Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights lomwe linapangidwa kuti lilole Eugenics kukhazikitsa malamulo

Ufulu waumunthu malinga ndi United Nations, ndi maufulu omwe tili nawo chifukwa chakuti tilipo monga anthu - sakuperekedwa ndi boma lililonse. Ufulu wapadziko lonse umenewu ndi wachibadwa kwa ife tonse, mosasamala kanthu za dziko, kugonana, dziko kapena fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chinenero, kapena udindo wina uliwonse. Zimachokera ku zofunika kwambiri - ufulu wa moyo - kupita ku zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wofunika, monga ufulu wa chakudya, maphunziro, ntchito, thanzi, ndi ufulu. Ku Ulaya si onse amene ali ndi ufulu umenewu, ngati munthu angodalira Pangano la Mayiko a ku Ulaya la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. The European Convention ili ndi nkhani yomwe imaletsa izi kwa anthu olumala m'maganizo. Zinachokera kwa winawake ndi kwinakwake, ndipo pazifukwa. Iyi ndinkhani ya zomwe zidali m'mbuyo.

The Misonkhano Yachiyuda Yokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu lolembedwa mu 1949 ndi 1950 m’chigawo chake chonena za ufulu wa ufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu anenapo kupatulapo “anthu osaganiza bwino, zidakwa kapena omwerekera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena oyendayenda.” Kupatulako kudapangidwa ndi nthumwi ya United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden, motsogozedwa ndi a British. Zinachokera ku nkhawa yomwe malemba omwe adalembedwa panthawiyo adafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Universal kuphatikizapo anthu omwe ali ndi zilema zamaganizo, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayikowa.

Eugenics movement

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, gulu la eugenics la nthawi yathu linayambika ku United Kingdom. Eugenics idatchuka ndipo kuyambira gawo loyamba lazaka za m'ma 1900, anthu ochokera kudera lonse la ndale adatengera malingaliro a eugenic. Zotsatira zake, maiko ambiri kuphatikiza United States, Canada, Australia, ndi maiko ambiri aku Europe, kuphatikiza Denmark, Germany, ndi Sweden adachita nawo mfundo za eugenic, zomwe cholinga chake ndi "kukweza kuchuluka kwa chibadwa cha anthu awo".

Mapulogalamu a eugenics anaphatikiza zonse zomwe zimatchedwa njira zabwino, zomwe zimalimbikitsa anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ndi "oyenera" kubereka, ndi njira zosayenera, monga kuletsa kukwatirana ndi kulera mokakamiza kwa anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ndi osayenera kubereka, kapena kungodzipatula kwa anthu otere. . Omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi "osayenera kubereka" nthawi zambiri ankaphatikizapo anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo kapena thupi, anthu omwe sanachite bwino pa mayeso a IQ, zigawenga, zidakwa ndi "opotoka", ndi mamembala a magulu ang'onoang'ono osavomerezeka.

Ku United Kingdom, bungwe la Eugenics Education Society kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 linali ndi chidwi chokulirapo pa "kuchiritsa" mikhalidwe kapena mikhalidwe yambiri ya anthu osauka. Zinaphatikizapo uchidakwa, upandu wachizolowezi, kudalira ubwino, uhule, matenda monga chindoko ndi chifuwa chachikulu; matenda a ubongo monga khunyu; maganizo monga misala, kuphatikizapo hysteria ndi melancholia; ndi "maganizo ofooka" - mawu omveka kwa aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti alibe mphamvu zamaganizo ndi kuweruza makhalidwe abwino.

Sosaite sinali yaikulu kwambiri, koma inali yolankhula kwambiri ndipo zokopa zake zimasonyeza ndi kulimbikitsa malingaliro amene anali kuchitidwa m’magulu apamwamba a anthu, kuphatikizapo m’boma.

Sosaite inakonza First International Eugenics Congress mu 1912, ku yunivesite ya London, kuti ilimbikitse eugenics. Wachiwiri kwa purezidenti waku Britain pamsonkhanowu adaphatikizapo Mlembi Wamkati, Reginald McKenna.

The Mental Deficiency Act

Pambuyo pa congress, Reginald McKenna, pambuyo pake mu 1912 m'malo mwa Boma, adakhazikitsa lamulo la eugenics lomwe limaphatikizapo kulera mokakamiza. Linapangidwa kuti liletse “ofooka mtima” kukhala makolo. Biliyo idakanidwa kwambiri ndipo idakhala nkhani yokambirana kwambiri. Biliyo mu fomu yosinthidwa idakhazikitsidwa chaka chotsatira ngati Mental Deficiency Act ya 1913. Lamuloli mwa zina chifukwa cha otsutsa adakana kulera, koma zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kulekanitsa "zolakwika m'maganizo" m'malo opulumukira.

Ndi lamuloli munthu amene amaonedwa kuti ndi chitsiru kapena chitsiru atha kuikidwa ku bungwe kapena pansi pa ulonda ngati kholo kapena womulera apempha choncho, monganso munthu wamagulu anayiwa a) Zitsiru, b) Zitsiru, c) Wofooka. -anthu amalingaliro, ndi d) Moral Imbeciles, ochepera zaka 21. Inaphatikizaponso anthu amtundu uliwonse amene anasiyidwa, onyalanyazidwa, olakwa, m’boma, oledzera, kapena osakhoza kuphunzira.

Chifukwa chake, anthu masauzande ambiri adatsekeredwa m'masukulu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, anthu 65,000 anaikidwa “m’makoloni” kapena m’malo ena m’mabungwe ena, panthaŵi yogwira ntchito ya UK Mental Deficiency Act ya 1913.

Bambo Bevan Nduna ya Zaumoyo, adauza Nyumba Yamalamulo, kuti pansi pa Lunacy and Mental Treatment Act kuposa 20.000 idachitikira m'mabungwe kumayambiriro kwa 1945. pambuyo; koma amene akufunika chithandizo amachilandira kuchokera kwa achipatala.”

Biliyo ndi malamulo ake onse anali kugwira ntchito panthawiyo bungwe la United Nations ndi Council of Europe adakhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza zaufulu wa anthu.

Eugenics ku Denmark

Kudutsa Nyanja ya Kumpoto, Denmark - monga dziko loyamba ku Ulaya - adakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kulera a eugenics, monga lamulo loyendetsa ndege mu 1929. Lamuloli linakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la Social Democratic, ndi KK Steincke, nduna ya zachilungamo komanso pambuyo pake za chikhalidwe cha anthu. , kutsogolera khama.

Chikhulupiriro ndi lingaliro la eugenic linapita patsogolo kuposa kulera kokakamiza. Zinakhudza mbali zambiri za ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, pamene ma eugenics adakhala chofunikira komanso gawo lofunika kwambiri lachitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Denmark, olemba ambiri adanena kuti akufuna kuti ngakhale anthu omwe sali owopsa m'maganizo nthawi zina ayenera kuloledwa kugonekedwa kuchipatala chamisala. asylum).

Mphamvu yoyendetsa ganizoli sikunali kudera nkhawa munthu, koma kudera nkhawa anthu. Woimira Boma wotchuka wa Khoti Lalikulu lamilandu, Otto Schlegel, ananena m’nkhani ya mu Weekly Journal of the Judiciary, kuti olemba mabuku onse, kusiyapo mmodzi, anaganiza kuti, “kuthekera kwa kugonekedwa m’chipatala mokakamiza kuyeneranso kukhala kotsegukira kumlingo wakutiwakuti kwa anthu amene amagonekedwa m’chipatala mokakamizidwa. mwina sali owopsa koma sangachite zinthu m’dziko lakunja, amisala ovutitsa amene khalidwe lawo limawopseza kuwononga kapena kunyozetsa achibale awo. Mfundo zochiritsira zimaganiziridwanso kuti zilungamitsa kugonekedwa m'chipatala nthawi zina. ”

Chifukwa chake, Danish Insanity Act ya 1938 idapereka mwayi wotsekera anthu amisala omwe si oopsa. Sizinali nkhawa yachifundo kapena lingaliro lothandizira anthu osowa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zitheke pamalamulo, koma lingaliro la gulu lomwe zinthu zina zosokonezeka m'maganizo ndi "zovuta" zinalibe malo.

Malamulo a Eugenics sanaloledwe mu Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights

Ndi chifukwa cha kuvomereza kofala kumeneku kwa eugenics monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti athe kuona zoyesayesa za oimira United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden popanga mgwirizano wa European Convention of Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Zolemba zomwe zaperekedwa ndikuphatikizanso ndime yoti akhululukidwe, yomwe ingalole lamulo la boma lolekanitsa ndi kutsekera "anthu osaganiza bwino, zidakwa, zidakwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso oyendayenda".