Iqela lezazinzulu zaseYurophu, elikhokelwa ngu-archaeologist ongumFrentshi uFrançois Desset, likwazile ukucacisa enye yeemfihlakalo ezinkulu: i-script ye-Elamite ehambelanayo - inkqubo yokubhala encinci eyaziwayo esetyenziswa kwi-Iran yanamhlanje, ibhala i-Smithsonian Magazine.
Eli bango liphikiswa ngokushushu ngabalingane babaphandi, kodwa ukuba liyinyaniso, linokusikhanyisela kuluntu olungaziwayo olwakhula phakathi kweMesopotamiya yamandulo kunye ne-Indus Valley ekuqaleni kwempucuko. Uhlalutyo olusanda kupapashwa kwijenali yeZeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie isenokuphinda ibhale indaleko yokubhala ngokwayo. Ukuze kuqondwe ukufundwa koonobumba ababumba umbhalo wamaElam, iingcali ziye zasebenzisa imibhalo esandul’ ukuhlolisiswa evela kwiivazi zamandulo zesilivere. “Le yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Isekelwe ekuchongeni nasekufundeni iifonetiki amagama ookumkani,” watsho njalo umembi wezinto zakudala uMassimo Vidale weYunivesithi yasePadua.
Kwi-2015 Desset yafumana ukufikelela kwingqokelela yangasese yaseLondon yeevasi zesilivere ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemibhalo emininzi kwi-cuneiform kunye ne-linear Elamite script. Zaye zagrunjwa ngeminyaka yee-1920 zaza zathengiswa kubarhwebi baseNtshona, ngoko ukuvela kwazo nokunyaniseka kwazo ziye zabuzwa. Kodwa uhlalutyo lweenqanawa zafumanisa ukuba zezakudala kunezobuqhetseba bale mihla. Ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yabo, uDesset ukholelwa ukuba babekwingcwaba lasebukhosini kumakhulu eekhilomitha kumzantsi-mpuma weSusa, owaqala malunga no-2000 BC. - kanye malunga nexesha apho umbhalo we-Elamite wawusetyenziswa. Ngokophononongo, i-vases yesilivere ibonisa eyona mizekelo yakudala kunye neyona ipheleleyo yemibhalo yasebukhosini yamaElam kwi-cuneiform. Ayengabalawuli abahlukeneyo bezizwe ezimbini. Ilitye elinombhalo we-Elamite ovela kwingqokelela yaseLouvre.
Ngokutsho kwe-Desset, ukudityaniswa kwemibhalo ebhaliweyo kwiinqanawa kwakuluncedo kakhulu ekucaciseni umbhalo we-Elamite. Amanye amagama abhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo ngoku anokuthelekiswa nemiqondiso ekumbhalo wamaElam olandelelanayo, kuquka namagama ookumkani abadumileyo bamaElam abanjengoShilha. Ngokulandela iimpawu eziphindaphindiweyo, i-Desset yakwazi ukuqonda intsingiselo yeleta, equka isethi yamanani ejometri. Ukwaguqulele izenzi ezinje ngo “nipha” kunye “nokwenza”. Emva kohlalutyo olulandelayo, i-Desset kunye neqela lakhe bathi bayakwazi ukufunda abalinganiswa be-72. "Nangona ukucaciswa okupheleleyo akukenzeki ngenxa yenani eliqingqiweyo lemibhalo ebhaliweyo, sikwindlela elungileyo," ababhali bophononongo baqukumbela. Umsebenzi onzima wokuguqulela umbhalo ngamnye uyaqhubeka. Inxalenye yengxaki yeyokuba ulwimi lwamaElam, obeluthethwa kuloo mmandla kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-3,000 XNUMX, alunagama laziwayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwazi ukuba imiqondiso imele ukuba siphi na izandi.
Izithethi zamaElam zazihlala emazantsi nakumazantsi-ntshona e-Iran - eKhuzestan, njengoko kwiPersi yamandulo igama likaElam lalinguHujiyā, kunye neFars (njengoko kunokwenzeka ukuba lalisasazwe kwezinye iindawo ze-Iranian plateau ngaphambi kwe-3rd millennium BC).
Kwi-III yeminyaka eyi-BC, inani lemizi-dolophu yase-Elamite iyaziwa kwimithombo yaseSumero-Akkadian: iShushen (Shushun, Susa), Anshan (Anchan, namhlanje iTepe-Malyan kufuphi neShiraz eFars), iSimashki, iAdamdun kunye nabanye.
Kwi-II leminyaka ye-BC indawo ebalulekileyo ye-Elam yayinguShushen no-Anchan. Emva kokungena kwe-Elam kwi-Achaemenid Empire phakathi kwe-6th inkulungwane ye-BC, ulwimi lwama-Elam lwagcina isikhundla salo esikhokelayo kwezinye iinkulungwane ezimbini, ngokuthe ngcembe lwanika isiFarsi.
Ifoto: Igridi yeempawu ezingama-72 eziqikelelweyo zealpha-syllabic apho inkqubo yoguqulelo lweLinear Elamite isekwe. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zegraphic ziboniswa kuphawu ngalunye. Iimpawu eziluhlaza zingqinwa kumzantsi-ntshona weIran, ezibomvu kumzantsi-mpuma weIran. Iimpawu ezimnyama ziqhelekileyo kwiindawo zombini. F. Desset
