - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Sena se bile le phello e mpe ntoeng khahlanong le li-jihadists, hobane sesole se ileng sa kena pusong se ne se sheba ka ho se tšepe lebotho la Machaba a Kopaneng, le neng le e-na le masole a Fora haholo-holo. Ba ne ba belaela ka nepo hore Mafora a ne a sa lumellane le phetohelo ea sesole. Ke ka lebaka leo ba boholong ba bacha, ba ikemetseng ba Mali ba ileng ba potlakela ho batla ho felisoa ha mesebetsi ea Machaba a Kopaneng (haholo-holo Mafora) naheng ea Mali. Ka eona nako eo, babusi ba sesole sa naha ba ne ba tšaba mabotho a Fora a neng a laetsoe ke Machaba a Kopaneng sebakeng sa bona ho feta makhotla a Maislamo.
Lekhotla la Tšireletso la Machaba a Kopaneng le ile la felisa ts'ebetso ea ho boloka khotso Mali ka potlako haholo 'me Mafora a qala ho ikhula, ho bonahala a sa ikoahlaee haholo. Joale lekhotla la sesole la Bamako le ile la hopola hore ntoa ea likhukhuni ea li-radicals tsa Mamosleme ha e e-s'o fele le ho batla thuso e 'ngoe e tsoang ka ntle, e hlahang ka sebōpeho sa PMC "Wagner" le Russia Federation, e lulang e itokiselitse ho sebeletsa ka maikutlo a tšoanang. baetapele. Liketsahalo li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka potlako haholo 'me PMC "Wagner" e siile mehato e tebileng ea lieta tsa eona lehlabatheng la Mali. [34], [39]
Phetoho ea puso ea Mali e ile ea baka "phello ea domino" - li-coups tse peli li ile tsa lateloa ka selemo se le seng Burkina Faso (!), 'me hamorao Niger le Gabon. Mokhoa le litšusumetso (kapa mabaka) bakeng sa ho phethola 'muso Burkina Faso li ne li tšoana le tsa Mali. Ka mor'a 2015, pefo, tšenyo le litlhaselo tse hlometseng ka radicals ea Mamosleme li ile tsa eketseha haholo. "Li-franchise" tse fapa-fapaneng tsa al-Qaeda, 'Muso oa Boislamo (Naha ea Boislamo ea Afrika Bophirimela, Naha ea Boislamo ea Sahara e Khōlō, joalo-joalo) le lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa Salafist li bolaile batho ba likete-kete, le palo ea "ba balehileng mahaeng a bona" , ua utloisisa - baphaphathehi ba fetile batho ba limilione tse peli. Kahoo, Burkina Faso e ile ea fumana botumo bo belaetsang ba ho ba “sehloho se secha sa ntoa ea Sahel.” [9]
Ka la 24 Pherekhong 2022, sesole sa Burkina Faso, se etelletsoeng pele ke Paul-Henri Damiba, se ile sa ketola Mopresidente Roch Kabore, ea neng a busitse naha ka lilemo tse tšeletseng, kamora matsatsi a 'maloa a merusu motse-moholo, Ouagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Empa ka la 30 Loetse, 2022, ka lekhetlo la bobeli selemong sona seo, ho ile ha etsoa phetohelo e 'ngoe. Mopresidente ea itlhommeng Paul-Henri Damiba o ile a lihuoa ke molaoli ea neng a labalabela maemo a tšoanang Ibrahim Traore. Ka mor'a ho leleka mopresidente oa hona joale, Traore o ile a boela a qhala 'muso oa phetoho o entsoeng ke Damiba' me a emisa (qetellong) molao-motheo. Ka mantsoe a mang, 'muelli oa sesole o boletse hore sehlopha sa liofisiri se nkile qeto ea ho tlosa Damiba ka lebaka la ho se khone ho sebetsana le bofetoheli bo hlometseng ba radicals ea Islamic. Taba ea hore ke oa setsi se le seng se hlotsoeng ho sebetsana le li-jihadists tlas'a bapresidente ba babeli ba latellanang ka lilemo tse ka bang supileng ha ho mo tšose ho hang. Ho feta moo, o bolela pepenene hore "likhoeling tse robong tse fetileng" (ke hore, hang ka mor'a hore ho be le phetohelo ea sesole ka January 2022 ka ho kenya letsoho ha hae), "boemo bo mpefetse". [9]
Ka kakaretso, mohlala oa ho inkela matla ka likhoka o ntse o etsoa linaheng tseo ho tsona ho nang le ho matlafala ha mosebetsi oa bofetoheli oa radicals ea Maislamo. Hang ha mabotho a Machaba a Kopaneng (a utloisisa "mabe" a Mafora le a G5 - Sahel) a senya leqhubu le khopisang la li-jihadists 'me ntoa e ntse e le sebakeng sa ntoa ea likhukhuni, ho senya le ho hlasela baahi, sesole sa lehae ka nako e itseng. naha e nka hore hora ea eona e fihlile; ho boleloa hore ntoa khahlanong le Maislamo a feteletseng ha e atlehe 'me ... e nka matla.
Ntle ho pelaelo, boemo bo botle - li-radicals tsa Mamosleme ha li sa na matla a ho kena motse-moholo oa hau le ho theha mofuta o itseng oa "Islamic State" bakeng sa hau, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang, ntoa e hole haholo mme ho na le ho hong ho tšosa baahi. . Taba e fapaneng ke hore karolo e kholo ea baahi e tšaba lebotho la bona la "tsoalloa" ka mabaka a 'maloa. Ba fapana ho tloha ho ho se be le boikarabelo ha balaoli ba sesole ho ea ho liphapang tse amanang le meloko ea balaoli ba tšoanang.
Ho sena sohle, tšabo e hlakileng ea mekhoa ea "Wagner", e leng batšehetsi ba "liketso tse matla" le "ho rema lifate tsa indasteri", e se e ekelitsoe. [39]
Ke mona moo re tlamehang ho tloha motsotsoana leetong le lelelele holim'a nalane ea ho kenella ha Mamoseleme ho kena Afrika Bophirima mme re ele hloko ntho e etsahetseng e sa etsahaleng ka tšohanyetso. Ha ba ntse ba batla mehloli ea batho bakeng sa sesosa sa bona, haholo-holo ka mor'a ho lahloa kherehloa ke masole a Tuareg ka mor'a ho hlōleha ha bofetoheli karolong e ka leboea ea Mali, li-radicals tsa Mamosleme li retelehela ho Fulani, e leng batho ba se nang bo-hloma-u-hlomole ba balisa ba lefa ba kopanelang borui ba fallang. lebanta ho tloha Koung ea Guinea ho ea Leoatleng le Lefubelu, ka boroa ho lehoatata la Sahara.
Bafulani (bao hape ba tsejoang e le Fula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, esita le Pyol, ho itšetlehile ka hore na lipuong tse ngata tse buuoang sebakeng seo) ke e mong oa batho ba pele ba Maafrika ba sokolohelang Boislamo le ka lebaka la mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo, mokhoa oa boipheliso ka mokhoa o itseng oa khesoa ebile oa khetholloa. Ebile, kabo ea libaka tsa Fulani e shebahala tjena:
Palo ea Fulani e ka ba 16,800,000 Nigeria ho tsoa ho kakaretso ea baahi ba limilione tse 190; 4,900,000 13 3,500,000 Guinea (e nang le motse-moholo Conakry) ho baahi ba limilione tse 16); ba 3,000,000 18.5 2,900,000 Senegal ba tsoa naheng ea ba limilione tse 24; 1,600,000 Mali ho baahi ba limilione tse 21; 1,260,000 4.2 1,200,000 Cameroon ho baahi ba limilione tse 19; 580,000 15 320,000 Niger ho baahi ba limilione tse 2; 320,000 1.9 310,000 Mauritania ho baahi ba limillione tse 6.2; 250,000 5.4 10 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) har’a baahi ba limilione tse 4,600; 28 1,800 Chad ho baahi ba limillione tse 23.5; 38 Gambia ho tsoa ho baahi ba limilione tse 38; XNUMX XNUMX Guinea-Bissau har’a baahi ba limilione tse XNUMX; XNUMX Sierra Leone ho baahi ba limilione tse XNUMX; XNUMX Rephaboliking ea Afrika Bohareng ea baahi ba limilione tse XNUMX (ka bafuputsi ba hatisa hore sena ke halofo ea baahi ba naha ea Mamosleme, eo le eona e ka bang XNUMX% ea baahi); XNUMX XNUMX Ghana ho baahi ba limilione tse XNUMX; le XNUMX XNUMX Côte d’Ivoire har’a baahi ba limilione tse XNUMX. [XNUMX] Ho boetse ho theiloe sechaba sa Fulani naheng ea Sudan haufi le tsela ea leeto la ho ea Mecca. Ka bomalimabe, Mafulani a Sudan ke sechaba se ithutoang hanyane mme palo ea bona ha ea ka ea hlahlojoa nakong ea sechaba sa sechaba. [XNUMX]
E le liperesente tsa baahi, Fulani e etsa 38% ea baahi ba Guinea (e nang le motse-moholo Conakry), 30% Mauritania, 22% Senegal, ka tlase ho 17% Guinea-Bissau, 16% naheng ea Mali le Gambia, 12% naheng ea Cameroon, hoo e ka bang 9% Nigeria, 7.6% Niger, 6.3% Burkina Faso, 5% Sierra Leone le Central African Republic, e ka tlase ho 4% ea baahi ba Chad le likarolo tse nyane haholo Ghana le Côte. d'Ivoire Ivory. [38]
Ka makhetlo a 'maloa historing, Fulani e thehile mebuso. Ho ka qotsoa mehlala e meraro:
• Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, ba ile ba theha naha ea puso ea Molimo ea Futa-Jalon e Central Guinea;
• Lekholong la 19th, 'Muso oa Massina oa Mali (1818 - 1862), o thehiloeng ke Sekou Amadou Barii, joale Amadou Sekou Amadou, ea ileng a atleha ho hapa motse o moholo oa Timbuktu.
• Hape lekholong la 19th, 'Muso oa Sokoto o thehiloe Nigeria.
Mebuso ena e ipakile e le mekhatlo e sa tsitsang ea mmuso, leha ho le joalo, mme kajeno, ha ho na mmuso o laoloang ke Fulani. [38]
Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, ka tloaelo MaFulani ke balisa ba fallang, ba sa tloaelehang. Ba ’nile ba lula ba le joalo ka karolo e khōlō, esita le haeba ho nkoa hore palo ea bona e ’nile ea lula butle-butle, ka lebaka la meeli e behiloeng holim’a bona ka ho atoloha ho tsoelang pele ha lehoatata libakeng tse itseng, le ka lebaka la ho hasana ha bona, le hobane mebuso e meng e thehile mananeo a reretsoeng ho tataisa baahi ba bo-hloma-u-hlomole hore ba phele bophelo ba ho itulela feela. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
Bongata ba bona ke Mamosleme, hoo e ka bang kaofela ha bona ba linaheng tse ’maloa. Ho latela nalane, ba ile ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho keneng ha Boislamo Afrika Bophirima.
Mongoli oa Mali le setsebi sa kelello, Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), eo ka boeena e leng oa batho ba Fulani, ha a hopola tsela eo lichaba tse ling li lemohang ka eona, o etsa papiso le Bajuda, joalo ka Bajuda pele ho thehoa ha sechaba. Iseraele , li 'nile tsa qhalakanngoa linaheng tse ngata, moo li hlahisang litlhapa tse pheta-phetoang ho tsoa lichabeng tse ling, tse sa tšoaneng haholo ho ea ka linaha: Fulani hangata e nkoa ke ba bang e le ba sekametseng ho communitarianism, nepotism le bolotsana. [38]
Likhohlano tsa setso libakeng tsa bafalli ba Fulani, pakeng tsa bona, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e le balisa ba merabe e fapaneng le lihoai tse lutseng tsa merabe e fapaneng, ka lehlakoreng le leng, le taba ea hore ba teng ho feta merabe e meng. palo e kholo ea linaha ('me ka hona li kopane le lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa baahi), ha ho pelaelo hore li kenya letsoho tlhalosong ea botumo bona, hangata bo bolokiloeng ke baahi bao ba ileng ba kena khanyetso le khang. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
Khopolo ea hore ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele li-vectors tsa jihadism ke ea morao-rao haholo mme e ka hlalosoa ke karolo ea Fulani nakong e sa lebelloang ea bokhukhuni karolong e bohareng ea Mali - sebakeng sa Masina le naheng. Nōka ea Niger . [26], [28], [36], [41]
Ha ho buuoa ka lintlha tse hlahang tsa ho kopana pakeng tsa Fulani le "Jihadists", ho tlameha ho hopoloa kamehla hore historing eohle ea Afrika, likhohlano li 'nile tsa hlaha' me li ntse li tsoela pele ho ba teng pakeng tsa lihoai tse rarolitsoeng le barui, bao hangata e leng bo-hloma-u-hlomole kapa bo-hloma-u-hlomole. le ho ba le tloaelo ea ho falla le ho falla le mehlape ea bona. Barui ba qosa barui ba likhomo ka ho senya lijalo tsa bona ka mehlape ea bona, ’me balisa ba tletleba ka bosholu ba mehlape, ho ba thata ho fumana mehloli ea metsi le tšitiso ea ho tsamaea ha bona. [38]
Empa ho tloha ka 2010, likhohlano tse ntseng li eketseha le tse bolaeang li nkile boemo bo fapaneng ka ho felletseng, haholo tikolohong ea Sahel. Ntoa ea matsoho le ea lihlopha e nkeloe sebaka ke ho thunya ka lithunya tsa Kalashnikov. [5], [7], [8], [41]
Katoloso e tsoelang pele ea mobu oa temo, e bakoang ke keketseho e potlakileng ea baahi, butle-butle e fokotsa libaka tsa makhulo le leruo la liphoofolo. Ho sa le joalo, komello e matla lilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980 e ile ea susumelletsa balisa ho fallela ka boroa ho ea libakeng tseo batho ba lulang ho tsona ba neng ba sa tloaela ho hlōlisana le bo-hloma-u-hlomole. Ho feta moo, taba e etelletsoeng pele ho maano a nts'etsopele ea temo e matla ea liphoofolo e atisa ho khella bo-hloma-u-hlomole. [12], [38]
Ka ntle ho melaoana ea ntlafatso, balisa ba fallang hangata ba ikutloa ba khetholloa ke ba boholong, ba ikutloa eka ba phela tikolohong e tletseng bora ’me ba bokellana ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa bona. Ho phaella moo, lihlopha tsa likhukhuni le masole a loanang Afrika Bophirimela le Bohareng li leka ho sebelisa pherekano ea tsona ho li hlōla. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
Ka nako e tšoanang, boholo ba bo-hloma-u-hlomole sebakeng seo ke Mafulani, bao hape e leng bona feela bo-hloma-u-hlomole ba fumanehang linaheng tsohle tsa sebaka seo.
Sebopeho sa mebuso e meng ea Fulani e boletsoeng ka holimo, hammoho le moetlo o ikhethang oa ntoa oa Fulani, o entse hore bashebelli ba bangata ba lumele hore Fulani e kenya letsoho ho hlaheng ha jihadism ea likhukhuni bohareng ba Mali ho tloha 2015 ka tsela e itseng ke sehlahisoa se kopantsoeng. lefa la histori le boitsebiso ba batho ba Fulani, ba hlahisoang e le bête noire ("sebata se setšo"). Ho kenya letsoho ha Fulani kholong ea tšokelo ena ea likhukhuni Burkina Faso kapa esita le Niger ho bonahala ho tiisa pono ena. [30], [38]
Ha ho buuoa ka lefa la histori, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore Fulani e ile ea phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho hanyetsa bokolone ba Fora, haholo-holo Futa-Jalon le libaka tse potolohileng - libaka tse neng li tla fetoha likolone tsa Fora tsa Guinea, Senegal le French Sudan. .
Ho feta moo, phapang ea bohlokoa e tlameha ho etsoa hore le hoja Fulani e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho theheng setsi se secha sa likhukhuni Burkina Faso, boemo ba Niger bo fapane: ke 'nete hore ho na le litlhaselo tsa nako le nako tsa lihlopha tse entsoeng ke Fulani, empa bana ke bahlaseli ba kantle. e tsoang Mali. [30], [38]
Leha ho le joalo, ka ts'ebetso, boemo ba Fulani bo fapana haholo ho ea ka linaha, ebang ke mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo (tekanyo ea ho lula, boemo ba thuto, joalo-joalo), tsela eo ba inkang ka eona, kapa esita le tsela , ho ea ka tseo ba di bonang ke ba bang.
Pele o tsoela pele ka tlhahlobo e tebileng ea mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebelisana pakeng tsa Fulani le jihadists, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa ketsahalo e ikhethang, eo re tla khutlela ho eona qetellong ea tlhahlobo ena. Ho ile ha boleloa hore Fulani e lula e hasane Afrika - ho tloha Koung ea Guinea Leoatleng la Atlantic ka bophirimela, ho ea lebōpong la Leoatle le Lefubelu ka bochabela. Ba lula haufi le e 'ngoe ea litsela tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tsa khoebo Afrika - tsela e tsamaeang hang-hang moeling o ka boroa oa lehoatata la Sahara, leo ho fihlela kajeno e leng e 'ngoe ea litsela tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tseo temo e fallang e etsahalang Sahel.
Haeba, ka lehlakoreng le leng, re sheba 'mapa oa linaha tseo PMC "Wagner" a etsang mesebetsi ea molao ho tsona, ho thusa mabotho a' muso a amehang (ho sa tsotellehe hore na 'muso o molaong kapa o kene pusong ka lebaka la phetohelo ea morao-rao - bona haholo-holo Mali le Burkina Faso ), re tla bona hore ho na le ho kopana ho tebileng pakeng tsa linaha tseo Fulani li lulang ho tsona le moo "Wagnerovites" e sebetsang teng.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sena se ka bakoa ke tsietsi. PMC "Wagner" e atlehile ho kokobetsa linaha moo ho nang le likhohlano tse matla tsa ka hare, 'me haeba e le lintoa tsa lehae - ho molemo le ho feta. Ka Prigozhin kapa ntle le Prigozhin (batho ba bang ba ntse ba nka hore oa phela), PMC "Wagner" e ke ke ea sisinyeha ho tloha maemong a eona. Ntlha ea pele, hobane e tlameha ho phethahatsa likonteraka tseo chelete e nkiloeng ho tsona, 'me ea bobeli, hobane joalo ke taelo ea geopolitical ea' muso o moholo oa Russia Federation.
Ha ho na leshano le leholo ho feta phatlalatso ea "Wagner" e le "k'hamphani ea sesole e ikemetseng" - PMC. Motho o ne a ka botsa ka nepo hore na "sekhukhu" ke eng ka k'hamphani e entsoeng ka taelo ea 'muso o moholo, e hlometseng ka eona, e abetsoeng mesebetsi ea bohlokoa haholo (pele Syria, joale libakeng tse ling), e fana ka "basebetsi ba botho", ka parola ya batshwaruwa ba nang le dikahlolo tse boima. Ka "tšebeletso" e joalo ea mmuso, e feta e khelosa, e khelohile ka ho feletseng, ho bitsa "Wagner" "k'hamphani ea poraefete".
PMC "Wagner" ke sesebelisoa sa ho phethahatsa litabatabelo tsa Putin tsa lefats'e mme o ikarabella bakeng sa ho kenella ha "Russky Mir" libakeng tseo ho seng "bohloeki" hore sesole se tloaelehileng sa Russia se hlahe ka sebopeho sa sona sa semmuso sa parade. Khampani e atisa ho hlaha moo ho nang le ho hloka botsitso ho hoholo ha lipolotiki ho fana ka litšebeletso tsa eona joaloka Mephistopheles ea kajeno. Ba Fulani ba na le bomalimabe ba ho lula libakeng tseo ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki ho leng holimo haholo, kahoo qalong khohlano ea bona le PMC Wagner ha ea lokela ho makatsa.
Leha ho le joalo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, se fapaneng le sona ke ’nete. Li-PMC tsa "Wagner" li ile tsa "tsamaea" ka mokhoa o ikhethileng tseleng ea khoebo ea khale e seng e boletsoe - tsela ea kajeno ea ho falla ea likhomo, eo karolo ea eona e tsamaellanang le tsela ea linaha tse ngata tsa Afrika bakeng sa Hajj e Mecca. Ba Fulani ke batho ba ka bang limilione tse mashome a mararo 'me haeba ba le radicalized, ba ka baka khohlano e neng e tla ba le sebopeho sa bonyane ntoa ea Afrika eohle.
Ho fihlela nakong ena ea rona, lintoa tse se nang palo tsa libaka li 'nile tsa loanoa Afrika ka likotsi tse kholo le tšenyo e ke keng ea lekanngoa le timetso. Empa bonyane ho na le lintoa tse peli tse bolelang hore ho na le li-labels tse seng molaong tsa "lintoa tsa lefatše tsa Afrika", ka mantsoe a mang - lintoa tse neng li ama linaha tse ngata k'honthinenteng le ho feta. Tsena ke lintoa tse peli tsa Congo (eo kajeno e leng Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ea pele e ile ea nka ho tloha ka la 24 October, 1996 ho ea ho May 16, 1997 (likhoeli tse fetang tse tšeletseng) 'me ea lebisa ho nkeloa sebaka ha mohatelli oa naha ea mehleng ea Zaire - Mobuto Sese Seko le Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Linaha tsa 18 le mekhatlo ea paramilitary li ameha ka ho toba lintoeng, tse tšehetsoeng ke linaha tsa 3 + 6, tseo tse ling tsa tsona li sa bulehang ka ho feletseng. Ntoa e ile ea boela ea qhoma ho isa bohōleng bo itseng ke ho timetsa morabe oa boahelani Rwanda, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho be le leqhubu la baphaphathehi DR Congo (eo ka nako eo e neng e le Zaire).
Hang ha Ntoa ea Pele ea Congo e fela, Lilekane tse hlotseng li ile tsa qabana 'me ka potlako ea fetoha Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Congo, e tsejoang hape e le "Ntoa e Khōlō ea Afrika", e ileng ea nka lilemo tse ka bang hlano, ho tloha ka Phato 2, 1998 ho fihlela ka la 18 Phato 2003. July XNUMX, XNUMX. Palo ea mekhatlo ea sesole e amehang ntoeng ena e batla e le thata ho tsebahatsa, empa ho lekane ho bolela hore ka lehlakoreng la Laurent-Désiré Kabila ho loana le lihlopha tse tsoang Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe le Sudan, ha li ntse li loantšana. puso ea Kinshasa ke Uganda, Rwanda le Burundi. Joalokaha bafuputsi ba lula ba hatisa, ba bang ba "bathusi" ba kenella ho hang ba sa mengoa.
Nakong ea ntoa, mopresidente oa DR Congo, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, o ile a hlokahala 'me a nkeloa sebaka ke Joseph Kabila. Ntle le bokhopo bo ka bang teng le timetso, ntoa e boetse e hopoloa ka ho timetsoa ha baahi ba 60,000 ba li-pygmy (!), hammoho le bahlabani ba ka bang 10,000 ba pygmy. Ntoa e ile ea fela ka tumellano e ileng ea bona ho tlosoa ka molao ha mabotho ohle a tsoang linaheng tse ling ho tloha DR Congo, ho khethoa ha Joseph Kabila e le mopresidente oa nakoana, le ho hlapanya ha batlatsi ba bapresidente ba bane pele ho tumellano, ho itšetlehile ka lithahasello tsa lihlopha tsohle tse loantšanang. Ka 2006, ho ile ha tšoaroa likhetho tse akaretsang, kaha li ka ’na tsa tšoareloa naheng ea Afrika Bohareng e bileng le lintoa tse peli tse latellanang tsa linaha tse ling nakong ea lilemo tse fetang tse tšeletseng.
Mohlala oa lintoa tse peli tsa Congo o ka re fa maikutlo a thata a hore na ho ka etsahala eng haeba ntoa e ne e ka qhoma Sahel e amang batho ba limilione tse 30 ba Fulani. Re ke ke ra belaela hore boemo bo tšoanang bo 'nile ba nkoa ka nako e telele linaheng tsa sebaka seo, haholo-holo Moscow, moo mohlomong ba nahanang hore ka lipuisano tsa PMC "Wagner" Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR le Cameroon (hammoho le DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique le Madagascar), ba “beha matsoho holim’a khaontareng” ea ntoa e khōlō e ka ’nang ea qholotsoa ka lebaka la tlhokahalo.
Takatso ea Moscow ea ho ba sesosa sa Afrika ha e tsoe maobane ho hang. USSR, ho ne ho e-na le sekolo se lokiselitsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethang sa balaoli ba bohlale, bo-diplomate, 'me ka holim'a tsohle, litsebi tsa sesole tse neng li itokiselitse ho kenella sebakeng se seng sa k'honthinente haeba ho hlokahala. Karolo e kholo ea linaha tsa Afrika e ile ea etsoa 'mapa ke Soviet General Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (morao koana ka 1879 - 1928) le "Wagners" e ka itšetleha ka tšehetso e ntle haholo ea boitsebiso.
Ho na le matšoao a matla a tšusumetso e matla ea Serussia ha ho etsoa bofetoheli naheng ea Mali le Burkina Faso. Mothating ona, ha ho na liqoso tsa ho kenya letsoho ha Russia phetohelong ea Niger, 'me Mongoli oa Naha oa United States Blinken ka boeena o qhelela ka thōko monyetla o joalo. Ea ho qetela, ha e le hantle, ha e bolele hore nakong ea bophelo ba hae Prigozhin ha aa ka a amohela baetsi ba 'muso 'me ha aa ka a fana ka litšebeletso tsa k'hamphani ea hae ea sesole "ea poraefete".
Ka moea oa meetlo ea khale ea Marxist, le mona Russia e sebetsa ka bonyane ba lenaneo le lenaneo le phahameng. Bonyane ke "ho beha leoto" linaheng tse ngata, ho hapa "libaka tse ka thōko", ho theha tšusumetso har'a batho ba phahameng sechabeng, haholo-holo har'a sesole, le ho sebelisa liminerale tse ngata tsa bohlokoa ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang. PMC "Wagner" e se e finyeletse liphello tabeng ena.
Lenaneo le phahameng ke ho fumana taolo holim'a sebaka sohle sa Sahel le ho lumella Moscow ho etsa qeto ea se tla etsahala moo - khotso kapa ntoa. Motho e mong o ne a ka re: “e, ehlile - hoa utloahala ho bokella chelete ea mebuso ea bofetoheli le ho cheka mehloli ea bohlokoa ea liminerale kamoo ho ka khonehang. Empa ke lihele life tseo Marussia a li hlokang ho laola boteng ba linaha tsa Sahel?”
Karabo ea potso ena e utloahalang e tabeng ea hore ha ho ka ba le ntoa ea sesole Sahel, phallo ea baphaphathehi e tla potlakela Europe. Bana e tla ba matšoele a batho ba ke keng ba laoloa ke mapolesa a le mong. Re tla bona liketsahalo le lipono tse mpe ka qoso e kholo ea mashano. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe linaha tsa Europe li tla leka ho amohela karolo ea baphaphathehi, ka litšenyehelo tsa ho koalla ba bang Afrika, ba tla tlameha ho tšehetsoa ke EU ka lebaka la ho hloka tšireletso ka ho feletseng.
Bakeng sa Moscow, sena sohle e ne e tla ba boemo ba paradeise eo Moscow e neng e ke ke ea tsilatsila ho e qala ka nako e itseng, haeba e fuoa monyetla. Ho hlakile hore matla a Fora a ho phetha karolo ea lebotho le leholo la ho boloka khotso e botsoa, 'me ho boetse ho botsoa takatso ea Fora ea ho tsoela pele ho etsa mesebetsi e joalo, haholo-holo ka mor'a nyeoe ea Mali le ho felisoa ha mosebetsi oa Machaba a Kopaneng. Mono. Moscow, ha ba tšoenyehe ka ho etsa ts'oaetso ea nyutlelie, empa se setseng bakeng sa ho qhomisa "bomo ea ho falla", moo ho se nang mahlaseli a mahlaseli a kotsi, empa phello e ntse e ka senya.
Hantle-ntle ka mabaka ana, lits'ebetso tsa linaha tsa Sahel li lokela ho lateloa le ho ithutoa ka botebo, ho kenyeletsoa ke bo-ramahlale le litsebi tsa Bulgaria. Bulgaria e ka pele ho koluoa ea ho falla 'me ba boholong naheng ea rona ba tlamehile ho fana ka tšusumetso e hlokahalang ho leano la EU e le hore ba itokisetse "likotsi" tse joalo.
Karolo ea bobeli ea latela
Mehloli e sebelisitsoeng:
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Mabapi le mongoli:
Teodor Detchev e bile motlatsi oa nako e tletseng moprofesa Sekolong se Phahameng sa Tšireletso le Moruo (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) ho tloha 2016.
O ile a ruta Univesithing e Ncha ea Bulgaria - Sofia le VTU "St. St. Cyril le Methodius ". Hona joale o ruta VUSI, hammoho le UNSS. Lithuto tsa hae tse ka sehloohong tsa ho ruta ke: Likamano tsa indasteri le ts'ireletso, likamano tsa indasteri tsa Europe, Economic sociology (ka Senyesemane le Sebulgaria), Ethnosociology, likhohlano tsa Ethno-lipolotiki le tsa naha, Bokhukhuni le lipolao tsa lipolotiki - mathata a lipolotiki le a sechaba, tsoelo-pele e atlehang ea mekhatlo.
Ke eena mongoli oa mesebetsi ea saense e fetang 35 mabapi le ho hanyetsa mollo oa mehaho ea mohaho le ho hanyetsa likhetla tsa tšepe tsa cylindrical. Ke eena mongoli oa libuka tse fetang 40 tse mabapi le thuto ea kahisano, saense ea lipolotiki le likamano tsa indasteri, ho kenyelletsa le monographs: Likamano tsa indasteri le ts'ireletso - karolo ea 1. Litumellano tsa sechaba ka lipuisano tse kopanetsoeng (2015); Tšebelisano ea Setheo le Likamano tsa Indasteri (2012); Puisano ea Sechaba Lefapheng la Tšireletso ea Poraefete (2006); "Mefuta e Fetohang ea Mosebetsi" le (Post) Likamano tsa Liindasteri Europe Bohareng le Bochabela (2006).
O ngotse hammoho libuka tsa: Innovations in collective bargaining. Likarolo tsa Europe le Sebulgaria; Bahiri le basali ba Bulgaria mosebetsing; Puisano ea Sechaba le Mosebetsi oa Basali Lefapheng la Tšebeliso ea Biomass naheng ea Bulgaria. Haufinyane tjena o ntse a sebetsa litabeng tsa likamano lipakeng tsa likamano tsa indasteri le ts'ireletso; ntshetsopele ya ho se kopane ha likhukhuni lefatšeng ka bophara; mathata a thuto ea bochaba, likhohlano tsa merabe le tsa bolumeli.
Setho sa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Likamano tsa Mosebetsi le Mosebetsi (ILERA), American Sociological Association (ASA) le Mokhatlo oa Bulgaria oa Saense ea Lipolotiki (BAPN).
Demokrasi ea sechaba ka tumelo ea lipolotiki. Nakong ea 1998 - 2001, e ne e le Motlatsi oa Letona la Basebetsi le Leano la Sechaba. Mohlophisi e Moholo oa koranta ea "Svoboden Narod" ho tloha 1993 ho ea 1997. Motsamaisi oa koranta ea "Svoboden Narod" ka 2012 - 2013. Motlatsi oa Molula-setulo le Molula-setulo oa SSI nakong ea 2003 - 2011. Motsamaisi oa "Maano a Industrial" ho AIKB ho tloha 2014 .ho fihlela kajeno. Setho sa NSTS ho tloha 2003 ho isa 2012.
