Kwiphepha apho kubhalwe khona umsebenzi wombhali wexesha eliphakathi, izazinzulu zafumana inkcazo ye-meteoroscope - isixhobo esikhethekileyo se-astronomer yamandulo, kude kube ngoku yaziwa kuphela kwimithombo engathanga ngqo.
Inqaku lipapashiwe kwijenali yeMbali yeNzululwazi, ababhali abaphonononga umbhalo-ngqangi wenkulungwane yesi-8 owafunyanwa kwiAbbey yaseBobbio kumantla e-Itali. Lo mbhalo-ngqangi uqulethe umbhalo wesiLatini we "Etymologies" yesazi sokuqala sexesha eliphakathi kunye nomnye wabaSeki beCawa - uIsidore waseSeville.
Umbhalo-ngqangi wafunyanwa kwangenkulungwane ye-19, xa kuphandwa nge-scriptorium ye-abbey. Amakhulu aliqela emibhalo-ngqangi esusela kuMandulo Aphakathi aye afunyanwa apho. Kukholelwa ukuba le scriptorium ichazwe kwinoveli ka-Umberto Eco Igama leRose. Le ngqokelela ngoku igcinwe kwiThala leencwadi lase-Ambrosian eMilan. Umbhalo-ngqangi wenkulungwane yesi-8, ngokuqinisekileyo, ulilitye lesikhumbuzo lembali elixabiseke kakhulu. Kodwa ababhali bomsebenzi omtsha bathi le ncwadi indala kakhulu kwaye ixabiseke ngakumbi. Uphononongo lwamaphepha lubonise ukuba ubuncinci amanye awo ngama-palimpsests. Le yinto abayibiza ngokuba yimibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe kwisikhumba esele sisetyenziswa. Ngexesha lobumnyama, i-parchment yayibiza kakhulu kwaye iimonki ezazisebenza kwi-scriptorium zenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuyivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Kwafunyanwa iipalimpsest ezilishumi elinesihlanu phantsi kombhalo kaIsidore waseSeville, owawukhe wasetyenziswa ngaphambili kwimibhalo emithathu yenzululwazi yesiGrike: umbhalo onombhali ongaziwayo ngoomatshini bemathematika kunye necatoptric (icandelo lezinto zamehlo) elaziwa ngokuba yiFragmentum Mathematicum Bobiense (amagqabi amathathu), Incwadi kaPtolemy ethi “Analema” (amagqabi amathandathu) kunye nombhalo wenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi owawungaziwa nephantse wafundwa ngokupheleleyo (amagqabi amathandathu). Besebenzisa iindlela zokujonga izinto ezininzi, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukutyhila i-inki efihliweyo kwaye zihlolisise umbhalo, zikhatshwa liqela lemifanekiso. Bathi lo mbhalo-ngqangi ngowesazi ngeenkwenkwezi samandulo esingumRoma uClaudius Ptolemy. Ukongeza, lo mbhalo-ngqangi wahlukile, azikho ezinye iikopi.
UPtolemy, owayehlala kwinkulungwane ye-2 kwi-Roman Egypt (ingakumbi e-Alexandria), wayengomnye wabaphengululi ababalulekileyo be-Hellenism kunye neRoma. Njengesazi ngeenkwenkwezi wayengenamlinganiso ebomini bakhe okanye kwiinkulungwane ezininzi emva koko. Imonograph yakhe iAlmagest (ekuqaleni yayinesihloko esithi Syntaxis Mathematica) yingqokelela ephantse iphelele yolwazi lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi malunga neGrisi kunye neMpuma Ekufuphi.
Omnye umphengululi waseRoma, uPopu wase-Aleksandriya (iminyaka yobomi bakhe ayaziwa, mhlawumbi inkulungwane ye-III-IV), wabhala amagqabantshintshi acacileyo ngeAlmagest, apho kucacile ukuba umsebenzi kaPtolemy awukafiki kuthi ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, uPapp ukhankanya i<em>meteoroscope, isixhobo samandulo esasenzelwe ukumisela umgama oya kwindalo esesibhakabhakeni, into eyahlukileyo kwingqukuva yearmillary. Ababhali bamabango ophononongo olutsha bafumene kwi-palimpsest kanye loo nxalenye yombhalo-ngqangi kaPtolemy apho achaza isixhobo semeteoroscope. Esi sixhobo sasiyindibano entsonkothileyo yamakhonkco entsimbi asithoba adityaniswe ngendlela ekhethekileyo.
Ngokutsho kwezazinzulu, ingasetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo, njengokumisela i-latitude kwii-degrees ukusuka kwi-Ikhweyitha, umhla ochanekileyo we-solstice okanye i-equinox, okanye indawo ebonakalayo yeplanethi esibhakabhakeni. Ububanzi bayo babumalunga nesiqingatha semitha. Isixhobo se-meteoroscope, uphando luthi, luchazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba unokuhamba nalo mbhalo kumntu osebenza kakuhle wesinyithi kwaye uya kudibanisa isixhobo. Kwangaxeshanye, akukho ngcebiso malunga nendlela yokwenza uqwalaselo lweenkwenkwezi. Le yokugqibela iyamangalisa kakhulu kuPtolemy - yonke imisebenzi yakhe ibonisa ukuhamba kwesazi samandulo.
Kodwa abaphandi abayithandabuzi into yokuba nguye owabhala: UPtolemy wayeneempawu ezibalaseleyo nesigama sakhe. Ababhali bomsebenzi banethemba lokufumana ukuqhubela phambili kombhalo wesandla kwii-palimpsests ezinokwenzeka kwezinye imibhalo yesandla ekuqokeleleni i-scriptorium ye-Bobbio Abbey. Umbhalo-ngqangi wamandulo usenokuba wahlulahlulwe ungamaphepha aze asetyenziswe ngababhali abaliqela bemibhalo-ngqangi eyahlukahlukeneyo.
Ifoto: Umbhalo omdala kakhulu u-Alexander Jones et al ufihliwe phantsi kwekopi yomsebenzi ka-Isidore waseSeville.
