I-EU izisa i-crypto-assets, abanikezeli beenkonzo ze-crypto-assets kunye nabanikezeli benkonzo ye-crypto-asethi phantsi kwesakhelo sokulawula okokuqala.
Umongameli weBhunga kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu bafikelele kwisivumelwano sexeshana malunga noku iimarike kwi-crypto-assets (MiCA) isiphakamiso esibandakanya abakhupheli be-crypto-assets, kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi "stablecoins", kunye neendawo zokurhweba kunye nezikhwama apho i-crypto-assets ibanjwe khona. Esi sikhokelo solawulo siya kukhusela abatyali-mali kwaye sigcine uzinzo lwemali, ngelixa sivumela ukutsha kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhanga kwecandelo le-crypto-asethi. Oku kuya kuzisa ukucaca ngakumbi kwi-European Union, njengoko amanye amazwe angamalungu esele enomthetho welizwe we-crypto-assets, kodwa kude kube ngoku kwakungekho sikhokelo esicacileyo sokulawula kwinqanaba le-EU.
Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kweli candelo livela ngokukhawuleza liqinisekise imfuno engxamisekileyo yolawulo lwe-EU ngokubanzi. I-MiCA iya kukhusela kangcono abantu baseYurophu abatyale imali kule mpahla, kwaye banqande ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-crypto-assets, ngelixa beyi-innovation-friendly ukugcina ukukhanga kwe-EU. Lo mmiselo ophawulekayo uya kuphelisa i-crypto wild west kwaye iqinisekisa indima ye-EU njengommiselo oqhelekileyo wezihloko zedijithali.
- UBruno Le Maire, uMphathiswa waseFransi wezoQoqosho, ezeMali kunye neShishini kunye noLawulo lweDijithali
Ukulawula imingcipheko enxulumene ne-crypto-assets
I-MiCA iya kwenza khusela abathengi ngokuchasene neminye imingcipheko ehambelana notyalo-mali kwi-crypto-assets, kwaye ubancede baphephe izikimu zobuqhetseba. Okwangoku, abathengi banamalungelo alinganiselweyo okukhusela okanye ukulungisa, ngakumbi ukuba iintengiselwano zenzeke ngaphandle kwe-EU. Ngemithetho emitsha, ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-crypto-asethi baya kufuneka bahloniphe iimfuno ezinamandla zokukhusela izikhwama zabathengi kwaye babe noxanduva xa belahlekelwa yi-crypto-assets yabatyali-mali. I-MiCA iyakubandakanya naluphi na uhlobo loxhatshazo lwemalike olunxulumene nalo naluphi na uhlobo lwentengiselwano okanye inkonzo, ngakumbi kulawulo lwemalike kunye norhwebo lwangaphakathi.
Abadlali kwimarike ye-crypto-assets baya kufuneka ukuba ukubhengeza ulwazi malunga nokusingqongileyo kunye nemozulu indawo yonyawo. I-European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) iya kuphuhlisa imigangatho yolawulo yobugcisa esayilwayo kumxholo, iindlela zokusebenza kunye nokunikezelwa kolwazi olunxulumene nefuthe elibi lokusingqongileyo kunye nemozulu. Kwiminyaka emibini, iKomishoni yaseYurophu iya kufuneka inike ingxelo malunga nempembelelo yendalo ye-crypto-assets kunye nokuqaliswa kwemigangatho enyanzelekileyo yokuzinzisa yeendlela zokuvumelana, kubandakanywa ubungqina bomsebenzi.
Ukuthintela nakuphi na ukudityaniswa kwemithetho ehlaziyiweyo anti-money laundering (AML), Ngoku iya kuphinda ihlawule i-crypto-assets, i-MiCA ayiphindi imimiselo yokulwa nokuthuthwa kwemali njengoko kuchazwe kwimigaqo yokutshintshwa ngokutsha kwemigaqo-mali ekuvunyelwene ngayo kwi-29 Juni. Nangona kunjalo, i-MiCA ifuna ukuba i-European Banking Authority (EBA) inikwe umsebenzi ukugcina irejista yoluntu yabanikezeli beenkonzo ze-crypto-asethi ezingahambelaniyo. Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-Crypto-asethi, inkampani yabo yomzali ifumaneka kumazwe adweliswe kuluhlu lwe-EU lwamazwe esithathu acatshangelwa emngciphekweni omkhulu wokulwa nokuthuthwa kwemali, kunye nakuluhlu lwe-EU lwamagunya angekho ngokubambisana ngenjongo yerhafu, iya kuba Kuyafuneka ukuphumeza iitshekhi eziphuculweyo ngokuhambelana nesakhelo se-EU AML. Iimfuno ezingqingqwa nazo zinokusetyenziswa kubanini-zabelo nakulawulo lwee-CASPs), ngokukodwa ngokubhekisele ekuhlaleni kwazo.
Isakhelo esinamandla esisebenzayo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "stablecoins" ukukhusela abathengi
Iziganeko zamva nje kwi okubizwa ngokubastablecoins” iimarike ibonise kwakhona imingcipheko eyenziwa ngabanini ngokungabikho kommiselo, kunye neempembelelo ezinazo kwezinye i-crypto-assets.
Enyanisweni, i-MiCA iya kukhusela abathengi ngokucela abanikezeli be-stablecoins ukuba bakhe i-liquid reserve eyaneleyo, kunye ne-1 / 1 ratio kunye nenxalenye kwifom yeediphozithi. Wonke umntu obizwa ngokuba yi "stablecoin" uya kunikwa ibango nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye ngaphandle kwentlawulo ngumniki., kunye nemigaqo elawula ukusebenza kwendawo yolondolozo iya kubonelela ngobuncinane obaneleyo bokuhlawula amatyala. Ngaphezu koko, yonke into ebizwa ngokuba yi "stablecoins" iya kulawulwa yi-European Banking Authority (EBA), kunye nobukho bomniki kwi-EU ibe ngumqathango wangaphambili kuyo nayiphi na ukukhutshwa.
Uphuhliso lwe ii-asethi-reference tokens (ARTs) ngokusekelwe kwimali engeyiyo yaseYurophu, njengendlela yokuhlawula esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, iya kunyanzeliswa ukugcina ulongamo lwethu lwemali. Abakhuphi bee-ART baya kukwenza kufuneka ube neofisi ebhalisiweyo kwi-EU ukuqinisekisa ulongamelo olululo kunye nokubekw'esweni kwezibonelelo kuluntu lweethokheni ezibhekiselele kwi-asethi.
Esi sikhokelo siza kubonelela ngokuqiniseka okusemthethweni okulindelweyo kwaye sivumele ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha kuchume kwiManyano yaseYurophu.
Imithetho ebanzi ye-EU yabanikezeli benkonzo ye-crypto-asethi kunye neempahla ezahlukeneyo ze-crypto
Phantsi kwesivumelwano sethutyana ekufikelelwe kuso namhlanje, ababoneleli ngenkonzo ye-crypto-asethi (CASPs) iya kufuna isigunyaziso ukuze isebenze ngaphakathi kwi-EU. Abasemagunyeni kuzwelonke kuya kufuneka bakhuphe izigunyaziso kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu. Ngokuphathelele kwii-CASP ezinkulu, abasemagunyeni belizwe baya kudlulisela ulwazi olufanelekileyo rhoqo kwi-European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA).
Iimpawu ezingafungiyo (NFTs), oko kukuthi, ii-asethi zedijithali ezimele izinto zokwenyani njengobugcisa, umculo kunye neevidiyo, ziya kukhutshwa kumda ngaphandle kokuba ziwela phantsi kweendidi ezikhoyo ze-crypto-asethi. Kwiinyanga ezili-18 iKomishoni yaseYurophu iya kunikwa umsebenzi wokulungiselela uvavanyo olubanzi kwaye, ukuba kubonwa kuyimfuneko, isiphakamiso somthetho esicacileyo, esilinganayo kunye nesithe tye sokudala ulawulo lwe-NFTs kunye nokujongana nemingcipheko evelayo yemarike entsha enjalo.
Amanyathelo alandelayo
Isivumelwano sethutyana sixhomekeke ekuvunyweni liBhunga kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu phambi kokuba singene kwinkqubo yokwamkelwa ngokusesikweni.
imvelaphi
IKhomishini yaseYurophu yafika phambili kunye nesiphakamiso se-MiCA ngomhla we-24 Septemba 2020. Iyingxenye yephakheji enkulu yemali yedijithali, ejolise ekuphuhliseni indlela yaseYurophu ekhuthaza uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemali kunye nokukhuselwa kwabathengi. Ukongeza kwisiphakamiso se-MiCA, iphakheji iqulethe isicwangciso semali yedijithali, uMthetho we-Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) - oya kubandakanya ii-CASPs ngokunjalo - kunye nesiphakamiso kwi-distributed ledger technology (DLT) yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-wholesale.
Le phakheji ivala i-gap kumthetho okhoyo we-EU ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wezomthetho wangoku awubeki imiqobo ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zezemali ezintsha zedijithali kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, iqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa obutsha kunye neemveliso ziwela ngaphakathi kwendawo yolawulo lwezemali kwaye Amalungiselelo olawulo lwengozi yokusebenza kweefemu ezisebenzayo kwi-EU. Ngaloo ndlela, iphakheji ijolise ekuxhaseni izinto ezintsha kunye nokuthathwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha bezemali ngelixa ibonelela ngenqanaba elifanelekileyo lokhuseleko lwabathengi kunye nomtyalo-mali.
IBhunga lamkele isigunyaziso salo sothethathethwano ngeMiCA ngomhla wama-24 kuNovemba 2021. Iingxoxo ezintathu phakathi kwabahluleli bomthetho ziqale ngomhla wama-31 kuMatshi ka-2022 kwaye zaphela kwisivumelwano sethutyana ekufikelelwe kuso namhlanje.
