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inkoloinkolo yamaKrestuAmanqaku ngeBhunga laseFlorence, ngowe-1438-39

Amanqaku ngeBhunga laseFlorence, ngowe-1438-39

INKCAZELO: Ulwazi kunye nezimvo eziveliswe kumanqaku zezo zichazwe kwaye luxanduva lwabo. Ukupapashwa kwi The European Times ayithethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuvuma imbono, kodwa lilungelo lokuyivakalisa.

INKCAZELO YEENKCUKACHA: Onke amanqaku kule ndawo apapashwa ngesiNgesi. Iinguqulelo eziguqulelweyo zenziwa ngenkqubo ezenzekelayo eyaziwa njengeenguqulelo ze-neural. Ukuba uyathandabuza, soloko ubhekisa kwinqaku lokuqala. Enkosi ngokuqonda.

Petar Gramatikov
Petar Gramatikovhttps://europeantimes.news
UGqr Petar Gramatikov nguMhleli oyiNtloko kunye noMlawuli we The European Times. Ulilungu leManyano yeeNtatheli zaseBulgaria. UGqr Gramatikov uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 yamava e-Academic kumaziko ahlukeneyo emfundo ephakamileyo eBulgaria. Kwakhona waphonononga iintetho, ezinxulumene neengxaki zethiyori ezibandakanyekileyo ekusetyenzisweni komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kumthetho wonqulo apho kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwisikhokelo esisemthethweni seMibutho eNtsha yoNqulo, inkululeko yonqulo neyokuzilawula, nobudlelwane phakathi kweCawa neState ngenxa yesininzi. -ezizwe ngezizwe. Ukongeza kumava akhe obugcisa kunye nezemfundo, uGqr Gramatikov uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 yamava eMedia apho abambe khona izikhundla njengoMhleli wephephancwadi lekota lekota lezokhenketho elithi "Club Orpheus" - "ORPHEUS CLUB Wellness" PLC, Plovdiv; Umcebisi kunye nombhali weentetho zonqulo zerubrikhi ekhethekileyo yabantu abangevayo kumabonwakude weSizwe waseBulgaria kwaye uye wavunywa njengentatheli evela kwiphephandaba likawonke-wonke elithi “Nceda Abasweleyo” kwiOfisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eGeneva, eSwitzerland.

Ukusuka kwi-Anonimous Byzantine Chronicle #104:

Ukuguqulelwa kusekelwe kuhlelo lukaP. Schreiner - "Iikronike ezimfutshane zaseByzantine" (uPeter Schreiner. Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken. Teil I-III. Wien. 1977-79) - into 1 p.661-663 (umbhalo wesiGrike) kunye nento 3 iphepha 135 (inguqulelo yesiJamani).

Imibhalo-ngqangi: Athen, Benaki-Museum, 19, 417V.

Ushicilelo: Lambros, Siloge Nr. 115 (S.156-157).

Umbhalo:

1. Ngonyaka wama-6946 – 1437—i-21 kaDisemba, kwafika uBhishophu omkhulu waseConstantinople, uJoseph1, waseModon, noobhishophu abangama-29 noobhishophu, ekunye nabo nabanye abefundisi abavela kubefundisi be-“Holy Sophia”, ii-abbots namarhamente namadindala uDimitar2. . Bonke bafika nenqanawa enye yobukhosi kunye ne-3 yePope. Bahlala iintsuku ze-14 eModon.

2 Kwangaloo nyanga, ngomhla wama-28, umlawuli uKoreshi John3 weza evela ePylos ehamba nomkhosi. Yaye ngoJanuwari 3, usolusapho wemka aza onke amalungu esinodi aya ePylos, apho uMlawuli uJohn wayekhona.

3. Ngowe-1439, ngoNovemba 16, kwafika eModon ngenqanawa uGabriel Barbarigo, uMlawuli uJohn nawo onke amalungu esinodi. Kwaye wafudusa umlawuli kunye nomntakwabo ngomhlaba waya eMantene.

4. Ibe ngoNovemba 23, kwangaloo nyaka, ubhishophu wesiLatini (amaFrank) ekunye nabefundisi bakhe babhiyozela umthendeleko. Yaye ubhishophu wamaRoma4 nabefundisi abazange balungiselele nawuphi na umthendeleko kwangaloo mini; amaLatins (amaFranks) kunye namaRoma enza i-hug kuphela kwinyama yesiLatini. Kwaye ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesine kule nyanga, kwibandla likaYohane umfundisi wezakwalizwi, ubhishophu waseRoma uJosephus, onegama lehlabathi elithi Kontaratos, wabhiyozela imisa, kunye nabo bonke abefundisi kunye nesixeko sonke, abahlala ngaphakathi nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo, amaLatins. kunye namaRoma. Kananjalo bazithabatha izonka ezingcwalisiweyo – umthetheli-mkhosi wasemkhosini, nabakhonzi bonke, nabafazi babo, njengoko amaRoma besenza.

5. Uxolelwaniso lweecawa lwenzeka ngonyaka we-14396, ebudeni boPopu owonwabileyo waseRoma, uEugenius.

6. USolusapho waseConstantinople wafela eFlorence.

7. kunye neMetropolitan yaseSardesi.

8. AmaLatini ahlukana nathi aza agxothwa ngonyaka wama-62867.

amanqaku:

1. Usolusapho uJoseph II Shishman (1416-1439).

2. Umzalwana woMlawuli waseByzantium uJohn VIII.

3. UMlawuli uJohn VIII Paleologus (1425-1448).

4. Kumbhalo wesiGrike amaLatins abizwa ngokuba ngamaFranks.

5. USchreiner uneRoma, nto leyo eyenza ukubhideka okuthile. Ngexesha leMinyaka ePhakathi, ababhali bamazwe angaphandle (kuquka isiBulgaria) ngokuqhelekileyo babiza iByzantines "amaGrike". Abemi baseByzantium ngokwabo, ababegqalwa njengabalandela uBukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma, babebizwa ngokuba ngamaRoma. Ukuthintela ukudideka kulwimi lwesiBulgaria, iiByzantines zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamaRomai endaweni yamaRoma.

6. Imalunga nomanyano lwecawa oluqukunjelwe lweFerrero-Florentine Council (ibhunga leecawa zecawa yamaRoma Katolika, 1438–45).

7. Sithetha nge-Great Schism eyenzeka ngo-1054, apho amabandla aseMpuma naseNtshona ahlukana.

Ifoto: Umfanekiso wabaPostile abangama-70

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