Ubomi kunye neziyobisi (icandelo 2), iCannabis

I-Cannabis yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu yi-15.1% yabemi abaneminyaka eyi-15-34 kunye ne-2.1% ngabasebenzisi be-cannabis bemihla ngemihla (i-EMCDDA I-European Drug Report June 2023). Kwaye abasebenzisi abangama-97 000 bangene kunyango lweziyobisi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis ngo-2021 kwaye babandakanyeka kwi-25% yonikezelo lwetyhefu ebukhali, ehlala ixutywa nezinye izinto. I-Cannabis inotywala isango lokungena kwiziyobisi kubantu abatsha abakhokelela kwindalo yonke yeziyobisi.

I-Cannabis sisityalo se-dioecious (isityalo esisemazi kunye nesityalo esiyindoda). I-Cannabis ineentlobo ezi-3: I-Cannabis sativa sativa L., i-1.80 m ukuya kwi-3 m ukuphakama, kunye neentambo ezide zokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso (ebizwa ngokuba yi "hemp"), kunye nexesha leentyantyambo zeentsuku ezingama-60-90; encinci C. s. indica (1m), iintyatyambo ngokukhawuleza 50-60 iintsuku kunye C. s. ruderalis, uhlobo lwentlango. I-France yeyona ndawo iphezulu yokuvelisa i-hemp eYurophu kunye neyesithathu kwihlabathi.

Ngokwembono yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ziintyatyambo ze-sativa kunye ne-indica kuphela ezinomdla kuba zityebile kwi-cannabinoids ezibekwe kwii-vesicles ezincinci ezininzi, ii-trichomes, ezibekwe ngakumbi malunga nentyatyambo yokukhusela kumarhamncwa kumxholo wekhonkco lokutya vs. ukusinda!

Ekuqaleni i c. sativa yaqwalaselwa ngenxa yeziphumo zayo euphoric, ukuvelisa "phezulu" ngelixa C. indica ivelisa ukuphumla komsebenzi we-cerebral, ukudala umphumo "ilitye", elinamathelayo. Ngokutsho kwe-UNODC, iMorocco, eRif, ngowona mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi wezityalo ze-cannabis ze-psychoactive zokuvelisa i-hashish (ifom ye-resin) kodwa ukususela ngo-2021 inkcubeko ilawulwa.

Izinto zeCannabinoid zafunyanwa kwi-1960s kwaSirayeli liqela likaRaphael Mechoulam. Ngaphezulu kwe-113 yezinto ziye zabekwa zodwa kwisityalo kodwa uninzi lweziphumo kunye nemisebenzi yazo isaphantsi kophononongo. Zonke zinyibilika kwi-lipids, ii-alcohols kunye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kodwa ziphantse zinganyibiliki emanzini.

Kukho iintlobo ezi-3 ze-cannabinoids: - i-phytocannabinoids yesityalo esitsha; ziguqulwa phantsi kwesenzo sokushisa, ukukhanya, kunye nexesha lokumisa; - ii-cannabinoids zokwenziwa eziphuhliswe kwibhubhoratri; - endocannabinoids: 8 zidweliswe ngoku. Ziveliswa ngezinto ezithile eziphilayo, eziphuma kwi-fatty acids kwi-cell membranes, zenza inkqubo ye-endocannabinoid.

A) Phakathi kwe-phytocannabinoids (iamolekyuli ezine-athomu ze-21 ze-carbon): -CBG (Cannabigerol) ivela kwi-cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), inhlanganisela kwisityalo se-olivetolic acid kunye ne-gernyldiphosphate. I-CBGA, ene-acidic, ichithwa ngokulula kwi-CBG kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-CO2. I-CBG (ngaphantsi kwe-1% yesityalo) ithathwa njenge "cannabinoid strain" kunye neqondo eliphantsi lokubilisa (52 ° C) kwaye ngoko ke ukuguqulwa lula! Kufuneka ingabi yi-psychotropic. -THC (TetraHydroCannabinol). I-Delta 9-THC iyeza le-psychotropic elijongene ne-euphoric high kunye ne-isomer ye-psychotropic ebuthakathaka, i-Delta 8-THC. I-THC ivela kwi-asidi engeyiyo-psychoactive: THCA. -HHC (iHexaHydroCannabinol-a hydrogenated THC) iye yahlukaniswa ngamanani amancinci kwimbewu kunye ne-pollen, eyenziwe ngo-1947 ngu-Adams Roger. Isenzo sayo se-psychotropic sinokuthelekiswa ne-THC, iguqula imbono yexesha. Ngo-2023 i-HHC sele ingekho semthethweni kumazwe aliqela e-EU (Jonga kwakhona infra).

Masikhumbule ukuba ngokungafaniyo neemolekyuli ze-alkaloid zengqondo njenge-cocaine kunye ne-morphine, i-Delta 8-THC kunye ne-Delta 9-THC ngamachiza e-tricyclic terpenoid. I-cannabinoids iklasi ye-lipophilic molecules, igcina kwimizimba enamafutha kuquka ingqondo (i-60% ye-lipids) kunye nokuwela ngokulula i-phospholipid cell membranes. Ke, i-THC ibonakala ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezili-14 egazini, iintsuku ezingama-30 kumchamo kunye neenyanga ezi-3 ezinweleni. -I-CBD eyaziwayo (Cannabidiol) eyafunyanwa kwi-1940 ikhona kwisityalo. Ikwavela kwi-cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) kodwa kunye nendlela yokudibanisa eyahlukileyo kwi-THC. Ioli ye-CBD inokukhutshwa kwiintyatyambo mhlawumbi ngokucinezela okubandayo okanye ngokusebenzisa i-carbon dioxide ebandayo (CO2) okanye i-solvents yamakhemikhali (i-ethanol, i-butane, ...) okanye i-solvents yendalo (ioli yeoli, i-coconut oil, ...). Ioyile ye-CBD ngumxholo wentengiso ebalulekileyo kunye nemikhankaso yokuthengisa edumisa izibonelelo zayo zempilo.

I-CBD ayizange ithathwe njengomlutha ukuba icocekile, kodwa ngo-2016 uMerrick J. okqhubekayo. Ubonise ukuba kwindawo ene-acidic, i-CBD iguquka ngokukhawuleza ibe yiDelta-9 kunye ne-Delta-8 THC. Kwaye yintoni imeko yesisu ukuba asiyondawo eneasidi! Ngaphezu koko, iboniswe nguCzégény okqhubekayo, Ngo-2021, ukuba i-25% ukuya kwi-52% ye-CBD esetyenziswa kwi-e-cigarettes (iqondo lobushushu elijikeleze i-300 ° C) liguqulwa libe yi-THC. Ngokufanayo imisebenzi Love CA okqhubekayo, 2023, iqaqambise imingcipheko yempilo yokuphefumla enokubakho kubasebenzisi beemveliso zomphunga we-CBD. Kukho nombono wokudibanisa i-CBD kunye ne-THC kwiimeko zonyango, kunye ne-CBD ethomalalisa iziphumo ze-psychotropic ze-THC. Todd okqhubekayo (2017) ibonisa ukuba ukuba u-co-administration ingaba luncedo kwixesha elifutshane kakhulu, ngokuchaseneyo kuya kuba nefuthe elinamandla le-THC kwixesha elide.

I-CBD yinto yenethiwekhi yokuthengisa enamandla kuluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ngoJuni 2022 i-EFSA (iPhaneli yeGunya loKhuseleko lokuTya lwaseYurophu) iqwalasela ukungaqiniseki okubalulekileyo kunye nezithuba zedatha, iphetha ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-CBD njengoKutya okuNoveli alukwazi ukusekwa okwangoku: akukho datha eyaneleyo kwimiphumo ye-CBD kwisibindi, i-gastrointestinal tract, inkqubo ye-endocrine, inkqubo ye-nervous kunye nentlalontle yabantu ngokwasengqondweni. QAPHELA: I-semi-synthetic cannabinoids i-HHC (i-Hexahydrocannabinol) sele ifunyenwe kumazwe angama-20 aseYurophu 'njengendawo ye-cannabis' kunye ne-3 entsha: i-HHC-acetate, i-HHcannabiphorol kunye ne-Tetrahydrocannabidiol zonke ziveliswa ngokusebenzisa i-CBD ekhutshwe kwi-THC ephantsi. i-cannabis (i-EMCDDA Report 2023). Ukufumaneka kwabo kuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nolutsha kunye nempilo yoluntu kwaye i-HHC sele ingekho mthethweni kumazwe amaninzi e-EU.

B) I-cannabinoids zokwenziwa zezona zisetyenzisiweyo ezifana neziqholo kwimvelaphi yokuzibulala, i-Buddha Blues, ayibizi, ilingana ne-95% ye-psychoactive substance, ithandwa kakhulu ngabaselula, ijikeleza kwiikholeji nakwizikolo eziphakamileyo. Amanye amagama : I-Black Mamba, i-AK-47, i-Shooting Star, i-Yucatan, i-Moon Rocks,… I-vaporized okanye ifakwe, i-synthetic cannabinoids ibangela ukuxhuzula, ukuphazamiseka kwentliziyo kunye ne-neurological kunye nengqondo. Incopho yesenzo iphakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-5 iiyure ukuya kwiiyure ze-20.

Yenziwe ukusuka kwi-1960's ekuqaleni ukukhangela i-receptors kwingqondo, ziyi-molecule ze-lipophilic ze-22 ukuya kwi-26 carbons, ezinobudlelwane obuphezulu obubophayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100%, ukukhetha okanye akunjalo, kwii-receptors ezifanayo njenge-THC kunye nezo ze-endogenous ligands. . Ngaloo ndlela sineentsapho ezili-18 ezidweliswe kwi-2019 phakathi kwayo i-CP (cyclohexylphenols), i-HU (i-HU-210 i-analog yesakhiwo se-THC inamandla aphindwe ka-100), i-JWH, i-AM, i-AB-FUBINACA, i-XLR, njl.

Izifundo zeeNgxelo zeNzululwazi (2017, 7: 10516), zibonisa ukuba ezi cannabinoids zokwenziwa zenza iziphumo ezibi kakhulu kunye neempawu zeproconvulsive (Schneir AB okqhubekayo, 2012) apho abanye ababhali babonisa iziphumo ezichasene ne-anticonvulsive kwiimeko zokuxhuzula okukhulu (Devinsky O. okqhubekayo, 2016).

QAPHELA: Umxholo we-THC we-cannabis ye-festive (kunye nengekho mthethweni) ngokuqhelekileyo i-15% ukuya kwi-30% xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.2-0.3% yesityalo sokuqala ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kofuzo. I-THC ye-Synthetic inamaxesha ali-100 anamandla ngakumbi kwaye ivelisa i-zombies.

C) Inkqubo ye-EndoCannabinoid (ECS) yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba ezinegalelo kwi-homeostasis. I-phylogenetically indala kakhulu, ikhona kwi-invertebrates ukuya kwi-vertebrates ngaphandle kwe-protozoa kunye nezinambuzane (iSilivere RJ, i-2019). I-ECS yenziwe:

I-1) I-receptors ye-Membrane equkethe i-7 transmembrane helices kunye ne-3 eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-3 intracellular loops. I-NH2-terminal i-extracellular kunye ne-COOH-terminal intracytoplasmic. Izamkeli izibini ezine-G proteins (i-guanosine triphosphate binding) ebekwe kwicala langaphakathi kwaye ehambisa umqondiso. Zizo: a) -I-CB1 Receptor, efunyenwe kwi-1988 (uWilliam okqhubekayo.) yaze yachongwa nguMatsuda L. okqhubekayo. (1990). Ikakhulu ibekwe kwi-neurons ye-Central Nervous System kwaye ibuthathaka kwi-brainstem. Kwi-periphery, ikhona kwimiphunga, i-gastrointestinal system, i-testicles kunye nama-ovari. Indawo yayo iyindawo yangaphambili ye-synaptic. Ibandakanyeka kwimiphumo ye-psychotropic. I-agonist exogenous yi-THC. USagan S. okqhubekayo. (2008), bonisa ukuba iiseli ze-glial (i-astrocytes) nazo zine-G protein-coupled receptors, isebenze yi-cannabinoids, kodwa ihluke kwi-receptor ye-CB1. b)-I-CB2 receptor (1993 nguMunro S. okqhubekayo.) i-peripheral ngakumbi. Ikakhulu inxulumene neeseli ze-immune system, kubandakanya udaka kunye ne-amygdala. Okungakumbi kubandakanyeka kwiziphumo ze-immunomodulatory.

2) I-endogenous ligands. Ngendlela efanayo ukuba inkqubo ye-opioid engapheliyo isebenzisa i-endorphins, inkqubo ye-endocannabinoid ineemolekyuli zayo zokubonisa: i-endocannabinoids (i-8 idweliswe). Ezi zi-neuromediators kunye ne-neuromodulators ezidityaniswe kwiiseli ze-nerve kunye ne-astrocytes "kwimfuno" ngokukhawuleza ngokungena kwe-calcium kwi-neuron kwaye azigcinwanga kwii-vesicles. Ziye zenziwe kwi-membrane ye-neuronal ukusuka kwi-phospholipids. Zinempembelelo yokuthintela ekukhutshweni kwe-dopamine, i-serotonin, i-glutamate kunye nabanye. Bane-retrograde synaptic signaling (ukusuka kwi-postsynaptic neuron ukuya kwi-pre-synaptic). Ezona zifundiswayo zezi: a)- i-AEA ye-N-ArachidonoylEthanolAmide ebizwa ngokuba yi-Anandamide (esuka kwi-Sanskrit ananda=felicity) eyodwa kwi-1992 liqela likaMechoulam; I-AEA ibonakaliswa kakhulu kwi-hippocampus, i-cerebral cortex kunye ne-cerebellum kunye nakwi-hypothalamus kunye ne-brainstem. I-AEA inobudlelwane obuphezulu be-CB1 receptor kunye nobudlelwane obuphantsi be-CB2. I-AEA iphinda isebenze kwezinye iinkqubo ezifana ne-vanilloid, i-peroxisome kunye ne-glutamate receptors kwaye isebenze izinto ezibhaliweyo ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-MAP-kinase. I-AEA yafunyanwa nakwi-cocoo (di Tomaso E. okqhubekayo, 1996). b)- i-2-AG ye-2-Arachidonoylglycerol, i-monoglyceride ester okanye i-ether, eyodwa ngo-1995. Inobudlelwane obuphezulu be-CB2 receptors, kunye ne-CB1. Ukubotshwa kwe-ligand (AEA okanye i-2-AG) kwi-receptor yayo (CB1 okanye CB2) kunye nokusebenza kwe-G-protein (GTP / GDP) ngamanyathelo amabini okuqala afunekayo ukuhanjiswa komqondiso ngaphakathi kweseli nge i-cascade yeempendulo. Kwakhona kubandakanyeka i-adenylate cyclase, ukumodareyithwa kwemijelo ye-ion kuquka i-calcium (Ca 2+) kunye ne-potassium (K +), kunye nokungenelela kwe-phospholipase C.

3) I-synthesis enzymes ezifana ne-N-acyltransferase, i-phospholipases A2 kunye ne-C.

4) I-enzymes yokunciphisa. Ngokutsho kukaCravatt BF okqhubekayo. 2001; Uda N. okqhubekayo. I-2000, i-2 eziphambili zezi: a) -I-Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) kunye ne-domain ye-transmembrane eyodwa, iyancipha iklasi ye-amide ye-bioactive fatty acid kuquka i-AEA (i-anandamide) kunye ne-2-AG. I-FAAH ifumaneka kwi-post-synaptic neurons. b) -i-Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) ingasebenzi i-2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) kwi-85% kunye ne-AEA.

Ke, izifundo zibonisiwe ukuba i-EndoCannabinoid System ibandakanyeka: kwinkumbulo, umoya, umdla wokutya, ukulala, ukuphendula intlungu, isicaphucaphu, iimvakalelo, i-thermoregulation, ukungakhuseleki, ukuzala kwamadoda nabasetyhini, imisebenzi yokuzala, inkqubo yomvuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenza kwengqondo. .

Izinto ze-Psychoactive zisebenza kule sekethe ye-ECS ngokuguqula ibhalansi yeekhemikhali zeNervous System, leyo, ingalawulwa ngokwemvelo nangokuchanekileyo, iya kuba nefuthe ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kunye neemvakalelo, ukudala le ngqungquthela kunye nenkohliso yokuphila kunye nokuvelisa ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi. ngokucothayo, ngokutsho kweTorndike's Law of Effect (1911): "Impendulo inokuthi iveliswe kwakhona ukuba ikhokelela ekwanelisekeni kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye ishiywe ukuba ibangele ukunganeliseki".

Izinto ezisebenza kwengqondo ziphazamisana neendawo ezithile zobuchopho, eziqulunqwe ngamalungu amathathu asisiseko athi ngokwethiyori achaze ubuntu bethu kunye neempawu zomlingiswa ngokwempembelelo yazo:

-ingqondo ye-reptilian okanye ye-archaic eqala malunga ne-400 yezigidi zeminyaka. Ithembekile, iyakhawuleza, ilawula iimbono ezisisiseko kunye nemisebenzi ebandakanya: ukutya, ubulili, i-homeostasis, ukusabela kokusinda (uhlaselo okanye inqwelomoya), kodwa iyanyanzeleka. -emva koko kuza ubuchopho be-limbic yezilwanyana ezincelisayo, i-100 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kunye neengxenye ze-2: I-Paleolimbic yezilwanyana ezincelisayo ezisezantsi kunye ne-Neolimbic eyahlula okulungileyo kokubi. Iphuhlisa ukufunda, inkumbulo kunye neemvakalelo, yintliziyo yomvuzo kunye nenkqubo yesohlwayo ebantwini. -kwaye ekugqibeleni i-cerebral cortex okanye i-neo-cortex yeeprimates emva koko ibe ngabantu. Yindawo yokuhlalutya, yokwenza izigqibo, ubukrelekrele, ubuchule bokuyila, inombono ngekamva, kwaye yenze ukuba ulwimi lubekho. Ingqondo yenziwe ngeeseli ezimalunga nama-90 eebhiliyoni, ezenziwe ngeeseli zemithambo-luvo kunye neeseli zeglial. Uphuhliso lwayo luphela malunga neminyaka engama-25 kunye noshintsho olubalulekileyo ngexesha lokufikisa, utshintsho ukusuka ekuxhomekeke ebuntwaneni ukuya kukuzimela komntu omdala.

Kwinqanaba lobuchopho, iVentral Tegmental Area (VTA) ye-mesolimbic midbrain yenye yemimandla yakudala yobuchopho. I-neurons yayo idibanisa i-neurotransmitter dopamine apho ii-axons zabo zikhokelela kwi-nucleus accumbens. I-VTA iphinde iphenjelelwe yi-endorphins kwaye yithagethi yeziyobisi ze-opiate (morphine kunye ne-heroin). -I-nucleus accumbens idlala indima ephambili kwisekethe yomvuzo (i-Klawonn AM kunye ne-Malenka RC, i-2018). Umsebenzi wayo uhlengahlengiswa yi-dopamine ekhuthaza ukunqwenela kunye nomvuzo ngelixa i-serotonin inendima yokuthintela. Le nucleus idityaniswe namanye amaziko abandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yomvuzo, kubandakanywa ne-hypothalamus. -I-prefrontal cortex, ingingqi yamva nje, lugqithiso olubalulekileyo lwesekethe yomvuzo. Umsebenzi wayo uphinda uguqulwe yi-dopamine. -Amanye amaziko amabini enkqubo ye-limbic athatha inxaxheba kwisekethe yomvuzo: i-hippocampus, eyintsika yememori kunye ne-amygdala, erekhoda iimbono.

-I-neurotransmitter dopamine (i-molecule yokuzonwabisa) idlala indima ephambili ekuqiniseni okulungileyo kwaye igalelo kumlutha. -I-GABA (i-gamma-aminobutyric acid), inhibitor ekhoyo kakhulu kwi-neurons ye-cortex, ithatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni iimoto kwaye ilawula ukuxhalaba. -I-amino acid Glutamate yeyona neurotransmitter ininzi kakhulu kwingqondo. Inxulumene nokufunda kunye nenkumbulo. Ilawula ukukhutshwa kwe-dopamine kwi-nucleus accumbens. (I-Glutamate nayo isongezo sokutya: E621). I-membrane receptor yayo yi-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic).

Imvelaphi "yophezulu" okanye i-euphoria ingenxa yeempawu ze-THC ezibophelela ngokuzinzileyo kune-AEA kwi-CB1 receptors (i-60% vs. I-neurons, i-meso-accumbic (i-nucleus accumbens) kunye ne-meso-cortical neurons yengqondo, kwinkqubo yomvuzo kunye nokubonelela ngolonwabo, okuya kukhokelela ekukhangekeni kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhomekeka.

Ukufikisa:

Ukuziphatha kwabafikisayo kudla ngokubonakaliswa kukungxama, ukufuna iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okuthatha umngcipheko. Oku kuhambelana nokuvuthwa kwengqondo okulandelelanayo kunye nokuvuthwa okukhawulezileyo kwezakhiwo ze-limbic (uvakalelo kwiimpawu zeemvakalelo kunye nezentlalo) kunye ne-prefrontal cortex (ingqiqo kunye nezicwangciso ezingaphambili) apho indaleko ukuya ekuvuthweni ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngenxa yoko ilibazisekile (Giedd, JN okqhubekayo. 1999; Casey, BJ okqhubekayo. 2008). Ngoko ke, abakwishumi elivisayo banokuba neemvakalelo ezinzulu nezintsonkothileyo kodwa abakwazi ukuzilawula ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko ukuthatha umngcipheko kunye nokungxama ngaphandle kokuthatha iziphumo. Oku kwenza ixesha lokufikisa libe lixesha eliyingozi ebomini, kodwa lizele namathuba kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu ngenxa yeplastiki yobuchopho kunye nokuthenwa kwe-synaptic.

IiPathologies:

I-Cannabis inyanyaniswa ne-epidemiologically kunye nokungahambi kakuhle komntwana kunye nokungeniswa komhlaza ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala.

I-1) Umhlaza we-testicular uxhaphake kakhulu kulutsha phakathi kweminyaka eyi-15-35 usebenzisa i-cannabis ngokwe-Cancer Research Foundation. Kukho umngcipheko owongezelelweyo we-testicular germ cell tumor (Gurney J. okqhubekayo. 2015) ngokupheliswa kwe-hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Ewe, i-CB1 kunye ne-CB2 receptors zikhona kwi:

-i-hypothalamus apho i-THC ivimba i-hormone elawula ukukhula ngokwesondo ekukhuleni nasekuzaleni, i-hormone ye-ovulation lutein kunye ne-testosterone;

-kwizicubu ze-testicular, i-THC inciphisa ukuveliswa kwe-testosterone kwiiseli ze-Leydig kwaye inefuthe le-pro-apoptotic kwiiseli zeSertoli;

-kwi-spermatozoa, i-THC iguqula ingqondo, ukubala kunye nokuhamba kunye neengxaki zokungazali kunye nokukhubazeka kwe-spermatogenesis (Gundersen TD okqhubekayo. 2015). I-THC iya kukwazi ukonakalisa i-DNA kude kube yi-chromotripsis (ukuqhuma) ye-chromosome kunye nokwenzeka kokudluliselwa kofuzo (Reece AS kunye ne-Hulse GK 2016).

2) Dong okqhubekayo. I-2019, sele ibonise impembelelo ye-neural kunye ne-immune ye-cannabinoids kuphuhliso lwe-fetus kunye nenzala.

3) UHjorthoj C. okqhubekayo Ngo-2023, ibonise ngokucacileyo unxulumano phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kunye ne-schizophrenia echaphazela indlela umntu acinga ngayo, aziva ngayo kwaye aziphathe ngayo.

4) Ngokujonga emva kweminyaka engama-20, ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cannabis eColorado ngo-2000 kubonisiwe (uReece noHulse, 2019) kubasetyhini abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-24 ubudala abasebenzisa iTHC ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwabo, ukonyuka okuphindwe ka-5 kwizehlo ze-teratogenic kubantwana abasanda kuzalwa. ezifana ne-spina bifida, i-microcephaly, i-trisomy 21, ukungabikho kwezahlulo phakathi kwe-atria yentliziyo okanye i-ventricles, njl. Ezi zinto zingaqhelekanga zinokuthi zihambelane nesenzo se-cannabinoids eyaziwayo ukuguqula i-histones (kubandakanywa ne-H3) kunye ne-methylation ye-Cytosine-Phosphate- Iindawo ze-Guanine ze-DNA, ngaloo ndlela ziguqula iinkqubo zokulawula i-gene expression.

I-Costentin J. (i-CNPERT, i-2020) ikhumbuza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-THC kukhokelela ekuguquleni kwe-epigenetic echaphazela amajoni omzimba, imisebenzi yokuqonda, ukuvuthwa kwengqondo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezifo zengqondo. Kwiimveliso zokuqhomfa ezisuka koomama abasebenzisa i-cannabis, i-nucleus accumbens (kwi-limbic system) yezi mveku ibonisa ukuhla kwe-mRNA (i-RNA messenger) yekhowudi ye-dopaminergic receptors ye-D2 kunye nokungaqhelekanga kwezi zamkeli. Oku kuchazwa ngaphantsi kokuguqula isekethe yomvuzo kuya kuququzelela kamva umdla wamachiza kulutsha.

Ke, ngokubhekisele kubudlelwane bolutsha lwe-cannabis, -kufuneka sijongane nale nto ithandwa kakhulu kwaye siqokelele ubungqina ngokuchasene nefuthe elibi leempikiswano ezicalucalulo kunye nezorhwebo, -kufuneka senze ezi datha zaziwe ngokubanzi ukukhusela ulutsha. uluntu nangenxa yezizukulwana ezizayo.

Kukho inani elikhulu leempembelelo ezinokubakho kulutsha olufikisayo olufana nokhuseleko kunye/okanye nemingcipheko. Ngala: usapho, isikolo nootitshala, oontangandini, ummelwane, ulonwabo, amajelo eendaba, inkcubeko nomthetho. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili ihlala ingabazali kunye neendlela zokukhulisa abantwana. Eneneni, banokunceda (okanye akunjalo) ekukhuseleni abantwana ngokubaphulaphula nokubakhokela ngomzekelo.

Ngokusekwe kunxibelelwano olusekwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngamavolontiya ethu nabantu abancinci, abazali, imibutho, ootitshala, oonontlalontle, abaqeqeshi bezempilo, iinkokeli zasekhaya nezelizwe, ezokhuseleko kunye namapolisa, Inyaniso Ngeziyobisi iphulo laphuhliswa ngokukhutheleyo. Eli liphulo lokuthintela kunye nemfundo malunga neengozi zempilo, ezijoliswe kulutsha kunye nokwazisa uluntu malunga nobungozi obunokubakho bentsangu kunye nezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ukwenzela ukuba iingozi ziqondwe ngokucacileyo.

« Kukungazi okusimfamekisayo kwaye kusilahlekise. Vula amehlo akho Ô bantu balusizi » utshilo uLeonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Ngaloo ndlela, bexhotyiswe ngeenyani zokwenyani kwiziyobisi, abantu abatsha baya kukwazi ukujongana ne-lucidity kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeengxaki zobomi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukwenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwaye bakwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo amandla abo.

Le ndlela ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nomxholo we-2023 we-UN International Day: "Abantu kuqala: bayeke ibala kunye nocalucalulo, bomeleze ukuthintela" .

"Ukuba izinto bezisaziwa kwaye ziqondwa ngcono, besiya kuphila ubomi obonwabisayo ngakumbi” L.Ron Hubbard (1965)

Iingxelo:

Qhagamshelana kwakhona nommiselo kwi-EU: -Ukusetyenziswa kokuzonwabisa kwe-cannabis - Imithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kumazwe akhethiweyo eLungu le-EU https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/749792/EPRS_BRI(2023)749792_EN. pdf

-Usuku lwamazwe ngamazwe oluchasene nokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi kunye noRhwebelwano olungekho mthethweni - isenzo se-EU ngokuchasene neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733548/EPRS_ATA(2022)733548_EN.pdf

Malunga notyelelo lwamachiza: www.fdfe.eu ; www.drugfreeworld.org