Ubomi kunye neziyobisi, iCandelo 1, Isishwankathelo

Imithi // "Kungcono kwaye luncedo ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nengxaki ngexesha kunokuba ufune unyango emva komonakalo" icacisa intetho yesiLatini yaphakathi kwinkulungwane ye-13. NgokweBhunga leManyano yaseYurophu (Hlaziya ngo-Agasti 2022):

Iziyobisi kunye nembali

Okumangalisayo kukuba, imbali yeziyobisi inxulumene nobukho bobomi eMhlabeni, owavela kwiminyaka eyi-3.5 yezigidigidi eyadlulayo, okokuqala emanzini kwaye emva koko phezu komhlaba. Ngokuhambelana nokuphuhliswa kobomi, kuvela ingxaki ebalulekileyo: indlela yokuphila kunye nokuba yinxalenye yekhonkco lokutya ngelixa uqinisekisa ukusinda kweentlobo.

Izinto eziphilayo ke ngoko zenze iindlela zokuzikhusela: i Umgaqo ezifana neenzipho, iimpondo, iminqonqo, njalo njalo kunye nento ebizwayo Inducible ezo zikwimvelaphi yokudityaniswa kwezinto eziyityhefu ngendlela yeemetabolites zesibini ezingafunekiyo kubomi bomzimba kodwa ziyimfuneko ukuze ziphile ngokuchasene namarhamncwa. Kwaye umntu ngomnye wezi zilwanyana zoyikekayo! Ngoko kukho unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi kokusinda kunye neetyhefu ezikhoyo okanye iziyobisi.

Ekuqaleni kwamaxesha, impilo yabantu yayikwihlabathi lemimoya, uqheliselo lwemilingo neenkolelo. Iinkqubo zokunyanga zemveli zibuyele kumaxesha angaphambili kwaye izithethe zokuphilisa sele zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zengqondo. Kwi iYurophu, kwakuseGrisi yaMandulo, ngenkulungwane ye-5 BC, apho uHippocrates wabeka iziseko zonyango olunengqiqo kunye nokuziphatha kwezonyango. Isifungo sakhe sathatyathwa kwinqanaba lehlabathi yi-World Medical Association, eyakhiwe kwi-1947, emva koko kwi-Declaration yase-Geneva ye-1948 (eyahlaziywa ngo-2020) kunye nangama-pharmacists / apothecaries kunye namazinyo.

Kufuneka kwenziwe umahluko phakathi kweziyobisi kunye namayeza. Umahluko ophambili ulele kwinjongo yokusetyenziswa okanye ukusetyenziswa:

-Iyeza linomthamo, injongo yonyango, isenzo esichanekileyo kunye nokuphindaphinda. Kodwa iyeza alisoloko lingenabutyhefu. UParacelsus (1493-1541) ugqirha waseSwitzerland, intanda-bulumko kunye nomfundisi wezakwalizwi wathi:

-A iziyobisi yiyo nayiphi na into, eyendalo okanye eyokwenziwa, enefuthe eliguqulayo kwisimo sokwazi, ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha, okunokubangela ukuba likhoboka. Amanye amayeza anokungqinelana nale nkcazo kodwa ichiza lisetyenziswa ngaphandle kwencwadi kagqirha kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngoku akunanjongo yonyango. Isenokuba kukuva imvakalelo emitsha okanye eyonwabileyo, ukubaleka kwinto yokwenyani, ixhala, iingxaki zobudlelwane, umonzakalo wangaphambili, ngokuthobela okanye uvukelo, ukusebenza kakuhle okanye ukumelana noxinzelelo. Kodwa, nokuba zithini na izizathu kunye neepatheni, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi akukho mngcipheko kunye neziphumo ezingalawulwayo ...

Iziyobisi kunye noBuntu

Imbali yamachiza ikwadityaniswa nembali yoluntu njenge:

a) i Hemp (i-cannabis) eyayisaziwa e-Asia ukususela kwi-Neolithic, malunga ne-9000 BC. Imbewu yayisetyenziselwa e-Egypt kwiipropathi zayo ezichasayo, kwaye e-China ngenxa yobutyebi bazo bezondlo kwaye ngo-2737 BC i-hemp ibandakanyiwe. ISivumelwano samayeza onyango yomlawuli uShen Nong; i-hemp canes ibonakala eYurophu engeniswe ngamaRoma kunye nohlaselo olwahlukeneyo oluvela e-Asiya. Kwakhona “yayiyimifuno engcwele” yezithethe zeeshaman nenxalenye yeendlela zonyango zeemonki zenkulungwane ye-12.

b) i Amagqabi eCoca, ukusuka kwisityalo Erythroxylum coca, zazisetyenziswa ukususela kwiminyaka engama-3000 BC kwiiAndes. Kuma-Inca, esi sityalo sasidalwe nguThixo weLanga ukuze aphelise unxano, anqumle indlala kwaye akulibale ukudinwa. Yayisetyenziswa nakwimibhiyozo yonqulo njengasePeru naseBolivia. INtshona yafumanisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-coca kunye nezakhiwo ngenkulungwane ye-16 kunye "nabanqobi" baseSpain basePizarro (1531), abavangeli basemazweni kunye nabahlali. Emva koko amagqabi eCoca ayesetyenziselwa ukukhobokisa nokuthumela amaIndiya ukuba aye kusebenza kwimigodi yesilivere, igolide, ubhedu nenkcenkce. Ngowe-1860, usokhemisti waseJamani uAlbert Niemann wakhetha into esebenzayo yokuthomalalisa iintlungu kumagqabi ecoca. Ngomnyaka ka 1863, usokhemisti waseCorsican uAngelo Mariani waphehlelela iwayini edumileyo yetonic yaseFransi "iVin Mariani" eyenziwe ngewayini yeBordeaux kunye neqabunga lecoca. Kuthe kusenjalo, ngowe-1886, uJohn Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), usokhemisti waseAtlanta (USA), wenzakala emfazweni yaye esebenzisa. cocaine, iphefumlelwe yiwayini yaseMariani yavelisa isiselo esivuselelayo esenziwe kwi-coca, i-kola nuts kunye nesoda. Emva koko usomashishini uAsa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) wathenga ifomula kwaye ngo-1892 wadala iNkampani yeCoca-Cola. Ngo-1902 i-caffeine yathatha indawo ye-cocaine kwi-Coca-cola. 

 I-Cocaine sisivuseleli esinamandla se-nervous system. Emva kokuba "phezulu" iphelile (i-15-30 min), umntu unokuziva exhalabile, ecinezelekile, enesidingo esinamandla sokusebenzisa i-cocaine kwakhona. I-Cocaine lelinye lawona machiza kunzima ukurhoxa kulo.

Kwakungeminyaka yoo-1960, eyayithandwa ngumculo namajelo eendaba, apho iziyobisi zaba luphawu lwemvukelo yolutsha, isiphithiphithi sentlalo yaye saqalisa ukuhlasela zonke iinkalo zoluntu. Ngeendlela ezininzi, eli yayilishumi leminyaka lamayeza kule nkulungwane kukho intaphane yezinto ezintsha - kunye namachiza akhoyo.

Iziyobisi zihlelwe

Ukuba senza iphulo lokungena kwihlabathi leziyobisi, singazihlela ngokweziphumo zazo, ezinje:                                                                

• I-Dissociatives: I-Nitrous oxide (i-N2O, i-gas ehlekayo) isetyenziswe njenge-anesthetic kunye ne-analgesic kwi-operation kunye namazinyo.Kwaye ngoku isetyenziselwa i-siphons cream cream. Iyaxatyiswa kakhulu ngabantu abancinci ngexesha lamatheko ngenxa yesiphumo se-euphoric kodwa inokubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwe-neurological, hematological and cardiac. Itshabalalisa i-vitamin B12. Kwakhona kubandakanya i-Ketamine, i-PCP (uthuli lwengelosi), i-GBL (i-sedative) kunye ne-GHB (i-solvent), njl.
• I-Delusional kunye ne-entactogenic (umnqweno wokuqhagamshelana, uvelwano): I-Scopolamine, i-Atropine, njl.
• Izidakumba: alcohol, iibarbiturates (Amytal, Pentobarbital), opium, codeine,...
• IiCannabinoids (i-cannabis, hashish): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, njl.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol, ...
• Iziyobisi zengqondo: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), njl.
• Izivuseleli zendalo: i-cocaine, i-caffeine, i-theophylline, i-cocoa theobromine, njl.;
• Izinto ezikhuthazayo: iiamphetamines, icrystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), njl.
• Izikhuthazo zamachiza: i-Adrafinil, i-Modafinil, i-Bupropion, njl.
• Izivuseleli zengqondo (i-hallucinogens): i-LSD, i-MDMA (i-ecstasy), i-Psilocybin, i-Bufotenin (i-alkaloid ekhutshwe ngolusu lwexoxo elikhothwa yi-amateurs) kunye ne-Ibogaine (esuka kwi-Central African Iboga plant) zombini zisuka kusapho lwe-tryptamines ephuma kwi-neurotransmitter serotonin. .

Kufuneka kwakhona ikhankanyiwe The New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) ezilinganisa izinto zesintu psychoactive-cannabis, cathinone (ukusuka khat amagqabi), opium, cocaine, LSD okanye MDMA (amphetamine). Kodwa, zinamandla ngakumbi kwaye zikhobokisa ngakumbi. Ngaphezulu kwe-900 yamachiza okwenziwa sele achongiwe eYurophu, engalawulekiyo, kwaye engekho mthethweni kodwa athengiswa kwi-Intanethi, kwaye ahlelwa. (ngakumbi kwi Iiprofayili zeziyobisi ze-EMCD).

Imizekelo yeNPS:

1) I-Synthetic cannabinoids, ifumaneka kwi: Spice, Yucatan, njl njl njenge-JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, njl., Ukuba nobudlelwane kwi-receptors ye-CB1.

I-2) I-synthetic derivatives ye-cathinone (i-alkaloid ekhutshwe kwiqabunga le-khat, i-sympathicomimetic): i-3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) kunye ne-4-MMC (i-Mephedrone) eyenza i-euphoria, i-blue-knee syndrome, umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa yintliziyo, njl.

• I-MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), ukusuka kwi "bath-salts".
• Ukugqithisa ngokweqile kukhokelela kwi-hyperthermia, isifo senhliziyo, i-arrhythmia, i-episodes ye-psychosis kunye nokuziphatha kobundlobongela.

I-3) Imveliso ye-opioid yokwenziwa kwengqondo: i-fentanyl, amaxesha angama-100 anamandla ngakumbi kune-morphine kunye nokulutha ngakumbi, eneziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Lithathwa njengelona chiza libulalayo ngokugqithisileyo.

4) I-Krokodil, iziyobisi zaseRashiya "ezitya inyama". Ngokusekwe kwi-desomorphine eyenziwe eJamani ngo-1922 ukusuka kwi-morphine/codeine, isithomalalisi esinamandla kunye ne-analgesic esele ishiywe. I-solvents, i-petroli, i-HCl, njl.

Ingxelo ye-2022 yaseYurophu malunga neziyobisi

Ingxelo yeziyobisi yaseYurophu i-2022 ye-EMCDDA (iZiko lokuHlola i-European for Drugs and Drug Addiction), yaphawula ukuba iYurophu yayinabantu abayizigidi ezingama-83.4 abaneminyaka eyi-15-64 abasebenzisa iziyobisi, i-29% yabemi. Oku kumela:

• I-22.2 yezigidi ze-cannabis, iziyobisi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu (i-7% yaseYurophu), apho i-16 yezigidi yayineminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwi-34;
• Izigidi ezi-3.5 zecocaine, kuquka ne-2.2 yezigidi ezineminyaka eli-15-34 ubudala;
• I-Ecstasy okanye i-MDMA ixhalabisa abantu abazizigidi ezi-2.6;
• Izigidi ezi-2 ze-amphetamines, uninzi lwabantu abaneminyaka eyi-15-34;
• Isigidi esi-1 se-heroin kunye nezinye i-opioids, kunye ne-514,000 efumana unyango oluthatha indawo.

Abona bantu batshaya kakhulu i-cannabis ngabantu abancinci kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech kunye ne-23% ye-15-34 yobudala, ilandelwa yiFransi (22%) kunye ne-Italy (21%). I-Netherlands kunye neBelgium ezine-110 yeetoni ze-cocaine ezabanjwa kwizibuko lase-Antwerp ngo-2021, ngoku ziindawo zeziyobisi eYurophu.

I-EMCDDA ibika ukuba kumazwe angama-25 aseYurophu, abantu abangama-80,000 bakunyango lokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis, emele i-45% yabo bonke abangenele unyango lweziyobisi kwi-2020.

Ukufumaneka okwandisiweyo koluhlu olubanzi lwamachiza angekho mthethweni aquka i-NPS kukhokelele kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezininzi nto leyo eyenza nzima umfanekiso wekliniki. Inani lokufa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwi- EU kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2019 ubuncinci be-5,150 kunye ne-5,800 kubandakanya iNorway neTurkey. Iqela lobudala elichaphazeleka kakhulu li-35-39 ngokuphindwe kabini inani lokufa komndilili jikelele.

*KwiState of Washington (USA), uphononongo luka-2021 lubonisa ukuba ukufa ngokuzibulala kunyuke nge-17.9% phakathi kwabaneminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwengama-24 ubudala emva kokumiselwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cannabis.

Ukukhusela impilo yomzimba kunye nokuziphatha kobuntu kunye nokusekelwe kwiiNgqungquthela ze-1925 kunye ne-1931, iiNgqungquthela zezizwe ngezizwe zoLawulo lweZiyobisi ze-Ofisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiZiyobisi kunye noLwaphulo-mthetho (UNODC) zasayinwa. Ezi ziiNgqungquthela ze-1961, 1971 kunye ne-1988 ezichasene ne-traffic engekho mthethweni yeziyobisi ze-narcotic kunye ne-psychotropic substances.

Abantwana, iziyobisi kunye nokukhutshwa kolwaphulo-mthetho

Ngowe-1989, iNkomfa Yamalungelo Omntwana nayo yamkelwa. Inqaku lama-33 lalo, elisoloko lilityalwa ngoorhulumente, lichaza ukuba:

EYurophu, amazwe amaninzi akuchasile ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis. Oku kunjalo ngakumbi kwi Speyin, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands, apho abathengi bengenatyala lokuhlawuliswa okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ukuba ukusetyenziswa komntu.

YiMalta kuphela esemthethweni ngokusemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis ngokulandela umthetho owiswe ngoDisemba 2021 ongavumeli kuphela ukusetyenziswa kodwa kunye nokulima.

EJamani, uMphathiswa wezeMpilo unenjongo yokulandela le pateni kwaye abhalise ngokusemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis ngokuzonwabisa ngo-2024. Injongo yakhe ngokugweba i-cannabis kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olungcono kubantwana kunye nolutsha kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lwezempilo!

IFransi ibona ukuba iziphumo zokumisela ulwaphulo-mthetho / ukusemthethweni azikaqinisekiswa kwaye ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cannabis kukhokelele ekujongeni imveliso, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi, kwaye ngaphandle kokuthintela abathengisi ukuba baqhubeke nokuthengisa ezinye iimveliso ezingekho mthethweni.

KwiRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech, iNgxelo ka-2022 malunga neZiyobisi ezingekho mthethweni itshilo loo nto

E-Hungary i-cannabis ayikho mthethweni kodwa a" ubungakanani bomntu" (1 gram) iyanyamezelwa.

Oku kungasentla kuthethelela i-EU yeDrugs Strategies elandelelanayo njenge-2021-2025 yeBhunga le-European Union ejolise kuyo. "ukukhusela nokuphucula impilo-ntle yoluntu kunye nomntu ngamnye, ukukhusela nokukhuthaza impilo yoluntu, ukubonelela ngenqanaba eliphezulu lokhuseleko kunye nempilo yoluntu ngokubanzi kunye nokwandisa ulwazi lwezempilo" nakwinqaku layo lesi-5: Thintela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokwazisa ngeziphumo ezibi zeziyobisi.

Iziyobisi, abantu abadumileyo kunye nemfundo

Ukususela kwi-1960-70ies, ukuqala nge-Beat Generation, kwaye emva koko kunye nabantu abadumileyo (abaninzi baye bajongana nekamva elibuhlungu elingalindelekanga), abantu abatsha abanqongophala kwedatha eyinyani kunye nolwazi malunga nesihloko seziyobisi, baba lula kwaye basengozini ekujoliswe kuyo. Kungoku nje, ulutsha luchanabeke kwiziyobisi kwangethuba kunangaphambili ngenxa yokufumaneka lula kwamachiza, ukunyuswa ngokurhabaxa kumajelo eendaba nakwi-Intanethi, nangenxa yezinto ezintsha eziqhubekayo kwintengiso yeziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwidijithali.

Kucace gca xa sithetha nolutsha kunye nabazali ukuba banomdla wokwazi ngakumbi malunga neziphumo eziyingozi zechiza ukuze bakwazi ukuba nezibakala zokwenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo kunye nokuba abazali bathethe ngokufanelekileyo nabantwana babo. Ke, ukujongana nengxaki yeziyobisi, igama eliphambili nguMfundo! Kanjalo:

Imfundo yinkqubela phambili yokufumanisa ukungazi kwethu wabhala isithandi sobulumko uWill Durant (1885-1981). Olu lolona thintelo lulungileyo kunye nenyathelo elisisiseko lokuchasa uxinzelelo kunye nokuphembelela ishishini lamachiza.

Eyona nto iyonakalisayo ekhoyo kwinkcubeko yethu yangoku ziziyobisi utshilo uL. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). EYurophu, intsangu (intsangu) inotywala esona ziyobisi sisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-15,5% ye-15-34 yeminyaka ubudala. Kwaye i-cannabis ibonakala isango lokungena kwindalo etshabalalisayo yeziyobisi.

Yiyo loo nto izenzo zeSiseko seYurophu eNgenaziyobisi kunye nekhulu layo le-Say No to Drugs associations kunye namaqela amavolontiya kulo lonke elaseYurophu, esazi ukuba minyaka le iziyobisi zitshabalalisa amawaka obomi kunye nethemba, zinegalelo elibonakalayo. Inyaniso Ngeziyobisi iphulo lokufundisa ulutsha noluntu ngokubanzi ngolwazi oluyinyani ngeziphumo ezibi zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Ngakumbi kwi:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

Fumana ulwazi ngamachiza kwi: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

Fumana kungekudala The European Times, inxalenye elandelayo yeli nqaku: Ubomi Neziyobisi: (2) ICannabis.