I-Xylazine ibizwa ngokuba yi "zombie drug" kuba abasebenzisi banolu hlobo oluthile, oludidekile, oluzingelayo kunye nolucothayo lokuhamba olubanika ukubonakala kwabafileyo.
Ehlabathini lonke, iintlekele zokusingqongileyo, intlupheko, ukungalingani kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezentlalo kuyanda, impilo ukukhathalelwa kuthoba isidima, kuyafana nakwimfundo nakwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha; kukwaphawulwa ukusetyenziswa kweenkolo namalungelo oluntu; izixeko ezimbaxa ziphantsi kongcoliseko, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukurhweba ngabantu kunye neemarike ezikhulayo zeziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Kwaye phakathi koluhlu olude, olunomtsalane kunye nolusongela ubomi lwamachiza angekho mthethweni kunye neNew Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -idla ngokuveliswa ukuphambuka kwimithetho yeziyobisi- ukuvela kwentsha, Xylazine, ifumana ingqalelo yabasemagunyeni abachaphazelekayo (uRodriguez N. okqhubekayo., 2008)."I-Xylazine yenza esona sisongelo sesiyobisi sibulalayo ilizwe lethu elakha lajongana nalo, i-fentanyl, nangaphezulu," utshilo uMlawuli weMilgram-USA uLawulo lokuNyanzeliswa kweZiyobisi (2023).
I-xylazine (C12H16N2S) ayiyo-opioid efana ne-fentanyl kodwa i-methyl benzene evela kwiklasi ye-phenothiazines. Yayiveliswe ngezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa, ukuqala eJamani (Bayer Pharmaceutics, 1962). Le yinto eninzi kakhulu ye-lipophilic, ewela ngokulula kwi-membrane kwaye ifikelele kwi-brain receptors kunye naleyo esemzimbeni.
Eli liyeza ekuqaleni liqwalaselwa ukusetyenziswa ebantwini njenge-agent ye-antihypertensive, kodwa ngenxa yemiphumo emibi kubantu (i-hypotension enzima kunye ne-Central Nervous System depressant effects), ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezonyango kuyekwa.
Kwi-1972 ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwavunywa yi-US Food and Drug Administration kuphela kwiyeza lezilwanyana kwi-sedation (i-1-4 iiyure), i-analgesia (i-15-30 min), i-anesthesia yeenkqubo zotyando, kwaye njengento yokuphumla kwemisipha, kwizilwanyana ezifana amahashe, iinkomo, iigusha, izinja, nabanye.
I-Xylazine ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwabantu iyaziwa phantsi kwamagama ezilwanyana ezitya inyama, i-tranq, i-tranq-dope, i-zombie drug, i-sleep-cut, kunye ne-Philly dope. Ibizwa ngokuba "sisiyobisi se-zombie" kuba abasebenzisi banale ntshukumo, babhidekile, bazingela kwaye bacotha okanye kwezinye iimeko bakwimeko efana ne-trance, ebanika inkangeleko yabafileyo abaphilayo abachazwa ngabantu njenge-zombie-like. .
Ngo-2022, amapolisa ase-Estonia axela ukubamba imixube equlethe i-opioids entsha kunye nesilwanyana sedative kunye ne-analgesic xylazine. Amaxesha amaninzi, i-xylazine isetyenziswa njenge-adjuvant yechiza elingabizi kakhulu (kwi-intanethi, i-6-20 yeedola ngekhilogram) ukufutha iidosi zamachiza anzima, kuquka i-opioid fentanyl umxube wayo oyingozi empilweni. Ukufa kokuqala eYurophu okuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-xylazine kwabikwa eNgilani (UK) ngo-2022 kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-postmortem ye-heroin, i-cocaine, i-fentanyl, kunye ne-xylazine (i-Rock KL okqhubekayo., 2023).
Njengesiyobisi esingekho mthethweni, i-xylazine ingasetyenziselwa ngomlomo, ngokutshaya, ukuhlutha, nge-intramuscular, subcutaneous, okanye i-injection emithanjeni. Ubude bexesha elixeliweyo lesiphumo selichiza lide kunelo le-fentanyl. Ukuphinga kwe-fentanyl nge-xylazine kuvumela ukwandisa imvakalelo ye-euphoria kunye ne-analgesia eyenziwe yi-fentanyl kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kweenaliti (Gupta R. okqhubekayo. 2023).
I-Xylazine iya kuba ngamaxesha angama-50 ngaphezu kwe-heroin, kunye namaxesha angama-100 anamandla kune-morphine. I-Xylazine okwangoku ijongene nesithathu sokufa kwe-overdose e-United States. Enyanisweni, amaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo, iNgxelo ye-30 (ngoJuni 2023), ichaza ukuba inani lokufa kweziyobisi ezibandakanya i-xylazine laliyi-102 ngo-2018, i-627 ngo-2019, i-1 499 ngo-2020, kunye ne-3 468 ngo-2021.
Kubasebenzisi, i-xylazine ibangela ukulahlekelwa yingqondo, kwaye i-stupor kunye nabasebenzisi be-injection inokukhokelela kwizilonda zesikhumba, kunye nezilonda ezinokuthi, zisuleleke ngokulula, zingabangela i-gangrene kunye ne-necrosis ehlala ifuna ukunqunyulwa ukuze kususwe ilungu kunye nezicubu ezibolileyo. Unjingalwazi we-Neurobiology S. Kourrich (2023) uthetha ngemiphumo ephazamisayo, ngaphaya kokulutha, i-xylazine kwimpilo, kubandakanywa izilonda zesikhumba ezifanelekile kwiifilimu ezoyikisayo.
Iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-xylazine overdose zifana nezo ze-heroin, i-fentanyl, kunye nezinye i-opioids. Xa i-xylazine yongezwa kwi-opioids, ubuthi obukhulu kunye nokufa kunokuvela ngenxa yemiphumo edibeneyo yeziyobisi. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba i-xylazine ayikho i-opioid, i-Naloxone (i-antidote engcono kakhulu ye-opioid overdose - i-Jordan MR kunye ne-Morrissonponce D., i-2023) ayinakwenzeka ukuba isebenze ekuphatheni abantu. Akukho thamo yeyeza ye-xylazine ekhuselekileyo yokusetyenziswa!
I-Xylazine isebenza ngaphakathi kwengqondo ukuze ibangele ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuphefumula okungaqhelekanga, ukudakumba okusongela ubomi (okunokucela i-tracheostomy) ekhokelela ekubanjweni kwentliziyo kunye nokufa. Imiphumo yokuxiliswa kwe-xylazine enzima inokuhlala iintsuku eziliqela.
I-Xylazine yi-agonist ye-adrenergic, enesenzo esifanayo ne-adrenaline, i-hormone kunye ne-neurotransmitter (Chavez-Arias okqhubekayo., 2014). Ngenxa yobume be-lipophilic kakhulu, i-xylazine ivuselela ngokuthe ngqo i-Central Nervous System alpha (α) i-2-adrenergic receptors kunye nezinye i-peripheral α-adreno receptors kwiintlobo ezininzi zezicubu. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba i-placenta yomntu ivakalisa i-α2-adrenergic receptors enokuthi ibandakanyeke kwi-pathogenesis kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula komntwana (i-Motawea HKB okqhubekayo., 2018).
Phawula: Iintlobo ezi-5 eziphambili ze-adreno-receptors zezi:
(Alpha) α-1: ekhoyo kwimicu yemisipha egudileyo yeenqanawa; I-α-2: indawo yangaphambili ye-synaptic (impembelelo yokuthintela kwi-synapse) ebekwe kwinkqubo ye-nervous central kunye nentliziyo. I-α-2 yenziwe ngee-subtypes ezi-3 A, B, C.
(Beta) β-1: ekhoyo entliziyweni apho yomeleza umsebenzi (ukubetha ngokukhawuleza nanamandla); I-β-2: ikhoyo kwindawo ethile kwizicubu ezithile kwaye ivumela i-vasodilation ye-arteries okanye i-dilation ye-bronchi; β-3: ekhoyo kwi-adipocytes, ivuselela i-thermogenesis.
La ma-receptors yiklasi ye-G protein-coupled receptors, intsapho ye-transmembrane receptors kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo, ekujoliswe kuyo ezininzi ze-catecholamines njengee-ligands zendalo ze-α2-receptors ezi: i-noradrenaline (i-norepinephrine) enobudlelwane obukhulu, i-adrenaline (i-adrenaline) epinephrine), kunye ne-dopamine (i-molecule yolonwabo, inxalenye yenkqubo yomvuzo kwingqondo).
I-Xylazine inqanda ukukhululwa kwee-neurotransmitters zombini i-dopamine kunye ne-norepinephrine kwi-neuronal synapse, okubangelwa ukudakumba kweNkqubo yeNervous ePhambili ukuphazamisa ukuguquguquka kokuziphatha, imemori yokusebenza, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-nociceptive kwaye kubangela ukuvinjelwa kweSistim yeNervous System (imisebenzi ezenzekelayo yomzimba). ) njenge-contraction ye-muscle egudileyo kunye nenqanaba lentliziyo i-bradyarrhythmia, ngaloo ndlela inoxanduva lokunciphisa ukuphaphama, i-nociception, ithoni ye-muscle kunye nempendulo yokulwa-okanye-indiza.
I-Xylazine i-metabolized kwisibindi nge-cytochrome P450 enzymes, kwaye ke i-70% ikhutshwe njengomchamo (uBarroso M. et al., 2007). Ngoko, umchamo ungasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-xylazine ngokusebenzisa i-metabolites yayo kodwa kwiiyure ezimbalwa, ziyancipha ukuya kumanqanaba angabonakaliyo.
Kwenzeka njani ukuba abantu ngokuzithandela bafikelele kwinqanaba lokuzitshabalalisa, ukuwohloka okubuhlungu kunye nobuhlungu bomzimba kunye nokuxhomekeka?
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi (ukubawa kunye nokuxhomekeka) kuye kwadityaniswa nokungaphumeleli ngokweemvakalelo okukhokelela ekungakwazini ukunyamezela iimvakalelo kunye nokulawula ukuzithemba kunye nobudlelwane nabanye (Krystal H., 1982).
Phambi kokufikelela kweli nqanaba lokukhobokisa kukho indlela ende ekufuneka ihanjwe, ukuqala rhoqo ngotywala kunye ne-cannabis (kunye namayeza athile). Asikuko ngokuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuvala ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye amagumbi okudubula aya kuthi ingxaki yeziyobisi isonjululwe, ezi ndlela zibonakala zibaleka uxanduva ngokwemiqathango yothintelo.
Kwanokuba akukho minyaka ifanelekileyo yokuthetha ngemiphumo eyingozi yokusebenzisa iziyobisi, abantu abaselula bafanele baziswe ngezi ngozi ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Indima yabazali-xa ingeyongozi ngokwayo-ngokuphulaphula, ukuncokola kunye nokunika ulwazi oluchanekileyo kuhlala kuyeyona ndlela yokuthintela. Oku kufuneka kuqiniswe ngootitshala abaqeqeshiweyo kunye nootitshala ngokuqhubekayo ngonyaka ukufundisa okulungelelaniswa nobudala kunye namanyathelo othintelo aqhutywa ngoorhulumente, uluntu, imibutho kunye nemibutho, phakathi kolutsha nabazali.
Yile nto ithi hayi kumavolontiya eZiyobisi kulo lonke elaseYurophu kunye neSiseko seYurophu eSimahla kweZiyobisi azabalazela ukufezekisa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zemfundo. Inyaniso Ngeziyobisi*.
Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uEpictetus (50-135 AD) sathi: Ngabafundileyo kuphela abakhululekileyo. Kanjalo, Imfundo ibonelela ngolwazi nolwazi ngezinto ezisisiseko zobomi kwaye inika isakhono sokwahlula okulungileyo kokubi kunye nokuthatha isigqibo esilungileyo. Kuba njengoko watshoyo uL. Ron Hubbard owayekholelwa eluntwini ngo-1956: Yingxaki yokungazi. Iinqobo zokuziphatha, isimilo, amandla okulunga, ukwenza izigqibo eziphilileyo ngokufanayo kuxhomekeke ekukwazini ukwazi.
Endaweni yokuphila isihogo sesihogo seziyobisi zekhoboka leziyobisi elingenakukwazi ukumelana nobomi bukhoboka lokunyuka kwamaxabiso eziyobisi eziyingozi, akukho nto ingcono ukukwazi ukujongana nobomi ngokuthembekileyo, nangokukhululekileyo, kwaye wenze ngenzondelelo nonyamezelo ukwenza amaphupha abe yinyaniso?
IZALATHISO
www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023/
www.desdiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/Xylazine.pdf
www.poison.org/articles/what-is-xylazine
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr030.pdf
https://www.dea.gov/alert/dea-reports-widespread-threat-fentanyl-mixed-xylazine
(*)Ndwendwela:
- www.drugfreeworld.org (izixhobo zasimahla kwiilwimi ezingama-20)
- Isiseko seYuropu eManganamachiza: https://fdfe.eu
