I-EU ibophelelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuba ivumelene neEuropean Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) yaye ukususela ngo-2019 iye yaphinda yaqalisa inkqubo yokungena kwiNgqungquthela yeBhunga laseYurophu. I-EU, nangona kunjalo, sele ivume iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo (CRPD) kwaye ngoko inengxaki yomthetho kunye neSiqendu sesi-5 se-ECHR esiphikisana ne-CRPD, ukuba i-EU ayiboni naluphi na ugcino.
Kukho isivumelwano esixhaphakileyo sokuba kunqweneleka yaye kuyimfuneko ukuba i-EU iqinise uxanduva lwayo lwamalungelo abantu, kuquka nokuya kwi-ECHR. Nangona kunjalo, imiba emininzi kusafuneka iqwalaselwe, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ayikaqwalaselwa okanye ayiqondwa okwangoku. Enye yazo ingamalungelo abantu abaneziphene kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo xa i-EU ivuma kwi-ECHR.
Yabhalwa kwiminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini
I-ECHR yaqulunqwa yaza yabhalwa kwiminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini ukuze kukhuselwe abantu ekuxhatshazweni kwamazwe abo, kudale ukuzithemba phakathi kwabantu noorhulumente, kwanokuvumela iingxoxo phakathi kwamazwe.
iYurophu kunye nehlabathi, ngokubanzi, liphuhliswe kakhulu ukususela ngo-1950. Zombini iteknoloji kunye nangokwezimvo zomntu kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu. Ngenxa yolo tshintsho kule minyaka ingamashumi asixhenxe idluleyo, izikhewu kwizinto zokwenene ezidluleyo nokungaqondi ekuqulunqweni kweengongoma zamanqaku kwi-ECHR kubangela ucelomngeni ekuqondeni nasekukhuseleni. amalungelo abantu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
I-ECHR kulo mongo iquka umbhalo osikel’ umda amalungelo asisiseko abantu abaneziphene ngokwasengqondweni. I-ECHR eyaqulunqwa ngowe-1949 nangowe-1950 yagunyazisa ukuvinjwa “kwabantu abanengqondo ephilileyo” ngonaphakade ngaphandle kokuba aba bantu baneziphene ngokwasengqondweni. Umbhalo wawuqulunqwe ngabameli be-United Kingdom, iDenmark kunye neSweden, ekhokelwa yiBritani, ukugunyazisa i-Eugenics yabangela umthetho kunye nezenzo ezazikhona kula mazwe ngexesha lokuqulunqwa kweSivumelwano.
Yayikukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwe-Eugenics njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu wolawulo lwabemi elele kwingcambu yeenzame zabameli baseUnited Kingdom, eDenmark naseSweden ukubandakanya igatya lokuxolelwa, eliya kugunyazisa umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ukuba ukwahlula nokuvalela “abantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, abanxila okanye abasebenzisa iziyobisi nababhaduli”.
“Imele iqondwe into yokuba iEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) sisixhobo esabakho ukususela ngo-1950 yaye umbhalo we-ECHR ubonisa ukungahoywa kwamalungelo abantu abaneziphene.”
UNksz Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, uMthetheleli oKhethekileyo we-UN ngamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo
IBhunga laseYurophu kule minyaka idlulileyo liye langena engxakini enkulu phakathi kweengqungquthela zalo ezimbini, i-ECHR kunye neNgqungquthela yeBiomedicine kunye namaLungelo oLuntu, equlethe izibhalo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo ephelelwe lixesha, yocalucalulo ukusuka kwinxalenye yokuqala ye-1900 kunye ne amalungelo abantu anamhlanje akhuthazwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
IBhunga laseYurophu liye lawugcina umbandela wengqungquthela echaphazelekayo, yaye enyanisweni, likhuthaza iimbono ezikhuthaza umoya weEugenics eYurophu.
Ukugxekwa kwesicatshulwa esiyilwayo
Izinto ezininzi ezigxekwayo ngokuqulunqwa kwesixhobo somthetho esitsha esiqwalaselwayo ngoku liBhunga laseYurophu, elandisa inqaku lesi-5 leECHR, libhekisela ekutshintsheni kweembono nemfuneko yokuphunyezwa kwayo ngo-2006. , yeSivumelwano saMalungelo oLuntu saMazwe ngaMazwe: iNkomfa yamaLungelo abantu abaneziphene (CRPD).
I-CRPD ibhiyozela iyantlukwano yabantu kunye nesidima somntu. Umyalezo wayo ophambili ngowokuba abantu abakhubazekileyo banelungelo lokufumana uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko ngaphandle kocalucalulo. INkomfa ikhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabantu abakhubazekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Icela umngeni kumasiko kunye nokuziphatha okusekelwe kwiingcamango ezisoloko zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngabantu abakhubazekileyo.
Inkqubo yamalungelo oluntu kukhubazeko eyamkelwa ziZizwe eziManyeneyo kukugqala abantu abakhubazekileyo njengabaphantsi kwamalungelo kunye noRhulumente kunye nabanye njengoxanduva lokuhlonela aba bantu.
Ngolu tshintsho lwembali lweparadigm, iCRPD yenza umhlaba omtsha kwaye ifuna ukucinga okutsha. Ukuphunyezwa kwayo kufuna izisombululo ezitsha nokushiya ngasemva iimbono zangaphambili.
IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo aBantu abaKhubazekileyo, njengenxalenye yengxoxo kawonke-wonke ngo-2015, ikhuphe ingxelo engathandabuzekiyo kwiBhunga laseYurophu ukuba “ukubekwa ngokuzithandela okanye ukufakwa kumaziko abo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo, ingakumbi abantu abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni okanye ngokwasengqondweni. , kubandakanywa abantu 'abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo', akuvumelekanga kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yenqaku le-14 leSivumelwano [CRPD], kwaye libahlutha inkululeko yabantu abaneziphene ngokungekho ngqiqweni nanjengoko kusenziwa ngokokwenyani okanye okucingelwayo. ukonakala.”
IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iphinde ibonise kwiBhunga laseYurophu ukuba, amaqela e-United States kufuneka "aphelise imigaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo yomthetho kunye nolawulo oluvumela okanye luqhube unyango olunyanzelwayo, njengoko lulwaphulo oluqhubekayo olufumaneka kwimithetho yempilo yengqondo emhlabeni jikelele, nangona ubungqina obunobungqina obubonisa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwempilo yengqondo kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yezempilo yengqondo. ukungabikho kwayo ngempumelelo kunye nemibono yabantu abasebenzisa iinkqubo zempilo yengqondo abaye bafumana intlungu enzulu kunye nokwenzakala ngenxa yonyango olunyanzelwayo. "
