Iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zinokusixelela okuninzi ngempucuko yamandulo. Uphando lwakutsha nje ngeenyoka ezinobuhlungu ezichazwe kumpapiri wamandulo waseYiputa lucebisa okungakumbi kunokuba unokucinga. Uluhlu lweenyoka ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kunokuba sasicinga ukuba zihlala kwilizwe loofaro - nto leyo echaza ukuba kutheni ababhali bamandulo baseYiputa babexakeke kakhulu kunyango lokulunywa yinyoka, ubhala uThe Convertion. Njengemizobo yomqolomba, imibhalo evela ekuqaleni kwembali ebhaliweyo ihlala ichaza izilwanyana zasendle. Banokubonelela ngeenkcukacha eziphawulekayo, kodwa ukuchonga iintlobo ezichazwe kunokuba nzima. Umzekelo, uxwebhu lwamandulo lwaseYiputa olubizwa ngokuba yiBrooklyn Papyrus, lwabhalwa malunga no-660 - 330 BC. kodwa mhlawumbi ikopi yoxwebhu oludala kakhulu, idwelisa iindidi ngeendidi zeenyoka ezazisaziwa ngelo xesha, imiphumo yokulunywa kwazo, nonyango lwazo.
Ukongezelela kwiimpawu zokulunywa, umpapiri ukwachaza isithixo esinxulumene nenyoka, okanye ukungenelela kwakhe okunokusindisa ixhoba. Ukulunywa “kwenyoka enkulu uApophis” (uthixo owathabatha imo yenyoka), kuchazwa njengokubangela ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Abafundi bakwalunyukiswa ukuba le nyoka ayinamazinyo amabini aqhelekileyo, kodwa amane, into enqabileyo kwinyoka namhlanje.
Iinyoka ezinobuhlungu ezichazwe kwi-Brooklyn Papyrus zihluke: iintlobo ze-37 zidweliswe, apho iinkcazo ze-13 zilahlekile. Namhlanje, ummandla waseYiputa ulikhaya leentlobo ezimbalwa kakhulu. Oku kwabangela impikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabaphandi malunga nokuba zeziphi iintlobo ezichazwe.
Inyoka enamazinyo amane Akukho mntu ukhuphisana nenyoka enkulu uApophis ehlala kwimida yeJiphutha yaMandulo. Njengoninzi lweenyoka ezinobuhlungu, ezibangela ukufa kwabantu abaninzi emhlabeni, amarhamba kunye namaphimpi ngoku afumaneka eYiputa anamazinyo amabini kuphela, elinye kwithambo ngalinye lomhlathi ongasentla. Kwiinyoka, i-jawbones kumacala omabini ahlukene kwaye ahamba ngokuzimeleyo, ngokungafani nezilwanyana ezincelisayo.
Eyona nyoka ikufutshane yale mihla, edla ngokuba namazinyo amane, yi-boomslang (Disopholidus typus) yeesavanna zase-Afrika ezikwi-sub-Sahara, ngoku efumaneka kumgama ongaphezu kwama-650 km kumazantsi eJiphutha yanamhlanje. Ubuthi bayo bunokubangela ukuba ixhoba lophe nakweliphi na ithunga kwaye libangele ukopha okubulalayo ebuchotsheni. Ngaba inyoka yeApophis inokuba yinkcazo yokuqala, eneenkcukacha ze-boomslang? Yaye ukuba kunjalo, amaYiputa amandulo ayifumana njani inyoka ngoku ehlala kude kangaka kumazantsi emida yawo?
Ukufumanisa, izazinzulu zasebenzisa imodeli yamanani ebizwa ngokuba yi-climate niche modeling ukufunda indlela uluhlu lweenyoka ezahlukeneyo zaseAfrika kunye neLevantine (empuma yeMeditera) ezitshintshileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ekhondweni leenyoka zamandulo
Uphando lubonisa ukuba imozulu emanzi kakhulu kwi-Egypt yamandulo yayilungele inkitha yeenyoka ezingahlali apho namhlanje. Izazinzulu zijolise kwiintlobo ezili-10 ezivela kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo zaseAfrika, ummandla waseMaghreb waseNyakatho Afrika kunye naseMbindi Mpuma onokuhambelana neenkcazo kwi-papyrus. Ezi ziquka ezona nyoka zidumileyo eAfrika ezinobuhlungu, ezifana ne-black mamba, irhamba eligqumayo kunye ne-boomslang. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba izilwanyana ezisithoba kwezilishumi zaziphila kwiYiputa yaMandulo. Ngokomzekelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ii<em>boomslang zazihlala ngakunxweme loLwandle Olubomvu kwiindawo ezaziyinxalenye yeYiputa kwiminyaka engama-4,000 XNUMX eyadlulayo.
Ngokufanayo, iBrooklyn Papyrus ichaza inyoka “emilonjiswe njengezagwityi” “etswina oku kwemvunge womkhandi wegolide.” Irhamba eligqumayo (i-Bitis arietans) iyahambelana nale nkcazo, kodwa ngoku ihlala emazantsi eKhartoum eSudan nakumantla e-Eritrea. Kwakhona, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba olu didi lwakha lwanwenwela emantla.
Kuninzi okutshintshileyo ukususela kwixesha elixelwe ngabaphandi. Ukomisa kwemozulu kunye nokuba yintlango kwenzeka malunga neminyaka engama-4,200 eyadlulayo, kodwa mhlawumbi akunjalo ngokufanayo. KwiNtlambo yeNayile kunye nonxweme, umzekelo, ezolimo kunye nokunkcenkceshela zinokuthi zinciphise ukuchithwa kwaye zivumele iintlobo ezininzi ukuba ziqhube kwixesha lembali. Oku kubonisa ukuba ezinye iinyoka ezinobuhlungu zazikhona eYiputa ngexesha looFaro.
Ifoto engumzekelo nguPixabay: https://www.pexels.com/photo/gold-tutankhamun-statue-33571/
