Ukusuka eCleopatra ukuya eRazia Sultan, imbali igcwele abafazi abanamandla abachasayo imilinganiselo yexesha labo. Kodwa ukhe weva ngoQueen Kubaba? UMlawuli waseSumer malunga ne-2500 BC, unokuba ngumlawuli wokuqala obhinqileyo orekhodiweyo kwimbali yakudala. UKumkanikazi Kubaba (Ku-Baba) ngumntu onomdla kwimbali yaseMesopotamiya, ekukholelwa ukuba walawula isixeko saseKish kwiwaka leminyaka lesithathu BC. Enye yeenkokheli zabasetyhini bokuqala kwimbali, ibali lakhe sisiqwenga esibalulekileyo sephazili yokuqonda indima yabasetyhini kuluntu lwakudala, ibhala imvelaphi yamandulo.
Kuba kunye noluhlu lookumkani
Igama likaKubaba livela kuluhlu olwaziwa ngokuba “luLudwe lweeKumkani”, nekuphela kwengxelo ebhaliweyo yolawulo lwakhe. Uluhlu ngokuchanekileyo igama libonisa - uluhlu lookumkani baseSumeriya. Ichaza ngokufutshane ixesha lolawulo lomntu ngamnye kunye nesixeko awayelawula kuso umlawuli. Kolu luhlu ubizwa ngokuba “lugal”, okanye ukumkani, hayi “eresh” (umfazi kakumkani). Kolu luhlu lubanzi, elakhe lelona gama lomfazi kuphela elingqiniweyo kulo.
UKubaba ngomnye wabasetyhini abambalwa abakhe bazilawula ngokwabo kwimbali yaseMesopotamiya. Uninzi lweenguqulelo zoludwe lokumkani lumbeka yedwa kumnombo wakhe, uMnombo wesi-3 kaKishe, emva kokoyiswa kukaSharrumiter waseMari, kodwa ezinye iinguqulelo zamdibanisa nomnombo wesi-4, owalandela ukongama kokumkani wase-Akshaki. Phambi kokuba abe ngukumkani, uluhlu lokumkani luthi wayengumfazi ongasekhoyo.
I-Weidner Chronicle yileta ye-propagandistic, ezama ukubeka i-shrine kaMarduk eBhabhiloni kwixesha langaphambili, kwaye ifuna ukubonisa ukuba ngamnye ookumkani abangazange bawahoye amasiko abo afanelekileyo baphulukene nobunganga bukaSumer. Iqulethe ingxelo emfutshane yokunyuka "kwendlu kaKubaba" eyenzeka kulawulo lwePuzur-Nirah yase-Akshak:
“Ngexesha likaPutsure-nira ukumkani wakwa-Akisaki, ababambisi beentlanzi base-Esagila babebambisa iintlanzi ukuze badle inkosi enkulu uMarduk; Iinduna zokumkani zazithimba iintlanzi. Umlobi wayeloba xa iintsuku ezisi-7 (okanye ezisi-8) zazidlulile […] kwindlu kaKubaba, umgcini wethaveni […] Ngelo xesha OKWEPHUKILEYO[4] ngokutsha ku-Esagila […] UKubaba wanika umlobi isonka waza wamnika namanzi, wamenza ukuba anike intlanzi ku-Esagila. UMarduk, ukumkani, inkosana yeApsû, wamthanda waza wathi: “Makube njalo!” Uphathise uKubaba, umgcini-tavern, ulongamo kwihlabathi liphela. ”
Unyana wakhe u-Puzur-Suen kunye nomzukulwana u-Ur-Zababa bamlandela etroneni yaseSumer njengobukhosi besine bakaKish kuluhlu lokumkani, kwezinye iikopi njengabalandela ngqo bakhe, kwezinye kunye nobukhosi buka-Akshak bangenelela. I-Ur-Zababa ikwabizwa ngokuba ngukumkani owathi wayelawula eSumer ngexesha lolutsha lukaSargon Omkhulu waseAkkad, owathi ngomkhosi wazisa uninzi lweMpuma Ekufuphi phantsi kolawulo lwakhe kungekudala emva koko.
UKu-Baba, “umfazi ongumgcini wendlu yabahambi owaseka iziseko zikaKishe,” kuthiwa uye walawula iminyaka eli-100. Ukubanjwa apha kukuba uluhlu aluwona mthombo wembali othembekileyo. Uhlala ewufiphalisa umgca phakathi kwembali kunye nentsomi. Umzekelo woku ligama likaEnmen-lu-ana, ekuthiwa uye walawula iminyaka engama-43,200 100! Okanye ulawulo lukaKubaba ngokwalo, olubonisa ukuba wayeneminyaka eyi-XNUMX engenakwenzeka kwi-helm yaseSumer! Kwangaxeshanye, kunokwenzeka ukuba ingqikelelo etolikileyo yexesha yahlukile kwindlela esiyilandelayo namhlanje. Ngaba umgcini wendlu yabahambi wajika waba nguthixokazi? Ecaleni kwegama likaKubaba kubhalwe “uMfazi ongumnini wendlu yabahambi owaseka iZiseko zikaKish.” Ukuphakama kukaKubaba kumandla eKish kugutyungelwe yimfihlakalo, kodwa kuvunyelwene ukuba wayengumgcini wendlu yabahambi, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayinxulumene nobuhenyukazi ngokwemibhalo yamandulo yaseSumeri. Isixeko saseKishe sasisaziwa ngobutyebi namandla aso kwaye sadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni impucuko yaseMesopotamiya. Abaphengululi abaziwayo be-feminist revisionist, njengoClaudia E. Suter umzekelo, babhale ukuba ngamanye amaxesha u-Kubaba wayebonakaliswe njengomgcini we-brothel, indlela yokumjongela phantsi kunye nokubonisa "impatho yabasetyhini kuluntu lwangaphambili lwaseMesopotamiya". Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukwenza ibhiya nokuthengisa ibhiya kwiMesopotamiya yamandulo yayingumsebenzi ohlonelwayo. Kwakukho unxulumano lwamandulo phakathi kobungcwele basetyhini kunye alcohol, yaye ngokutsho komfundisi wezakwalizwi uCarol R. Fontaine, uKubaba wayeya kugqalwa “njengenenekazi elinempumelelo kwezoshishino.” Ulahlekile kwibhotwe elineminyaka engama-4,500 ubudala lenkosi yasentsomini yaseSumeriya wafumanisa ukuba wayenobubele kwaye enobulungisa kubathengi bakhe, emzuzela udumo njengomntu onobubele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha udumo lwakhe lwakhula waza waqalisa ukunqulwa njengothixokazi. Oku kuchaza ukunyuka kwakhe njengokumkanikazi, njengoko engazange atshate nenkosi, engazange azuze ilifa kumzali. Icwecwe loonobumba abatsobhileyo bamandulo baseSumer libonisa ukubaluleka kwebhiya kwi umnotho kunye noluntu lwaseMesopotamiya yamandulo.
Kukho intsomi ethi abo balawuli bangazange bahlonele uthixo uMarduk ngokunikela ngeentlanzi kwitempile ka-Esagila bafumana isiphelo esingathandekiyo. U-Kubaba ukholelwa ukuba wondla umlobi kwaye ngokubuyisela wamcela ukuba anikele ngentlanzi yakhe kwitempile yase-Esagila. Ububele bukaMarduk akumangalisi: “Makube njalo,” watsho uthixo, yaye ngenxa yoko “wabeka uKuba, umgcini wendlu yabahambi, ulongamo ehlabathini lonke.” Eminye imithombo icebisa ukuba wayelilungu lomnombo olawulayo wakwaKish nokuba itrone wayizuza njengelifa kuyise. Abanye bacebisa ukuba wayengumfazi oqhelekileyo owavukayo wafumana amandla ngobuchule bakhe kunye ne-charisma. Nokuba yinyani na, uKubaba wayeyinkokeli emangalisayo eyashiya uphawu oluhlala luhleli kuKish. Impumelelo ye-Queen Kubaba Kwisithethe samandulo saseSumeriya, ubukumkani abuzange bubotshwe kwinkunzi esisigxina, kodwa kunoko bafuduka besuka kwindawo ukuya kwenye, banikwa oothixo besixeko kwaye badluliselwe ngokuthanda kwabo. Ngaphambi kukaQubaba, okuphela kwelungu le-Third Dynasty kaKish, ikomkhulu laliseMari ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kwaye lafudukela e-Akshak emva kweQubaba. Nangona kunjalo, unyana ka-Kubaba u-Puzer-Suen kunye nomzukulwana u-Ur-Zababa okwethutyana bayifudusele ikomkhulu eKish. IFacade yeTempile ye-Inanna e-Uruk, eIraq. Uthixo obhinqileyo ugalela amanzi anika ubomi.
Enye yeempumelelo ezibalulekileyo zikaKubaba kukwakhiwa kwetempile enikezelwe kuthixokazi u-Inanna. Le tempile yayisembindini weKishe kwaye yayiyenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zonqulo kulo mmandla. Kukholelwa ukuba uKubaba wayengumnquli ozinikeleyo we-Inanna kwaye itempile ibonisa iinkolelo zakhe zonqulo kunye nemilinganiselo. Indlela Indalo Eyenziwe Ngayo: Inguqulelo yaseSumerian Kunzima Ukungayithandi Ukongeza kwiiprojekthi zakhe zonqulo, u-Kubaba wayekwayinkokeli yomkhosi entloko yomkhosi onamandla. Kuthiwa uye wandisa indawo kaKish ngothotho lwamaphulo omkhosi ancede ukuseka iKish njengegunya elikhulu kulo mmandla. Amandla omkhosi kaQubaba ayeyinto ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwakhe kwaye wanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuqhubeka kwakhe ukulawula uKish. Kwakutheni ukuze ulawulo lwakhe luphele? UKubaba wajamelana nenkcaso evela kwizixeko ezikhuphisanayo nezixeko kunye neKish ngokwayo. Abanye bathi wabhukuqwa ngabakhe, ngelixa ezinye iiakhawunti ezingcono zibonisa ukuba wayilahla itrone kwaye wahlala yedwa.
Ifoto: Uluhlu loKumkani waseSumeriya olubhalwe kwi-Weld-Blundell Prism, ngoshicilelo / iDomain yoLuntu
