Wolemba Teodor Detchev
Gawo lapitalo la kusanthula uku, lotchedwa "Sahel - Conflicts, Coups and Migration Bombs", lidafotokoza za kukwera kwa zigawenga ku West Africa komanso kulephera kuthetsa nkhondo yachigawenga yomwe idachitika ndi Asilamu otsutsana ndi asitikali a boma ku Mali, Burkina. Faso, Niger, Chad ndi Nigeria. Nkhani ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe ikuchitika ku Central African Republic inakambidwanso.
Chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti kuwonjezereka kwa mkangano kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha "bomba losamuka" lomwe lingapangitse kuti anthu asamuke kwambiri m'malire onse akumwera kwa European Union. Chofunikira ndikuthekera kwa mfundo zakunja zaku Russia kuwongolera kukula kwa mikangano m'maiko monga Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad ndi Central African Republic. [39] Ndi dzanja lake pa "counter" ya kuphulika kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, Moscow ikhoza kuyesedwa mosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kusamuka motsutsana ndi mayiko a EU omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kale kuti ndi ankhanza.
Paziwopsezo izi, gawo lapadera limaseweredwa ndi anthu a Fulani - gulu la anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, obereketsa ziweto omwe amakhala pamtunda kuchokera ku Gulf of Guinea kupita ku Nyanja Yofiira ndipo amawerengera anthu 30 mpaka 35 miliyoni malinga ndi deta zosiyanasiyana. . Pokhala anthu omwe m'mbiri yakale adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakulowa kwa Chisilamu ku Africa, makamaka West Africa, a Fulani ndi yeseso lalikulu kwa otsutsa achisilamu, ngakhale amadzinenera sukulu ya Sufi ya Chisilamu, yomwe mosakayikira ndiyomwe imakhala yopambana kwambiri. wololera, monga komanso wachinsinsi kwambiri.
Tsoka ilo, monga momwe zidzawonedwera m’kusanthula m’munsimu, nkhaniyo si ya kutsutsa kwa chipembedzo kokha. Mkanganowu si wachipembedzo chabe. Ndi chikhalidwe-ethno-chipembedzo, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, zotsatira za chuma chochuluka chifukwa cha ziphuphu, zosinthidwa kukhala umwini wa ziweto - zomwe zimatchedwa neo-pastoralism - zayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera yowonjezera. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chodziwika kwambiri ku Nigeria ndipo chidzakhala mutu wa gawo lachitatu la kusanthula uku.
The Fulani ndi Jihadism ku Central Mali: Pakati pa Kusintha, Kupanduka kwa Social ndi Radicalization
Ngakhale kuti Operation Serval idapambana mu 2013 pokankhira kumbuyo a jihadist omwe adalanda kumpoto kwa Mali, ndipo Operation Barhan idawalepheretsa kubwerera kutsogolo, kuwakakamiza kubisala, kuukirako sikunangosiya, koma kufalikira mpaka pakati. Mali (m'dera la mtsinje wa Niger, wotchedwanso Massina). Nthawi zambiri, zigawenga zidawonjezeka pambuyo pa 2015.
Ma Jihadists sali olamulira derali monga analiri kumpoto kwa Mali mu 2012 ndipo amakakamizidwa kubisala. Iwo alibe "olamulira achiwawa" monga magulu ankhondo adapangidwa kuti amenyane nawo, nthawi zina mothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu. Komabe, zigawenga zofuna kupha anthu ambiri zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kusatetezeka kwafika pamlingo wakuti derali sililinso pansi pa ulamuliro weniweni wa boma. Ogwira ntchito m'boma ambiri asiya ntchito zawo, masukulu ambiri atsekedwa, ndipo zisankho za pulezidenti zaposachedwapa sizinachitike m'matauni angapo.
Kumbali ina, izi ndi zotsatira za "kufalikira" kuchokera Kumpoto. Atakankhidwira kunja kwa mizinda yakumpoto, yomwe adayilamulira kwa miyezi ingapo atalephera kupanga dziko lodziimira, kukakamizidwa "kuchita mwanzeru", magulu ankhondo a jihadist, kufunafuna njira zatsopano ndi njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito, adatha kutenga. ubwino wa zinthu zosakhazikika m'chigawo chapakati kuti apeze chikoka chatsopano.
Zina mwa zinthuzi ndizofala kumadera apakati ndi kumpoto. Komabe, zingakhale zolakwika kukhulupirira kuti zochitika zazikulu zomwe zakhala zikuchitika nthawi zonse m'chigawo chapakati cha Mali kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa 2015 ndikungopitirizabe nkhondo yakumpoto.
Ndipotu, zofooka zina zimakhala zenizeni kumadera apakati. Zolinga za madera omwe akuzunzidwa ndi a Jihadist ndizosiyana kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti a Tuareg kumpoto adadzilamulira okha ku Azaouad (dera lomwe ndi lopeka - silinafanane ndi gulu lililonse landale, koma lomwe limalekanitsa a Tuareg madera onse kumpoto kwa Mali), madera omwe akuimiridwa. madera apakati , sapanga zonena za ndale zofanana, monga momwe amanenera ayi.
Kufunika kwa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito ya Fulani ku zochitika zakumpoto ndi m'madera apakati, omwe akugogomezedwa ndi onse owonera, akuwuza. Zowonadi, woyambitsa wa Masina Liberation Front, wofunikira kwambiri mwa magulu ankhondo omwe akhudzidwa, Hamadoun Kufa, yemwe adaphedwa pa Novembara 28, 2018, anali a Fulani, monganso omenyera ake ambiri. [38]
Ochepa kumpoto, a Fulani ndi ambiri m'madera apakati ndi nkhawa monga madera ena ambiri ndi mpikisano kuchuluka pakati pa abusa osamukasamuka ndi anakakhala alimi zomwe zikuchitika m'derali, iwo amavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha zochitika mbiri ndi chikhalidwe.
Zomwe zikuchitika mderali komanso Sahel yonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti anthu osamukasamuka komanso okhazikika azikhala limodzi, ali awiri:
• kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kukuchitika kale m'chigawo cha Sahel (mvula yatsika ndi 20% m'zaka 40 zapitazi), kukakamiza anthu oyendayenda kufunafuna malo atsopano odyetserako ziweto;
• Kuchulukirachulukira kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, zomwe zikupangitsa alimi kufunafuna malo atsopano, zakhudza kwambiri dera lomwe muli anthu ambiri. [38]
Ngati a Fulani, monga abusa osamukira kumayiko ena, amavutitsidwa makamaka ndi mpikisano wapakati pamagulu omwe zitukukozi zimabweretsa, ndi mbali imodzi chifukwa mpikisanowu umawakanganitsa pafupifupi madera ena onse (derali ndi kwawo kwa Fulani, Tamashek, Songhai. , Bozo, Bambara ndi Dogon), ndipo kumbali ina, chifukwa a Fulani amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko za boma:
• Ngakhale akuluakulu a boma la Maliya, mosiyana ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mayiko ena, sanaganizirepo za chidwi kapena kufunikira kwa kuthetsa, mfundo ndi yakuti ntchito zachitukuko zimayang'ana kwambiri anthu okhalamo. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa opereka, nthawi zambiri mokomera kusiya kusamukasamuka, komwe kumawonedwa kuti sikukugwirizana ndi zomangamanga zamakono komanso kuchepetsa mwayi wopeza maphunziro;
• Kuyambika kwa 1999 kwa demokalase ndi zisankho zamatauni, zomwe, ngakhale zidapatsa anthu a Fulani mwayi wobweretsa zofuna za anthu pa ndale, makamaka zidathandizira kuwonekera kwa anthu osankhika atsopano ndipo potero amafunsa mafunso amilandu, potengera miyambo, mbiri ndi chipembedzo. Anthu amtundu wa Fulani adamva kusinthaku mwamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa maubwenzi amtundu wawo ndi akale. Kusintha kumeneku kunayambikanso ndi boma, zomwe nthawi zonse ankaziona kuti "zotumizidwa" kuchokera kunja, zopangidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Azungu chomwe chili kutali ndi chawo. [38]
Izi, ndithudi, ndizochepa mkati mwa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za kugawa dziko. Komabe, ndizowona m'matauni angapo. Ndipo mosakayikira "kumverera" kwa kusintha kotereku ndi kolimba kuposa momwe zimakhudzira zenizeni, makamaka pakati pa a Fulani omwe amakonda kudziona ngati "ozunzidwa" ndi ndondomekoyi.
Pomaliza, kukumbukira zakale siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa, ngakhale kuti siziyenera kuwerengedwanso mopambanitsa. M'malingaliro a Fulani, Ufumu wa Masina (womwe Mopti ndi likulu lake) ukuimira zaka za golide za madera apakati a Mali. Cholowa cha ufumuwu chimaphatikizapo, kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ammudzi komanso malingaliro ena achipembedzo: a Fulani amakhala ndi kudziona ngati ochirikiza Chisilamu choyera, mumlengalenga wa ubale wa Sufi wa Quadriyya, wokhudzidwa ndi okhwima. kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a Koran.
Jihad yolalikidwa ndi anthu otsogola mu ufumu wa Masina inali yosiyana ndi ya zigawenga zomwe zikugwira ntchito pakali pano ku Mali (omwe adatumiza uthenga wawo kwa Asilamu ena omwe machitidwe awo sanaganizidwe kuti akugwirizana ndi malemba oyambirira). Malingaliro a Kufa pa anthu otsogola mu ufumu wa Masina anali osamvetsetseka. Nthawi zambiri amawatchula, koma adanyozanso mausoleum a Sekou Amadou. Komabe, Chisilamu chochitidwa ndi a Fulani chikuwoneka kuti chikugwirizana ndi mbali zina za Salafism zomwe magulu a jihadist nthawi zonse amati ndi awo. [2]
Mchitidwe watsopano ukuwoneka kuti ukuwonekera m'madera apakati a Mali mu 2019: pang'onopang'ono zolimbikitsa zoyamba kulowa nawo magulu a jihadist akumaloko zikuwoneka ngati zamaganizo, zomwe zikuwonekera pakufunsidwa kwa dziko la Maliya komanso zamakono. Ma propaganda a Jihadi, omwe amalengeza kukana ulamuliro wa boma (woperekedwa ndi a Kumadzulo, omwe akugwirizana nawo) ndi kumasulidwa ku maulamuliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu opangidwa ndi atsamunda ndi dziko lamakono, amapeza "chirengedwe" chochuluka pakati pa Fulani kusiyana ndi mafuko ena. magulu . [38]
Kukhazikika kwafunso la Fulani m'chigawo cha Sahel
Kuwonjezeka kwa mikangano ku Burkina Faso
A Fulani ndi ambiri m'chigawo cha Sahelian ku Burkina Faso, komwe kumalire ndi Mali (makamaka zigawo za Soum (Jibo), Seeno (Dori) ndi Ouadlan (Gorom-Goom), omwe amalire ndi madera a Mopti, Timbuktu ndi Gao). ku Mali). komanso ndi Niger - ndi zigawo za Tera ndi Tillaberi. Gulu lamphamvu la Fulani limakhalanso ku Ouagadougou, komwe kumakhala madera ambiri a Dapoya ndi Hamdalaye.
Kumapeto kwa 2016, gulu latsopano la zida zidawonekera ku Burkina Faso lomwe limadzinenera kuti ndi la Islamic State - Ansarul Al Islamia kapena Ansarul Islam, yemwe mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu anali Malam Ibrahim Dicko, mlaliki wa Fulani yemwe, monga Hamadoun Koufa ku Central Mali, adadzizindikiritsa kudzera muzowukira zambiri motsutsana ndi gulu lachitetezo ndi chitetezo cha Burkina Faso komanso masukulu m'zigawo za Sum, Seeno ndi Deleted. [38] Panthawi yobwezeretsa mphamvu za boma kumpoto kwa Mali mu 2013, asilikali a Maliya adagwira Ibrahim Mallam Diko. Koma adatulutsidwa pambuyo poumirira kwa atsogoleri a anthu a Fulani ku Bamako, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti wakale wa Nyumba Yamalamulo - Aly Nouhoum Diallo.
Atsogoleri a Ansarul Al Islamia ndi omwe kale anali omenyera nkhondo a MOJWA (Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa - Movement for Unity and jihad in West Africa, ndi "umodzi" ayenera kumveka ngati "monotheism" - Islamic radicals ndi monotheists kwambiri) kuchokera pakati. Mali. Malam Ibrahim Dicko tsopano akuganiziridwa kuti wafa ndipo mchimwene wake Jafar Dicko adalowa m'malo mwake monga mtsogoleri wa Ansarul Islam. [38]
Komabe, zomwe gululi likuchita pakadali pano ndizochepa.
Koma, monga m'chigawo chapakati cha Mali, gulu lonse la Fulani likuwoneka kuti likugwirizana ndi a jihadists, omwe akuyang'ana madera okhalamo. Pofuna kuthana ndi zigawenga, madera okhazikika adapanga magulu awoawo ankhondo kuti adziteteze.
Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa Januware 2019, poyankha kuukira kwa anthu osadziwika, anthu okhala ku Yirgou adaukira madera okhala a Fulani kwa masiku awiri (Januware 1 ndi 2), kupha anthu 48. Apolisi anatumizidwa kuti akhazikitse bata. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, makilomita angapo kutali, ku Bankass Cercle (gawo loyang'anira dera la Mopti ku Mali), 41 Fulani anaphedwa ndi Dogons. [14], [42]
Mkhalidwe ku Niger
Mosiyana ndi Burkina Faso, Niger ilibe magulu a zigawenga omwe akugwira ntchito kuchokera kumadera ake, ngakhale kuti Boko Haram akuyesera kuti adzikhazikitse m'madera akumalire, makamaka kumbali ya Diffa, akugonjetsa achinyamata aku Niger omwe akuwona kuti chuma cha dzikolo chikulepheretsa tsogolo lawo. . Pakadali pano, Niger yakwanitsa kuthana ndi zoyesayesa izi.
Kupambana kumeneku kumafotokozedwa makamaka ndi kufunikira komwe akuluakulu aku Nigeria amakhudzana ndi chitetezo. Amagawa gawo lalikulu kwambiri la bajeti ya dziko kwa iwo. Akuluakulu aku Nigeria apereka ndalama zambiri kuti alimbikitse asitikali ndi apolisi. Kuwunikaku kumachitika poganizira mwayi womwe ulipo ku Niger. Niger ndi amodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (pomaliza malinga ndi ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha anthu mu United Nations Development Programme - UNDP) ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza zoyesayesa mokomera chitetezo ndi ndondomeko yoyambitsa njira yachitukuko.
Akuluakulu a ku Nigeria akugwira ntchito kwambiri mu mgwirizano wachigawo (makamaka ndi Nigeria ndi Cameroon motsutsana ndi Boko Haram) ndipo amavomereza mofunitsitsa kudera lawo asilikali akunja operekedwa ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo (France, USA, Germany, Italy).
Komanso, akuluakulu a boma ku Niger, monga momwe adakwanitsira kuchitapo kanthu zomwe zinathetsa vuto la Tuareg, bwino kwambiri kuposa anzawo a ku Maliya, adawonetsanso chidwi chachikulu pa nkhani ya Fulani kuposa momwe amachitira ku Mali.
Komabe, dziko la Niger silikanatha kupeweratu kufalikira kwa zigawenga zochokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo. Dzikoli nthawi zonse limayang'aniridwa ndi zigawenga, zomwe zimachitika kum'mwera chakum'mawa, m'malire a Nigeria, komanso kumadzulo, kumadera apafupi ndi Mali. Izi ndi ziwawa zochokera kunja - ntchito zotsogozedwa ndi Boko Haram kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi ntchito zochokera kudera la Ménaka kumadzulo, lomwe ndi "malo abwino oberekera" zigawenga za Tuareg ku Mali.
Owukira ochokera ku Mali nthawi zambiri amakhala Fulani. Alibe mphamvu zofanana ndi za Boko Haram, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti aletse kuukira kwawo chifukwa porosity ya malire ndi yaikulu. Ambiri a Fulani omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zigawengazo ndi a Nigerien kapena ochokera ku Nigerien - abusa ambiri a Fulani osamukira kudziko lina anakakamizika kuchoka ku Niger ndikukhala m'madera oyandikana nawo a Mali pamene ulimi wothirira m'dera la Tillaberi unachepetsa malo awo odyetserako ziweto m'ma 1990. [38]
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, akhala akugwira nawo mikangano pakati pa a Fulani a ku Mali ndi a Tuareg (Imahad ndi Dausaki). Kuyambira kuukira kwa Tuareg komaliza ku Mali, mphamvu pakati pa magulu awiriwa yasintha. Panthawiyo, a Tuareg, omwe anali atapanduka kale kangapo kuyambira 1963, anali kale ndi zida zambiri.
A Fulani a ku Niger anali "ankhondo" pamene gulu lankhondo la Ganda Izo linakhazikitsidwa ku 2009. (Kulengedwa kwa gulu lankhondo ili linali chifukwa cha kugawanika kosalekeza m'magulu ankhondo akale - "Ganda Koi", omwe "Ganda Izo" ali nawo. Popeza "Ganda Izo" ikufuna kulimbana ndi a Tuareg, anthu a Fulani adagwirizana nawo (onse a Malia Fulani ndi Niger Fulani), pambuyo pake ambiri a iwo adaphatikizidwa ku MOJWA (Movement for Oneness ndi Jihad ku West Africa - Movement for Unity (monotheism) ndi jihad ku West Africa) kenako mu ISGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara). [38]
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pakati pa Tuareg ndi Dausaki, kumbali imodzi, ndi Fulani, kumbali inayo, ikusintha moyenerera, ndipo pofika 2019 ili kale kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, mikangano yatsopano imachitika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapha anthu ambiri mbali zonse ziwiri. M'nkhondo izi, magulu ankhondo apadziko lonse lapansi (makamaka panthawi ya Opaleshoni Barhan) nthawi zina adapanga mapangano ad hoc ndi a Tuareg ndi Dausak (makamaka ndi MSA), omwe, kutsatira kutha kwa mgwirizano wamtendere ndi boma la Mali, adachita nawo. nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga.
The Fulani of Guinea
Guinea ndi likulu lake Conakry ndilo dziko lokhalo kumene Fulani ndi fuko lalikulu kwambiri, koma osati ambiri - ali pafupifupi 38% ya anthu. Ngakhale kuti amachokera ku Central Guinea, chigawo chapakati cha dzikolo chomwe chimaphatikizapo mizinda monga Mamu, Pita, Labe ndi Gaual, amapezeka m'madera ena onse kumene adasamukira kufunafuna moyo wabwino.
Derali silinakhudzidwe ndi jihadism ndipo a Fulani sali ndipo sanachite nawo mikangano yachiwawa, kupatula mikangano yachikhalidwe pakati pa abusa osamukira ndi anthu okhalamo.
Ku Guinea, a Fulani amalamulira mphamvu zambiri zachuma m'dzikoli komanso makamaka aluntha komanso achipembedzo. Iwo ndi ophunzira kwambiri. Amaphunzira kuŵerenga msanga kwambiri, choyamba m’Chiarabu ndiyeno m’Chifrenchi kupyolera m’masukulu achifalansa. Maimamu, aphunzitsi a Qur'an yopatulika, akuluakulu a m'kati mwa dziko lino ndi ochokera kunja ndi omwe ali m'gulu lawo la Fulani. [38]
Komabe, tikhoza kudabwa za tsogolo monga Fulani nthawizonse akhala akuzunzidwa [ndale] tsankho kuyambira ufulu wodzilamulira kuti asakhale kutali ndi mphamvu zandale. Mafuko ena amadzimva kuti akulandidwa ndi anthu oyendayenda amwambo ameneŵa amene amabwera kudzawononga malo awo abwino kwambiri kuti amange mabizinesi otukuka kwambiri ndi malo okhalamo owoneka bwino kwambiri. Malingana ndi mafuko ena a ku Guinea, ngati a Fulani ayamba kulamulira, adzakhala ndi mphamvu zonse ndikupatsidwa maganizo omwe amawaganizira, adzatha kusunga ndikusunga kosatha. Lingaliroli lidalimbikitsidwa ndi mawu achipongwe a Purezidenti woyamba wa Guinea, Sekou Toure, motsutsana ndi anthu a Fulani.
Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a nkhondo yodzilamulira ku 1958, Sekou Toure yemwe amachokera ku Malinke ndi omutsatira ake akhala akukumana ndi Fulani wa Bari Diawandu. Atatha kulamulira, Sekou Toure adapereka maudindo onse ofunika kwa anthu ochokera ku Malinke. Kuwonekera kwa ziwembu za Fulani ku 1960 makamaka mu 1976 zidamupatsa chifukwa chochotsera anthu ofunikira a Fulani (makamaka mu 1976, Telly Diallo, yemwe anali Mlembi Wamkulu woyamba wa bungwe la African Unity, wolemekezeka kwambiri komanso wolemekezeka kwambiri. munthu wodziwika, amatsekeredwa m’ndende ndi kulandidwa chakudya mpaka atamwalira m’ndende yake). Chiwembu ichi chinali mwayi kwa Sekou Toure kuti alankhule mawu atatu odzudzula Fulani ndi nkhanza kwambiri, kuwatcha "opanduka" omwe "amangoganiza za ndalama ...". [38]
Pachisankho choyamba cha demokalase mu 2010, woimira Fulani Cellou Dalein Diallo adatuluka pamwamba pa mzere woyamba, koma mafuko onse adagwirizana nawo muchigawo chachiwiri kuti amulepheretse kukhala pulezidenti, kupereka mphamvu kwa Alpha Conde, yemwe chiyambi chake chimachokera ku Anthu a Malinke.
Izi zikuipiraipirabe kwa anthu a Fulani ndipo zimabweretsa kukhumudwa ndi kukhumudwa komwe demokalase yaposachedwa (chisankho cha 2010) yalola kuti iwonetsedwe poyera.
Chisankho chotsatira cha pulezidenti mu 2020, pomwe Alpha Condé sadzatha kuyimbanso zisankho (malamulo amaletsa purezidenti kuti azigwira ntchito zoposa ziwiri), idzakhala nthawi yomaliza yofunikira kuti pakhale ubale pakati pa a Fulani ndi ena. mitundu ya anthu ku Guinea.
Zotsatira zina pakanthawi:
Zingakhale zachizoloŵezi kwambiri kunena za chikhalidwe chilichonse chotchulidwa pakati pa Fulani cha "jihadism", mopanda chizolowezi choterechi chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale ya maufumu ateokrase a fuko lino.
Pofufuza za chiopsezo cha Fulani kugwirizana ndi Asilamu akuluakulu, zovuta za anthu a Fulani nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa. Mpaka pano, sitinapite mu kuya kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu a Fulani, koma ku Mali, mwachitsanzo, ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zapamwamba. Ndizomveka kuyembekezera kuti zokonda za anthu amtundu wa Fulani zitha kusiyana ndikukhala zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano kapena magawano pakati pa anthu.
Ponena za pakati pa Mali, chizoloŵezi chotsutsana ndi dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa, lomwe limachititsa anthu ambiri a Fulani kuti alowe nawo m'magulu a jihadist, nthawi zina zimakhala chifukwa cha achinyamata m'deralo omwe akutsutsana ndi zofuna za akuluakulu. Momwemonso, achinyamata a Fulani nthawi zina ayesa kupezerapo mwayi pa zisankho zamatauni, zomwe, monga tafotokozera, nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati mwayi wopanga atsogoleri omwe si odziwika) - achinyamatawa nthawi zina amawona kuti akulu ndi otenga nawo mbali pamikhalidwe iyi. "Nobility". Izi zimapanga mwayi wa mikangano yamkati - kuphatikizapo mikangano yankhondo - pakati pa anthu a anthu a Fulani. [38]
Palibe kukayika kuti a Fulani ali ndi mwayi wodziphatikizira okha ndi otsutsa dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa - chinthu chomwe chimachokera kwa oyendayenda. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwawo komwe amakhala, akuyenera kukhalabe ocheperako nthawi zonse ndikulephera kutengera tsogolo la mayiko omwe akukhalamo, ngakhale akuwoneka kuti ali ndi mwayi wotero ndikukhulupirira kuti mtsogolomo. ndi zovomerezeka, monga momwe zilili ku Guinea.
Malingaliro omwe amabwera chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zilili zimakulitsa mwayi womwe a Fulani adaphunzira kulima akakhala m'mavuto - akakumana ndi otsutsa omwe amawaona ngati akuwopseza mayiko akunja pomwe iwo akuwopseza. eniwo amakhala ngati ozunzidwa, osalidwa ndi kunyozedwa.
Gawo lachitatu likutsatira
Kochokera:
Mndandanda wathunthu wa zolemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la kusanthula likuperekedwa kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba la kusanthula kofalitsidwa pansi pa mutu wakuti "Sahel - mikangano, kuwombera ndi mabomba osamukira". Magwero okhawo omwe atchulidwa mu gawo lachiwiri la kusanthula - "The Fulani ndi "Jihadism" ku West Africa" akuperekedwa apa.
[2] Dechev, Teodor Danailov, “Double bottom” kapena “schizophrenic bifurcation”? Kuyanjana pakati pa zolinga za ethno-nationalist ndi zipembedzo zonyanyira muzochitika za magulu ena achigawenga, Sp. Ndale ndi Chitetezo; Chaka I; ayi. 2; 2017; masamba 34 - 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (mu Bulgarian).
[14] Cline, Lawrence E., Jihadist Movements in the Sahel: Rise of the Fulani?, Marichi 2021, Uchigawenga ndi Ziwawa Zandale, 35 (1), pp. 1-17
[38] Sangare, Boukary, Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West Africa countries, February 8, 2019, Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World ndi Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS)
[39] The Soufan Center Special Report, Wagner Group: The Evolution of Private Army, Jason Blazakis, Colin P. Clarke, Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sean Steinberg, The Soufan Center, June 2023
[42] Waicanjo, Charles, Transnational Herder-Farmer Conflicts and Social Instability in the Sahel, May 21, 2020, African Liberty.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Kureng Workx: https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-in-red-traditional-clothing-taking-photo-of-a-man-13033077/
