Iintshukumo zobugcisa ziye zaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela amagcisa aye asondela ngayo kwi-aesthetics, umxholo kunye nobuchule kuyo yonke imbali. Intshukumo nganye iphenjelelwe ngabaphambili bayo kwaye ivule indlela yamathuba amatsha obugcisa. Phakathi koluhlu olukhulu lweentshukumo zobugcisa, i-Impressionism kunye nePop Art zigqama njengeentshukumo ezimbini eziphambili ezibumba ikhondo lobugcisa kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye ne-20. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ezi ntshukumo zimbini kunye nefuthe lazo kwihlabathi lobugcisa.
I. Impressionism: Ukubamba undoqo wobomi odlulayo
I-Impressionism yavela ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 eFrance njengempendulo ngokuchasene nokuqina komzobo wezifundo zemveli. Ikhokelwa ngamagcisa afana noClaude Monet, uPierre-Auguste Renoir, kunye no-Edgar Degas, i-Impressionism igxile ekubambeni eyona nto idlulayo yomzuzwana kunokuba ibe neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo. Intshukumo yayifuna ukubonisa iziphumo zokukhanya kunye nombala, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa ibrashi ekhululekile kunye ne-palette ephilileyo.
Abadlali be-Impressionists baye bahlukana nemiqobo yestudiyo kwaye baphumela ngaphandle ukuze babonise izifundo zangoku. Bamkela amaxesha adlulayo, bepeyinta imihlaba, ubume besixeko, kunye nemiboniso yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ugxininiso lokubamba amava angoko nangoko lwanika imisebenzi yabo imvakalelo yokuzenzekela kunye nobutsha obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili kwihlabathi lobugcisa.
Nangona kunjalo, i-Impressionism yajongana nokuchaswa okukhulu ukusuka kwisiseko sobugcisa esiqhelekileyo, esasigxeka i-brushwork ekhululekile kunye nokungabikho kokuchaneka kwezemfundo. Ngaphandle kolu hlaselo lokuqala, i-Impressionism yakhawuleza yaqatshelwa kwaye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi lobugcisa. Ugxininiso lwayo kukukhanya, umbala, kunye nokuzenzekela kwavula indlela yobugcisa bale mihla, buphembelela iintshukumo ezifana nePost-Impressionism kunye neFauvism.
II. Ubugcisa bePop: Ukwamkela inkcubeko edumileyo kunye nokuthenga abathengi
Embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, iPop Art yavela njengempendulo kubathengi kunye noluntu oluqhutywa ngamajelo eendaba emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Ikhokelwa ngamagcisa afana noAndy Warhol, uRoy Lichtenstein, kunye noClaes Oldenburg, iPop Art yabhiyozela inkcubeko edumileyo kunye nezinto eziveliswe ngobuninzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Amagcisa ePop amkele imifanekiso yentengiso, iincwadi ezihlekisayo, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Babedla ngokusebenzisa imibala engqindilili, imizobo eyomeleleyo, kunye nobuchule obubolekwe kwiinkqubo zoshicilelo lwezorhwebo. Ngobugcisa babo, bajonge ukufiphalisa imida phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu nephantsi, becela umngeni kwiimbono zemveli zento eyayigqalwa njengexabisekileyo okanye ifanele ukumelwa ngobugcisa.
Omnye wawona manani anempembelelo kuMzobo wePop, uAndy Warhol, owadala imisebenzi enemifanekiso enemifanekiso efana noMarilyn Monroe, uElvis Presley, kunye neetoti zesuphu zikaCampbell. Ngobuchule bakhe bokutyikitya isilika, uWarhol wayiphinda le mifanekiso kaninzi, ebonisa ubume bemveliso yenkcubeko yabathengi.
I-Pop Art yafumana ukuthandwa ngokubanzi kwaye yacela umngeni kwindalo ye-elitist yehlabathi ngokubhiyozela izinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nemihla ngemihla. Kwaphawula ukuphambuka ekuzisweni kwe-abstract expressionism kwaye yezisa ubugcisa kwindawo yenkcubeko edumileyo. Impembelelo yentshukumo isenokuvakala nanamhlanje, kunye namagcisa anamhlanje ahlala ebandakanya imiba yenkcubeko eyaziwayo kwimisebenzi yabo.
Ukuqukumbela, zombini i-Impressionism kunye nePop Art ibenempembelelo enkulu kwihlabathi lobugcisa, ukutyhala imida, kunye nendibano ecela umngeni. I-Impressionism iguqule indlela amagcisa asondela ngayo ekukhanyeni, umbala, kunye nokuthatha ixesha elifutshane, ngelixa uBugcisa bePop bezisa inkcubeko ethandwayo kwindawo yobugcisa obuphezulu. Ezi ntshukumo zimbini zibonisa ubume obuhlala buguquka bobugcisa kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukubonisa nokusabela kuluntu kunye nenkcubeko ekhoyo ngaphakathi.
