Ezi ziqhushumbisi zimbini zityhutyhe i-Beirut nge-4 ka-Agasti ziphawule intlekele yaseLebhanon yamva nje, ilizwe elithwaxwa yingxaki enkulu yemali kunye nobhubhani we-coronavirus. Ezi ziqhushumbisi zabulala abantu abamalunga ne-160, zangxwelerha amawaka zaza zashiya abaninzi bengenamakhaya. Amagosa aseLebhanon atyhola le ntlekele ngenxa yeetoni ezingama-2,750 zeammonium nitrate, ebigcinwe ngendlela engafanelekanga kangangeminyaka kwindawo yokugcina impahla kwizibuko lesixeko.
Le khemikhali kudala ithandwa yiHezbollah ngohlaselo, nangona ummeli waseIran khanyela ukuyigcina kwizibuko, elilawulayo. Ngelixa ikhoyo ngoku akucaci owayephethe i-ammonium nitrate emva kweziqhushumbisi, i-Hezbollah igcine kwaye yasebenzisa izinto ezifanayo phesheya, kubandakanywa neYurophu - lonke ixesha liphepha ukutyunjwa okupheleleyo kobugrogrisi yi-European Union (EU).
Ngo-2012, umzekelo, ibhasi ethwele abakhenkethi abancinci base-Israel ibhomu eBurgas, eBulgaria, kwafa abantu abathandathu kwaza kwenzakalisa abantu abaninzi. Abasemagunyeni baseBulgaria, eMelika nakwa-Israeli bonke banxibelelanisa uhlaselo neHezbollah, kwaye umthetho wagqiba kwelokuba "i-ammonium nitrate yayisisithako esisebenzayo kwiziqhushumbisi," ngokweSebe lezoBulungisa laseMelika. isikhalazo.
Ukuqhushumba kwebhombu yaseBurgas yayingesosehlo sisodwa. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ngaphambili, umntu ozibuleleyo waqhuba iveni igcwele kunye ne-ammonium nitrate kunye ne-oyile yamafutha kwiziko loluntu lamaJuda eBuenos Aires, libulala abantu abangama-85 kunye nokulimala kwamakhulu. Abatshutshisi baseArgentina baye utyholwa I-Hezbollah yokuqhuba le ndyikityha yokufa phantsi kolawulo lwase-Iran.
Ewe, i-Iran inerekhodi elibanzi lokuyalela i-proxy yayo ye-Hezbollah ukuba iqhube uhlaselo kumhlaba wangaphandle. Kwangaloo nyaka njengenkohlakalo yaseBurgas, iIran yatyholwa ngayo ukwenza iyelenqe ngokuchasene neethagethi zaseMelika, zakwaSirayeli kunye nezaseNtshona eAzerbaijan; kunye ne-orchestrating ukuqhushumba ngokuchasene noonozakuzaku bakwaSirayeli eIndiya naseGeorgia. Iziza zaye zafunyanwa eThailand, eKenya naseCyprus, apho umsebenzi weHezbollah wabanjwa khona phezu kwendima yakhe kwilinge lokuhlasela abakhenkethi bakwaSirayeli. “Bendiqokelela nje ulwazi ngamaYuda,” igosa lotyando kuthiwa uxelelwe Mapolisa. "Nantsi into eyenziwa ngumbutho wam, kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni."
Kwi-2013, i-EU ekugqibeleni liweyo Iphiko lomkhosi le-Hezbollah njengombutho wabanqolobi. Oku kwavula indlela yokuba amazwe angamalungu athintele iimali ezinxulunyaniswa nephiko lomkhosi le-Hezbollah kunye nentsebenziswano enkulu yokuthotyelwa komthetho. Nangona kunjalo ukuvalwa akuzange kusebenze kwiphiko lezopolitiko le-Iranian proxy, eyenza ukuba iqhubeke nokusebenza kwi-EU kwaye ijongela phantsi impembelelo yobizo. Ngelishwa, ukufaneleka ukutyunjwa kwabanqolobi phakathi kwamaphiko amabini akukho ngqiqweni, kuba yonke imisebenzi ye-Hezbollah ilungelelaniswa kwaye ilawulwa ngabaphezulu bezopolitiko. Ngokwenene, nobunkokeli be-Hezbollah bunayo iphikisiwe kwaye uhlekisiwe lo mahluko.
Ngeli xesha, iHezbollah kunye nabaxhasi bayo baseIran baqhubekile nokuqulunqa iyelenqe lohlaselo lwabanqolobi eYurophu. Ngo-2015, abasebenzi abanxulumene ne-Hezbollah babanjwa begcina iitoni ezingaphezu kweetoni ezintathu ze-ammonium nitrate. e-UK, kunye ne-8.5 yeetoni zekhemikhali ngaphakathi Sayiprasi . Ngo-2018, eFransi utyholwa I-Iran ifuna ukuqhushumbisa indibano yeqela eliphikisayo eParis. NgoJuni, inkundla yaseDenmark igwetyiwe indoda phezu kweyelenqe Iranian ukubulala itshantliziyo eliphikisayo Iranian e Denmark. NgoJulayi, iingxelo zavela ukuba uSirayeli waluphanzisa uhlaselo lwase-Irani kwimishini yakhe yozakuzo eYurophu.
I-Hezbollah igcina ukufikelela kwayo ubukhulu becala ngenkxaso kaTehran, ethi ngokutsho kuka-2018 e-US eqikelelayo ifikelela kwi-700 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka. Ukanti ikwagcina izixhobo ezizimeleyo zokunyusa ingxowa-mali, ibandakanyeka kurhwebelwano lwemali ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiYurophu iphela, kwaye ixhaphaza amashishini kunye namaqela esisa angaphambili ukuhambisa izixhobo zokusebenza kubunqolobi.
Ngo-Epreli, iJamani yavala i-Hezbollah ngokupheleleyo, ingxelo emva kokuchazelwa malunga ne-ammonium nitrate emazantsi elizwe. Lithuwaniya liweyo IHezbollah njengeqela labanqolobi kule nyanga. Izikhundla ezinjalo zihambelana nezo zamkelwe yi-US, UK, Canada, Israel, Argentina kunye ne-Arab League, phakathi kwabanye. Nangona kunjalo uninzi lwezizwe ze-EU ziyaqhubeka nokuthembela kubizo olungonelanga lwebloc, enika imisebenzi ye-Hezbollah yokunyusa ingxowa-mali igumbi elibalulekileyo lokuphefumla.
Njenge-Europol, i-arhente yokunyanzeliswa komthetho ye-EU, phawula Kwingxelo yamva nje, uphando kwi-Hezbollah "lujongene nobunzima bokubonisa ukuba imali eqokelelweyo ithunyelwa kwiphiko lomkhosi lombutho." Ukulungelelanisa ukutyunjwa kwe-Hezbollah yobunqolobi kunye nobunyani bemisebenzi yayo kuya kuxhobisa abasemagunyeni baseYurophu ukuba bajolise ngokupheleleyo kwiqela kunye nemithombo yalo ngaphakathi kwe-EU.
Ukutyunjwa okugcweleyo kuya kunceda ngakumbi ukuhambisa i-Hezbollah ngexesha apho urhulumente waseLebhanon erhoxile, kwaye abemi abanomsindo babonakalisa ngokuchasene neqela elilawulayo. Ngenene, kuyaphawuleka ukuba abanye baba baqhankqalazi ukulawula umsindo wabo eHezbollah, nkqu ukuxhoma iinkokeli zeHezbollah kwi-effigy. AmaLebhanon acatshukiswe ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yobubi obulawulayo obubeka iimeko zale ntlekele emva kokuqhuba iLebhanon. umnotho emhlabeni. Kodwa kukwakho nobungqina bokuba badikwe kukuxhaphazwa yi-Hezbollah ye-parasitic yelizwe labo. Ukunyusa ugunyaziso lweqela labanqolobi kungxamiseke kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuxhasa intshukumo yaseLebhanon yokukhulula ilizwe labo eIran naseHezbollah.
Uhlaziyo olunzulu luyafuneka ukuba iLebhanon inalo naliphi na ithemba lokubuyisela ulawulo lwesiqhelo. Ngelishwa, iHezbollah, esebenzisa inkqubo yezopolitiko ebuthathaka yaseLebhanon ukuze isebenze ngaphandle kokufihlwa okanye uxanduva, inika umqobo omkhulu kuhlaziyo olunjalo kunye nethemba labantu baseLebhanon. Ngokwenza uluhlu olubanzi lwabamnyama oluphezulu lwe-Tehran, i-EU iya kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-Hezbollah ayingomdlali osemthethweni, isongela ngokuthe ngqo uzinzo nangaphaya kweLebhanon, kwaye kufuneka ibalwe ukuba i-Beirut inokuba nethemba lokuchacha ngokwenene.
UMark P. Fitzgerald, umthetheli woMkhosi waseMkhosini wase-US osele esidla umhlala-phantsi, wayesakuba yinkumanda yoMkhosi waManzi wase-US eYurophu-Afrika kunye ne-Allied Joint Force Command, eNaples. Ukwibhodi yabacebisi yeJewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA).
UGeoffrey S. Corn, i-Army Army lieutenant colonel kunye nowayesakuba ligqwetha lasemkhosini kunye negosa lezobuntlola, nguVinson & Elkins uNjingalwazi woMthetho eSouth Texas College of Law, eHouston, kunye nomfo owahlukileyo kwiZiko leGemunder leJINSA loKhuselo kunye neSicwangciso.
