Iminyaka eyi-120 emva kokusweleka kukaCamille Pissarro ngo-2023
Ehlabathini elifana nelethu - elizaliswe ngeziganeko ezimbi zeemfazwe, iindaba ezimbi malunga nemozulu kunye nekamva leplanethi, umzobo we-landscape yeenkosi zobugcisa obuhle, ababhali bemifanekiso yendalo ehambelanayo, benza njenge-balm yomphefumlo wethu. Kwaye ungomnye wabo babona ubuhle kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, kwaye wakwazi ukudlulisela oko kungokwemvelo ukuba sibonakale siphila phakathi kwabalinganiswa be-canvases yakhe, kwaye sifuna ukuthuthwa kubo.
Sele iyiminyaka eyi-120 ukususela ekufeni komnye wabaseki be-impressionism - umzobi waseFransi uCamille Jacob Pissarro.
U-Pissarro udale ulwimi olutsha lomfanekiso kubugcisa kwaye wavula indlela yombono omtsha wehlabathi - ukutolika okuzimeleyo kokwenyani. Wayengumqali wexesha lakhe kwaye unabalandeli abaninzi - amagcisa ezizukulwana ezilandelayo.
Wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1830 kwisiqithi saseSt. Thomas eCharlotte Amalie, eDanish West Indies (ba ukusuka kwi-1917 - i-US Virgin Islands) - ikoloni yoBukhosi baseDanish, kubazali bomYuda wasePutukezi waseSephardic kunye nomfazi waseDominican. . Wahlala eCaribbean de kwaba yiminyaka yakhe yeshumi elivisayo.
Xa wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, wathunyelwa ukuba aye kufunda eSavary Lycée (isikolo ekuhlalwa kuso) ePassy, kufutshane naseParis. Utitshala wakhe wokuqala - uAuguste Savary, umzobi ohloniphekileyo, waxhasa umnqweno wakhe wokupenda. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, uPissarro wabuyela kwisiqithi, eneembono ezitshintshileyo kubugcisa kunye noluntu - waba ngumlandeli we-anarchism.
Ubuhlobo bakhe negcisa laseDanish uFritz Melby lwamsa eVenezuela. Abanye ababhali bobomi bomculi bathi wenza oku ngasese kuyise. Yena noMelby bamisa i-studio eCaracas, kwaye ngelo xesha uPissarro wabuyela ngokufutshane kwisiqithi saseSt Thomas ukubona intsapho yakhe. Uyise uye wamqumbela iminyaka emithathu - izicwangciso zonyana wakhe ziphumelele kuye zorhwebo, kungekhona ukuba ngumculi.
ECaracas, uPissarro wapeyinta imbonakalo yesixeko, imarike, iithaveni, kodwa nobomi basemaphandleni. Ubuhle obujikelezileyo bumoyisa ngokupheleleyo. Uyise uphinde uzame ukumzisa ekhaya, kodwa nakwisiqithi sasePissarro ixesha elininzi akazange ahlale evenkileni, kodwa wagijima waya echwebeni, ukupenda ulwandle kunye neenqanawa.
Ngo-Oktobha 1855, waya eParis kuMboniso weHlabathi, apho waqhelana ngokusondeleyo neeseyile zikaEugene Delacroix, uCamille Corot, uJean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, nabanye. Ngelo xesha wayemthanda kakhulu uCorot kwaye wambiza ngokuba ngumfundisi wakhe. Uququzelele i-pavilion ezimeleyo ngaphandle komboniso, awayibiza ngokuba "yinyani".
UPissarro wahlala eParis kuba abazali bakhe nabo bahlala khona. Uhlala kwikhaya labo. Uthandana nomkhonzazana wabo, uJulie Vallee, kwaye batshata. Le ntsapho iselula yayinabantwana abasibhozo. Omnye wabo wafa ekuzalweni, kwaye enye yeentombi zabo ayizange iphile kwi-9. Abantwana bakaPissarro bapeyintwe kwasebuncinaneni. Yena ngokwakhe uyaqhubeka nokuphucula. Nge-26, wabhalisa izifundo zangasese kwi-Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
Ngowe-1859 wadibana noCézanne. Esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo senzeke - ngokokuqala ngqa umzobo wakhe waboniswa kwi-Art Salon esemthethweni. Sithetha nge "Landscape kufuphi neMontmorency", engenzi mpembelelo ikhethekileyo kwiingcali, kodwa yinkqubela enzulu yePissarro kumbutho.
Kwiminyaka emibini kuphela kamva, wayesele esaziwa njengegcisa eliphum’ izandla waza wabhaliswa njengomkhupheli eLouvre. Nangona kunjalo, i-jury yaseSalon yaqala ukugatya imisebenzi yakhe kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba ayibonise kwi-Salon ye-Rejected. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba isizathu salokhu kukuba uPissarro wazisayina kwiikhathalogu ze-1864 kunye ne-1865 ye-Paris Salon njengomfundi waseCorot, kodwa ngokuvulekileyo waqala ukuziqhelanisa naye. Oku akuzange kuqondwe njengomnqweno wokwakha isitayela sakhe, kodwa njengophawu lokungahloniphi, kwaye kulo mqondo kwakungafanelekanga kumculi.
Ukwaliwa kwakhe eSalon kwaba kokwexeshana. Ngo-1866, wamkelwa kwakhona - wabonisa imizobo yakhe emibini apho. Imisebenzi yakhe yamkelwa kwakhona kwiminyaka elandelayo, kubandakanywa. de kwaba ngoo-1870.
Phakathi ko-1866 no-1868 wapeyinta noCézanne ePontoise. “Sasingahlukani!” UPissarro kamva wabelana, echaza ukufana kwemisebenzi eyenziwe ngaba babini ngelo xesha. Kodwa inye into eqinisekileyo, uyayichaza-ngamnye wethu uneyona nto ibalulekileyo: imvakalelo yakhe. ukuze ubone. ”…
Ngowe-1870, uCamille Pissarro waqalisa ukusebenza noClaude Monet noRenoir. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, inkuthazo yokwenyani yokuyila yabonakala kwikhaya lakhe eLouvesien- icolossuses yobugcisa obuhle yaqokelelwa apho, njengaleyo sele ikhankanyiwe, kunye noCézanne, uGauguin noVan Gogh. Apha kufuneka sicacise ukuba uPissarro wayengomnye wabalandeli bokuqala bakaVan Gogh.
Imfazwe yaseFranco-Prussian yanyanzela uPissarro ukuba ahambe ekhaya aze aye eLondon, apho wadibana noMonet noSisslet waza waziswa kumthengisi wezithombe uPaul Durand-Ruel. Uthenga imizobo yakhe yeoli emibini "eLondon". UDurand-Ruel kamva waba ngoyena mthengisi ubalulekileyo kwi-Impressionists.
NgoJuni 1871, uPissarro wafumana isibetho esinzima - wafumana ikhaya lakhe eLouvesien litshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Amajoni asePrussia atshabalalisa eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ukususela kwixesha langaphambili. U-Pissarro wayengenakukwazi ukunyamezela le ngqungquthela waza wafudukela ePontoise, apho wahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1882. Okwangoku, urenta i-studio eParis, engavamile ukuyisebenzisa.
Ngo-1874, wathatha inxaxheba kumboniso wokuqala we-impressionist kwisitudiyo sikaNadar. Sisiganeko esibalulekileyo awasibhiyozela noCézanne. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, uPissarro waba ngumhlobo noPaul Gauguin, owathatha inxaxheba kumboniso we-1879 we-Impressionists.
Kwaye nali ithuba lokuthetha into engaqondakaliyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje kubahlalutyi abaninzi bezobugcisa. UCamille Pissarro - le ndoda eyadala ngoxolo kunye nabaculi abakhulu bexesha layo kwaye basebenzisane nabo ngoxolo, ngequbuliso yawela engxakini.
Wafudukela e-Erani kwaye wayekhangela isimbo esitsha semisebenzi yakhe. Kanye ngexesha, i-pointillists i-Signac kunye ne-Seurat yabonakala kwinqanaba, kwaye u-Pissarro waqala ukuvavanya ubuchule babo "bamanqaku", apho wadala iindawo ezimangalisayo zomhlaba. Ithathe inxaxheba kuyo yonke imiboniso esibhozo ye-Impressionist, kubandakanywa. kwaye kweyokugqibela - ngo-1886.
Kwiminyaka ye-1990, waphinda wahlaselwa ngamathandabuzo okudala kwaye wabuyela kwi-impressionism "ecocekileyo". Umlingiswa wakhe naye uyatshintsha - uyacaphuka, kwaye kwiimbono zakhe zezopolitiko - i-anarchist ebukhali ngakumbi.
Okwangoku, unikezela ngempumelelo imisebenzi yakhe eLondon. Ikamva lidla ngokumtyhala ukusuka empumelelweni ukuya emfiliba. Kumboniso odibeneyo kunye no-Antonio de la Gandara kwiGalari yaseDurand-Ruel, abagxeki benza ngathi abaqapheli imisebenzi yakhe ye-46 eboniswe kwigalari kwaye baphawule kuphela kwiDe la Gandara.
UCamille Pissarro utyunyuzwe ngokoqobo kukungahoywa. Namhlanje, imisebenzi yakhe ithengiswa ngezigidi zeedola, kodwa oko kwakungenjalo ngelo xesha. UPissarro wayehlala esecaleni lokungazinzi.
Umculi wafa eParis waza wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni "Père Lachaise" enkulu. Ingqokelela yonke yemizobo yakhe ibanjelwe kwiMusée d'Orsay eParis nakwiMyuziyam yaseAshmolean, eOxford.
Ubomi bakhe budibana nobuntu obukhulu kangangokuba buvakala ngathi yi-epic. Ubusazi ukuba omnye weengqondi, umlandeli wakhe othembekileyo, yayinguEmile Zola? UZola akazange ayeke ukuthetha ngokuncoma uPissarro kumanqaku akhe.
Ngokwenene, wayengafanelanga kwaphela, uPizarro washiywa ukuba aziphilise ngeyona ndlela inzima yokondla intsapho yakhe. Wafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba aqalise ukupeyinta abalandeli nokulungiselela iivenkile ukuze afumane imali. Wayesoloko ehamba nomzobo phantsi kwevenkile yaseParis, enethemba lokuba kukho umntu oza kuwuthenga. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, wayedla ngokuthengisa imizobo yakhe ngaphandle kwanto. Isiphelo sikaClaude Monet sasingafani, kodwa uPissarro wayenentsapho enkulu.
Omnye wabasindisi, njengoko sele sitshilo, yayingumthengisi-gallerist uDurand-Ruel. Wayengomnye wabarhwebi abambalwa ababexhasa la magcisa anetalente ephambeneyo kwaye angathathi ntweni, imisebenzi yawo namhlanje ithengiswa ngamaxabiso amahle. Ngokomzekelo, uClaude Monet, emva kweminyaka yobuhlwempu waba ngoyena mntu wakha wathengiswa kakhulu.
UCamille Pissarro wasusa iingxaki zakhe zemali kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe. De kube ngoko, intsapho yayixhaswa ngokuyintloko ngumfazi wakhe, owayelungiselela ukutya etafileni ngefama encinane.
Ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, uCamille Pissarro uthathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso emininzi eParis, eNew York, eBrussels, eDresden, ePittsburgh, ePetersburg, njl.
Umculi wafa ngoNovemba 12 (ngokwezinye iingxelo ngoNovemba 13) 1903 eParis. Enye yeengxilimbela ze-impressionism iyahamba. Nangona igcisa liphuma kumnombo wamaYuda, abanye abahlalutyi bambiza ngokuba nguyise “wamaYuda” wobugcisa bale mihla.
I-trivia encinci: Ukuba ukhumbula ii-hay bales zikaClaude Monet, kufuneka wazi ukuba uPissarro wazipeyinta phambi kwakhe. Imithi nama-apile awayewabhala ngokungathandabuzekiyo zamchukumisa uPaul Cézanne. I-Pissarro's pointllism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivutha "amanqaku" kaVan Gogh. U-Edgar Degas watshisa uPissarro kubugcisa bokushicilela.
Esinjani sona isibongozo seenkosi zebrashi kunye nobuhle ngelo xesha!
I-Impressionists, nangona kunjalo, yahlukana emva komcimbi we-Dreyfus. Bahlulwe liza lokuchasa amaYuda eFransi. UPissarro kunye neMonet bakhusele iCap. I-Drayfuss. Ukwacinga ngeleta kaZola ekhusela ukapteni, kwaye uDegas, uCézanne noRenoir babekwicala elingasemva. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwafika kwinqanaba lokuba abahlobo bezolo - uDegas noPissarro - badlulana ezitalatweni zaseParis ngaphandle kokubulisana.
Kakade ke, asinguye wonk’ ubani owafikelela kwinqanaba eligaba ngolo hlobo. Ngokomzekelo, uPaul Cézanne, nangona wayenombono ohlukileyo malunga ne-Affair kunokuba uPissarro, wayesoloko ethetha ngokuvakalayo ukuba wayemqaphela "njengoyise" wakhe kubugcisa. UMonet waba ngumgcini woonyana bakaPissarro emva kokufa kwakhe.
UCamille Pissarro usishiyele iiseyile ezininzi ezimangalisayo, phakathi kwazo ezona zidumileyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo "Boulevard Montmartre" - 1897, "Garden in Pontoise" - 1877, "Incoko ngocingo" - 1881 "Self-Portrait" - 1903 kunye nabanye. Nanamhla oku, le mizobo ibangela ukuba umbhali wayo athabatheke ngokwenene, ekubonakala ukuba uye wabutywina ubomi ngendlela yokuba buhlale bungenakonakala kwixesha.
Umzekeliso: Camille UPissarro, "Umfanekiso wokuZijonga", ngo-1903.
