Komiti ya Bioethics ya Council of Europe pazaka zapitazi yakhala ikukonzekera chida chatsopano chalamulo chogwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza pazamisala. Chidachi mwaukadaulo ndi Protocol to the Biomedical Convention, ndipo chimapeza mphamvu pakukulitsa Msonkhanowo. Kafukufuku watsopano wa zikalata zoyambirira za Council of Europe adapeza kuti pamizu ya zolemba, zomwe Komiti ya Bioethics imakhazikitsa Protocol pa, ndilemba la chikalata chovomerezeka chomwe chinapangidwa kuti chivomereze Eugenics adayambitsa malamulo ndi machitidwe. Izi zimadziwika ndi Komiti, ngakhale Pulezidenti sanadziwitse mamembala ake onse.
Komiti mpaka pano yakhala ikupita patsogolo kuti ikwaniritse Protocol yovota pa 2nd November 2021, ikudziwa kuti idzayika mayiko onse a Council of Europe mkangano walamulo, chifukwa Protocol ikutsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Msonkhanowu unavomerezedwa ndi mayiko 46 mwa mayiko 47 a m’Bungwe la Mayiko a ku Ulaya. Komiti ya Bioethics yapitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo a Eugenics mzimu ku Europe ndikuwononga zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse lapansi zopanga ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu onse.
Protocol motsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi
Komiti Yowona za Bioethics ikugwira ntchito motengera malangizo ochokera ku bungwe lopanga zisankho la Council, Komiti ya nduna, yomwe idanenedwa m'mawu ake. Komiti ya nduna komabe imagwira ntchito pazankhani zapaderazi zomwe zanenedwa ndikuperekedwa ndi Komiti ya Bioethics. Zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa kuyambira pachiyambi ndi Mayi Laurence Lwoff, Mlembi wa Komiti.
Mwa njira iyi Komiti ya Bioethics yatha kuyika mzere wotetezedwa ndi ndale ku bungwe lake lalikulu ndi dziko lonse lapansi, pamene kwenikweni ikugwira ntchito ndi ndondomeko ina.
Izi zinayamba kale chisankho chokonzekera ndondomeko yowonjezera chinatengedwa ndi Komiti ya Utumiki. Mu 2011, kukambirana mopanda tsankho pa Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse, The Pangano la United Nations la Ufulu wa Anthu olumala (CRPD), makamaka Ndime 14 – Ufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu, unachitikira mkati mwa Komiti ya Bioethics. Komitiyi idawona momwe Council of Europe Protocol ingasemphane ndi CRPD, makamaka pankhani ya chithandizo chodziyimira pawokha komanso njira zokhazikitsira.
Msonkhanowu ndi Ndemanga Zake Zazikulu ndizomveka. Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu wa Anthu olumala komabe m’mawu ake opita ku Komiti Yoona za Bioethics pambuyo pake inafotokoza kuti “kuika anthu onse olumala m’malo mwa anthu onse olumala, makamaka anthu olumala m’maganizo kapena m’maganizo, kuphatikizapo anthu amene ali ndi vuto la m’maganizo. ', ndizoletsedwa m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi molingana ndi ndime 14 ya Panganoli, ndipo ndikulanditsa ufulu wa anthu olumala mopanda tsankho komanso mopanda tsankho monga momwe zimachitikira chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwenikweni kapena komwe akuganiza."
Komiti ya United Nations inanenanso kuti zipani za United States ziyenera "kuthetsa ndondomeko, malamulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake malingaliro a anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe amisala omwe adakumana ndi zowawa zazikulu komanso zowawa chifukwa cha chithandizo chokakamizidwa. ”
“Kudzipereka kopanda dala kwa anthu olumala pazifukwa za chisamaliro chaumoyo kumatsutsana ndi kuletsa kotheratu kulandidwa ufulu chifukwa cha zofooka (ndime 14(1)(b)) ndi mfundo ya chilolezo chaufulu ndi chidziwitso cha munthu wokhudzidwa ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo ( Nkhani 25).
- Komiti ya United Nations ya Ufulu wa Anthu olumala, Statement to Council of Europe Committee on Bioethics, yofalitsidwa mu DH-BIO/INF (2015) 20
Komiti ya Bioethics ya Council of Europe chifukwa cha kusinthana maganizo mkati mwa Komitiyo idavomereza a Ndemanga pa Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu olumala mu November 2011. Ngakhale kuti mawuwa akuoneka kuti anali okhudza CRPD, amangoganizira za Msonkhano wa Komitiyo womwe, komanso buku lake lofotokoza za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya.
Mawuwo akusonyeza kuti Komitiyi inaganizira za Pangano la United Nations Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu olumala, makamaka ngati nkhani 14, 15 ndi 17 zikugwirizana ndi “kuthekera kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto la misala lovuta kwambiri m’mikhalidwe ina. kuikidwa mwachisawawa kapena chithandizo mwachisawawa, monga momwe zinawoneratu national ndi zolemba zapadziko lonse lapansi. "
Zolemba zofananira pamfundo yayikulu mu mawu a Komiti ya Bioethics:
Ndemanga pa CRPD: "Kuchiza mwangozi kapena kuyika malo kungakhale koyenera, mogwirizana ndi kusokonezeka maganizo kwa chikhalidwe choopsa, ngati kuchokera ku kusowa kwa chithandizo kapena kuika Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kungabweretse thanzi la munthuyo kapena kwa munthu wina.”
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, Article 7: "Malinga ndi chitetezo chokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo, kuphatikiza kuyang'anira, kuwongolera ndi kudandaula, munthu amene watero kusokonezeka maganizo kwa chikhalidwe choopsa akhoza kuchitidwa, popanda chilolezo chake, kuti achitepo kanthu pofuna kuchiza matenda ake amisala pokhapokha ngati, popanda chithandizo chotero, kuvulazidwa kwakukulu kungadzetse thanzi lake. "
Pokhala ndi izi, Komiti ya Bioethics ikhoza kupitiriza kupanga chida chatsopano chalamulo, ndikupangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati zikugwirizana ndi ufulu waumunthu wapadziko lonse, womwe mayiko a Bungweli ali nawo. Komitiyi idalandira udindo watsopano wa 2012 ndi 2013 kuphatikiza ntchito yokonzekera chida chovomerezeka "chokhudza chitetezo cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamisala pankhani ya chithandizo chadzidzidzi ndi kuikidwa."
Nkhawa za Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi malingaliro ochotsa ndondomeko
Ngakhale kuti ntchito iyi ya Komiti sinali yapagulu, idapezeka ndipo pa 1st ya Okutobala 2013 Komiti Yoona za Zachikhalidwe cha Anthu, Zaumoyo ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Kukula kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Council of Europe idapereka ndemanga Pemphani malingaliro zokhudzana ndi kulongosola kwa chida chatsopanochi.
Komiti Yanyumba Yamalamulo muzokambiranayo idanenanso za CRPD, kuti "Lero, ndiye mfundo yokhazikitsira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'maganizo ndi chisamaliro chomwe chikutsutsidwa. Msonkhanowu ukunenanso kuti ngakhale zitsimikizidwe zokhazikitsidwa, kuyikidwa mwachisawawa ndi kulandira chithandizo nthawi zonse kumakonda kuzunzidwa komanso kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi izi amafotokoza zoyipa zomwe zidachitika. ”
Pempho la Komiti ya Nyumba ya Malamulo lidapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi iunike mozama zomwe zidapangitsa kuti a lipoti la komiti "Mlandu wotsutsana ndi bungwe la Council of Europe pazamalamulo pazachidziwitso chazamisala" womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu Marichi 2016. Malangizo kwa Komiti ya Atumiki akuwona kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo ikumvetsa nkhawa zomwe zinapangitsa Komiti Yowona za Bioethics kuti igwire ntchito pa nkhaniyi, komanso kuti "ili ndi kukayikira kwakukulu ponena za phindu lowonjezera la chida chatsopano chalamulo pa nkhaniyi."
Msonkhanowo udawonjezeranso kuti "chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri pazamtsogolo mtsogolo chikukhudzana ndi funso lofunika kwambiri: logwirizana ndi United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons Disabilities (CRPD)."
Msonkhanowu unamaliza kuti "chida chilichonse chalamulo chomwe chimasunga mgwirizano pakati pa miyeso yosasamala ndi kulemala chidzakhala chatsankho ndipo motero chimaphwanya CRPD. Inanenanso kuti ndondomeko yowonjezera yowonjezera imakhala ndi chiyanjano, monga kukhala ndi 'matenda amisala' ndi maziko a chithandizo chodzidzimutsa ndi kuikidwa, pamodzi ndi njira zina. "
Msonkhanowo unatha ndi ndondomeko yoti Komiti ya Atumiki iphunzitse Komiti ya Bioethics kuti "ichotse maganizo awo kuti apange ndondomeko yowonjezera yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu ndi ulemu wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo ponena za kuikidwa mwachisawawa ndi chithandizo chodzifunira. ”
Kuwunika kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi Malangizowo adaganiziranso mayankho a msonkhano wa anthu, womwe unachitika mu 2015. Mlanduwu udapereka machenjezo omveka bwino kapena mayankho otsutsana ndi Draft Zowonjezera Protocol kuchokera kwa Commissioner on Human Rights of the Council of Europe, European Union's Agency. ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (FRA), Komiti ya United Nations ya Ufulu wa Anthu olumala (CRPD), Mtolankhani Wapadera wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu olumala, Mtolankhani wapadera wa United Nations pa ufulu wa aliyense kuti asangalale ndi Mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri waumoyo wathupi ndi wamaganizidwe, ndi mndandanda wa omwe akukhudzidwa kuphatikiza mayanjano ofunikira odwala.
Yankho la Komiti ya Bioethics
Malangizo a ntchito pa Protocol yatsopano sinasinthe kwambiri. Komitiyi inalola anthu okhudzidwa kuti apite kumisonkhano yake ndipo inalemba zambiri zokhudza ntchitoyo pa webusaiti yake. Koma chitsogozo chachikulu sichinasinthe.
Komiti pa webusaiti yake analengeza, kuti cholinga cha Protocol latsopanoli ndi kukulitsa, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu chida chomangirira mwalamulo, zomwe zili mu Article 7 ya Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Biomedicine, komanso za Article 5 § 1 (e) ya European Convention on Human Rights. Protocol ikufuna kuyika zitsimikizo zofunika kwambiri pa kuthekera kwapadera kumeneku kusokoneza ufulu waufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa anthu.
Zolemba zofotokozera za Protocol zidadziwika bwino kuti ndi Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, ndi European Convention on Human Rights. Mawu oyamba a Protocol Yowonjezera akutero, ndipo ena ambiri amatchula izi, kuphatikiza Council of Europe Bioethics. Webusayiti ya Mental Health, Maziko a Ntchito ndi Cholinga cha Protocol yowonjezera yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu ndi ulemu wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'maganizo.
Komitiyo idawonjezeranso gawo lake tsamba la webu kuti, “Ntchitoyi ikuchitikanso mogwirizana ndi Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu Olemala (onaninso Chikalata chovomerezedwa ndi CDBI), ndi zida zina zazamalamulo zotengedwa pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi.” Mawu omwe akutchulidwawo ndi mawu a CRPD a 2011 omwe adapangidwa kuti apangitse owerenga kuti akhulupirire kuti Komiti idzaganizira za CRPD, pamene kwenikweni yakhala ikunyalanyaza ndi mzimu umene uyenera kumveka ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. . Komiti yomwe ili patsamba lake lawebusayiti mpaka pano yatumiza malingaliro a mawu awa a 2011 ndikuwoneka ngati cholinga chosocheretsa munthu aliyense wokhudzidwa yemwe akupita patsamba la Council of Europe kuti adziwe zomwe zikuchitika.
Malingaliro oyambira a Protocol
Zolemba za Protocol zomwe Komiti Yowona za Bioethics imagwira ntchito ndi Ndime 7 ya Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu ndi Biomedicine, yomwe ikufotokozanso tsatanetsatane wa Gawo 5 § 1 (e) la European Convention on Human Rights.
Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights linalembedwa mu 1949 ndi 1950. M’chigawo chake chonena za ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu, Gawo 5 § 1 (e), likunena kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa “anthu opanda nzeru, zidakwa, zidakwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, oyendayenda.” Kusankhidwa kwa anthu omwe amaonedwa kuti akukhudzidwa ndi zochitika za chikhalidwe kapena zaumwini, kapena kusiyana kwa malingaliro kunayambira pamalingaliro atsankho ofala m'gawo loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1900.
Kupatulako kudapangidwa ndi nthumwi ya United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden, motsogozedwa ndi a British. Zinachokera ku nkhawa yomwe malemba omwe adalembedwa panthawiyo adafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Universal kuphatikizapo anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo (psychosocial disabilities), zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayikowa. Onse a Britain, Denmark ndi Sweden anali ochirikiza mwamphamvu za eugenics panthawiyo, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi malingaliro otere pamalamulo ndi machitidwe.
Kuwunikira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi "malingaliro osaganiza bwino" kudayendetsedwa ndi a Britain, omwe adatengera malamulo mu 1890 ndikuwonjezeranso ndi Mental Deficiency Act ya 1913, kuti kukhazikitsa njira zolekanitsira "zolakwika m'maganizo" m'malo opulumukira.
The Mental Deficiency Act idaperekedwa ndikukankhidwa ndi Eugenics. Pachiyambi cha ntchito ya UK Mental Deficiency Act, anthu a 65,000 adayikidwa mu "makoloni" kapena m'malo ena. Ku Denmark ndi ku Sweden onse anali ndi malamulo a eugenic omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1930, ku Denmark makamaka kuvomereza kulandidwa kwa ufulu kwa anthu omwe sali owopsa m'maganizo.
Ndi chifukwa cha kuvomereza kofala kwa eugenics monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti athe kuona zoyesayesa za oimira United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden mu European Convention of Human Rights drafting process. kuti boma lilole chilolezo cholekanitsa ndi kutseka ndikuchotsa anthu "anthu opanda nzeru, zidakwa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi oyendayenda".
“Monga mmene Mgwirizano wa Oviedo unachitikira, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ndi lamulo limene linayamba mu 1950 ndipo zimene Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya linapereka zimasonyeza kuti anthu olumala ananyalanyaza komanso kunyalanyaza ufulu wa anthu olumala. . Kuphatikiza apo, pankhani zokhudzana ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende, zolemba za 1950 zimaloleza momveka bwino kulandidwa ufulu pamaziko a 'malingaliro opanda nzeru' (Ndime 5(1)(e)). Ngakhale kuti khoti la ECHR limaonedwa kuti ndi ‘chida chamoyo . . .
- Mayi Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, Mtolankhani wapadera wa UN pa ufulu wa anthu olumala
Lingaliro lachidziwitso cha ndondomeko yowonjezera ku Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Biomedicine motero - ngakhale kuti akuwoneka kuti akufuna kuteteza ufulu wa anthu - kwenikweni akupitirizabe tsankho lodetsedwa ndi mfundo za eugenic, ngakhale kuti mawu enieni amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sikulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu; m’chenicheni, izo zikutsutsana ndi kuletsa kotheratu kwa kulandidwa ufulu chifukwa cha zofooka monga momwe Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu wa Anthu Olemala inanenera.
