Ubundlobongela kumazwe aseSahel bunokudityaniswa nokuthatha inxaxheba kwemikhosi exhobileyo yaseTuareg, elwela ilizwe elizimeleyo.
nguTeodor Detchev
Ukuqala komjikelo omtsha wobundlobongela kumazwe aseSahel kunokudityaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Arab Spring. Ikhonkco alikho ngqiqweni kwaye alinxulumananga “nomzekelo okhuthazayo” womntu. Ikhonkco elithe ngqo lihambelana nokuthatha inxaxheba kwemikhosi exhobileyo yaseTuareg, leyo iminyaka emininzi ilwela ukudala ilizwe elizimeleyo-ininzi kwindawo esenyakatho yeMali. [1]
Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya eLibya, ngexesha lokuphila kukaMuammar Gaddafi, amajoni aseTuareg aba ngakwicala lakhe, kodwa emva kokufa kwakhe, babuyela eMali nazo zonke izixhobo zabo ezinzima nezilula. Ukubonakala ngequbuliso kunamandla ngakumbi kunangaphambili ii-paramilitaries zaseTuareg, ezixhobile ngokoqobo emazinyweni, ziindaba ezimbi kubaphathi baseMali, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe akulo mmandla. Isizathu kukuba inguqu yenzekile phakathi kwamaTuareg kwaye amanye amaqela abo axhobileyo "aphinde aphinde avela" kubalweli benkululeko yelizwe ukuya kwi-Uzhkim Islamist militant formations. [2]
Esi siganeko, apho ukubunjwa kwe-ethnocentric kunye nembali ende, ngokukhawuleza yamkela iziqulatho kunye nezenzo "jihadi", umbhali wale migca ubiza "imibutho ephantsi kabini". Ezo ziganeko aziyonto ikhethekileyo eNtshona iAfrika “NguMkhosi KaThixo Oxhathisayo” eUganda, kunye namaSilamsi awahlukahlukeneyo axhobileyo akwezona ziqithi zisemazantsi echwebakazi lakwiiPhilippines. [2], [3]
Izinto zaseNtshona Afrika zadibana ngendlela yokuba emva kwe-2012-2013, lo mmandla waba yindawo yokulwa apho "ii-franchise" zothungelwano lwehlabathi lobunqolobi, olunokuthi lube lukhulu okanye luncinci lunokuthiwa "kukungalungelelani" ngenxa yobunqolobi. ulwakhiwo, imigaqo kunye nobunkokeli, ekukuchaswa kwemibutho yakudala. [1], [2]
EMali, amaTuareg, amaSilamsi asandul’ ukwenziwa, ekulweni ne-al-Qaeda kodwa ngokudibana namaSalafist angengawo awe-Islamic State okanye i-al-Qaeda, azama ukwenza ilizwe elizimeleyo kumantla eMali. [2] Ekuphenduleni, iziphathamandla zaseMaliya zaqalisa umsebenzi wezempi ngokumelene neTuareg kunye ne-jihadists, eyayixhaswa yiFransi kunye nesigunyaziso seBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN - phantsi kwe-Minusma ebizwa ngokuba yi-UN Stabilization Mission eMali - Minusma.
I-Operations Serval kunye noBarhan baqala enye emva komnye, i-Operation Serval yinkqubo yomkhosi waseFransi eMali eyenziwa ngokulandela iSigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko 2085 ye-20 kaDisemba 2012. Isigqibo sivotelwe ngesicelo sabasemagunyeni baseMaliya, kungekho mntu, kuquka iRashiya. , ukuchasa, kungasathethwa ke ngokuvota kweBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Injongo yokusebenza kunye nesigunyaziso se-UN kukunqoba imikhosi ye-jihadists kunye ne-Tuareg "imibutho ene-double bottom" kwindawo esenyakatho yeMali, eqala ukwenza indlela eya kwindawo ephakathi yelizwe. .
Ngethuba lo msebenzi, ezintathu kwiinkokeli ezintlanu zamaSilamsi zabulawa - u-Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, u-Abdel Krim kunye no-Omar Ould Hamaha. UMokhtar Belmokhtar wabalekela eLibya kwaye u-Iyad ag Ghali wabalekela eAlgeria. I-Operation Serval (ethiywe ngegama lekati yasendle edumileyo yaseAfrika) iphele ngomhla we-15 kweyeKhala yowama-2014 ukuze ilandelwe yi-Operation Barhan, eyaqala ngomhla woku-1 kweyeThupha yowama-2014.
I-Operation Barhan iyenzeka kwintsimi yamazwe amahlanu aseSahel - eBurkina Faso, eChad, eMali, eMauritania naseNiger. Amajoni angama-4,500 aseFransi athatha inxaxheba, kwaye amazwe amahlanu aseSahel (G5 - Sahel) aqeqesha malunga namajoni angama-5,000 ukuba ajoyine imisebenzi yokulwa nabanqolobi.
Iinzame zokucanda indawo esemantla yeMali ibe luhlobo oluthile lwelizwe lama-Tuareg-Islamist aliphumelelanga. Imisebenzi "Serval" kunye ne "Barkhan" ifezekisa iinjongo zabo zangoku. Amabhongo amaSilamsi kunye "nemibutho ephantsi kabini" iphelile. Into embi kukuba oku akubuphelisi ubundlobongela kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, kubutshaba baseSahel. Nangona boyisiwe kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba bacinge kuqala malunga nendlela yokuzifihla kwimikhosi yaseFransi kunye namazwe e-G5-Sahel, ii-radicals zamaSilamsi ziguqukela kwimfazwe ye-guerrilla, zijika ngamanye amaxesha zibe yi-banditry elula.
Nangona emva kokusebenza kweSerwal kunye neBarkhan, i-radicals yamaSilamsi ayisakwazi ukufikelela kuyo nayiphi na impumelelo yeqhinga, ubuncinci ngokubona kuqala, inani lohlaselo oluchasene nabemi alinciphi, kodwa kwiindawo ezithile liyanda. Oku kudala uloyiko olugqithisileyo kunye nemeko-bume engafanelekanga, ethi ixhatshazwe ngamadoda omkhosi anabhongo angahambisaniyo nembono yokuba umkhosi ungowaseziseleni.
Kwelinye icala, umkhosi waseAfrika uyindawo yokunyusela uluntu. Ivumela umntu ukuba anyukele kuhlobo oluthile lomgaqo wokufaneleka. Kwelinye icala, umkhwa wobhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini eAfrika uxhaphake kangangokuba abo bafuna ukuba ngabathetheli-mkhosi babonakala bengawugqali njengolwaphulo-mthetho konke konke.
Njengoko idatha ye-STATISTA ibonisa, phakathi kukaJanuwari ka-1950 kunye noJulayi 2023 kwakukho malunga nama-220 amalinge okubhukuqa aphumelele kwaye awaphumelelanga e-Afrika, ethatha phantse isiqingatha (i-44 yepesenti yazo zonke iinzame zobhukuqo ehlabathini. olona bhukuqo-mbuso ukususela ngo-1950 luli-17 xa lulonke.
Kwimeko yanamhlanje eSahel, kulandela inkqubela phambili yamaSilamsi aqatha kunye “nemibutho engaphantsi kabini” kumantla eMali kunye nohlaselo oluhambelanayo nomkhosi oxhobileyo wamazwe e-G5 Sahel kunye neFransi, eyona nto ixhalabisayo lukhuseleko lomntu. Abanye abemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo kulo mmandla babelana ngeemvakalelo ezifanayo, ezinokushwankathelwa kwintetho yommi waseBurkina Faso: “Emini siyangcangcazela hleze umkhosi ophuma kumkhosi oqhelekileyo ufike, kwaye ebusuku siyangcangcazela hleze amaSilamsi. yizani.”
Yiyo kanye le meko enika isibindi kwizangqa ezithile phakathi komkhosi ukufikelela amandla. Oku kungqinwa ngokusisiseko yithisisi yokuba urhulumente wangoku akajongani noloyiko olubekwe ziiradicals zamaSilamsi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo mzuzu ukhethwe ngokuchanekileyo - kwelinye icala, i-jihadists yoyisiwe kwaye amandla abo okuhlutha ngokusisigxina imimandla ayikhulu kangako. Kwangaxeshanye, uhlaselo lwama-Islamic radicals luhlala luyingozi kakhulu kwaye lubulala abantu abaninzi. Ngaloo ndlela, umkhosi kwamanye amazwe uthatha ithuba lomsebenzi owenziwe yi-UN kunye ne-G5 Sahel imikhosi ngokuchasene nabaphehli benkathazo kwaye kwangaxeshanye (ngokuhanahanisa kakhulu) baphakamisa umba wokuba imimandla yabo ayilungiswanga kwaye "ubuchule" babo bufuneka ungenelelo.
Omnye usenokuthi ngaxa lithile iBurkina Faso, apho abasemagunyeni kukholelwa ukuba balawula ngokukhuselekileyo nje ama-60 ekhulwini ommandla welizwe ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-2022, iye yangqineka injalo. [40] Oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo. Kufuneka kucace ukuba i-radicals yamaSilamsi ayisebenzisi ulawulo kwi-40 eseleyo yepesenti yommandla ngengqiqo yokuba igama elithi "ukulawula" linokusetyenziswa phantsi kwe-Islamic State eSiriya nase-Iraq okanye ukuzama ukukhupha inxalenye esemantla yaseTuareg. Yehlisa isantya. Akukho lawulo lwasekhaya apha olufakwe yi-Islamists, kwaye akukho lawulo lwe-de facto ubuncinane kunxibelelwano olusisiseko. Kuphela nje ukuba abavukeli banokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuziphatha, kwaye yiyo loo nto abagxeki bakarhulumente ngelo xesha (kwaye mhlawumbi nowangoku) bakholelwa ukuba le nxalenye yommandla welizwe ayikho phantsi kolawulo lwabasemagunyeni. [9], [17], [40]
Ngayiphi na imeko, umba obuhlungu kakhulu ngokungathandabuzekiyo wokuhlaselwa rhoqo ngama-radicals amaSilamsi unike izizathu zokuziphatha (ubuncinci emehlweni abo) ukuba umkhosi kwamanye amazwe aseSahel uthathe amandla ngenkani, uthethelela izenzo zabo ngokuxhalabela ukhuseleko lomkhosi. abantu. Olokugqibela ubhukuqo-mbuso olunjalo olwabetha ummandla yaba lubhukuqo-mbuso eNiger, apho uNjengele u-Abdurahman Tiani wathatha ulawulo nge-26 kaJulayi 2023. [22]
Kubalulekile ukutsho apha ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso eGabon, ekungathandabuzekiyo ukuba lolona gqatso lwamva nje olunokwenzeka eNtshona Afrika, alunakubonwa kwimeko efanayo naleyo idalwe ziinkqubo ezenzeka kumazwe aseSahel. [10], [14] Ngokungafaniyo Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, kunye Chad, akukho butshaba phakathi imikhosi karhulumente kunye radicals Islamic e Gabon, kwaye ubhukuqo ijolise, ubuncinane ngoku, nxamnye usapho umongameli, usapho Bongo. , abasele belawula iGabon iminyaka engama-56.
Ngapha koko, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba emva kwexesha lokuzola phakathi kuka-2013 no-2020, bekukho iinzame zokuqhatha ezili-13 e-Afrika, kubandakanya eSudan, eChad, eGuinea, eBurkina Faso naseMali. [4], [32]
Apha kufuneka sibonise njengento enxulumene ne-maelstrom entsha yangoku ye kwezopolitiko Ukungazinzi eNtshona Afrika, ngakumbi eSahel, ubundlobongela obuqhubekayo kwiRiphabhliki yaseCentral African (CAR), apho iimfazwe ezimbini zombango ziye zaliwa ngokulandelelana. Eyokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuba yiCentral African Republic Bush War, yaqala ngo-2004 kwaye yaphela ngokusemthethweni ngesivumelwano soxolo se-de jure kwi-2007, kunye ne-de facto ngo-Matshi 2013. Owesibini, owaziwa ngokuba "yimfazwe yombutho kwiRiphabhliki yaseCentral African" ( Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseCentral African Republic), yaqala ngoAprili 2013 kwaye ayikapheli ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, nangona ngoku imikhosi karhulumente iye yabeka izandla kwindawo enkulu yommandla welizwe awayekade ewulawula.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ilizwe elihlwempuzekileyo kakhulu, isalathiso salo sophuhliso loluntu sikwelona nqanaba lisezantsi lamanqanaba (indawo yokugqibela, ubuncinci de kube yi-2021 ibigcinelwe iNiger) kwaye umngcipheko wokwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi wezoqoqosho uphezulu kakhulu, “Lilizwe elingaphumeleliyo” kwaye kungekudala libe lixhoba leentaka ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko nezomkhosi. Kulo didi sinokuthi ngesazela esilungileyo sibhekise iMali, iBurkina Faso, iNiger, iRiphabhlikhi yaseCentral African (CAR) kunye neSouth Sudan ukusuka kwiqela lamazwe aqwalaselwa kolu hlalutyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, uluhlu lwamazwe ase-Afrika apho inkampani yabucala yaseRashiya yabucala iWagner iqinisekisiwe ukuba inobukho obubonakalayo kunye novunyelenwe ngurhulumente kubandakanya iMali, iAlgeria, iLibya, iSudan, iSouth Sudan, iCAR, iCameroon, iDR Congo, iZimbabwe. , Mozambique kunye neMadagascar. [4], [39]
Uthelekiso phakathi koluhlu “lwamazwe asileleyo” adlakazwe ziimfazwe zamakhaya, ungquzulwano lobuzwe nolonqulo, ubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini namanye amashwa anjalo kunye noluhlu lwamazwe apho amagosa e-PMC Wagner “asebenza” ngokuphandle exhasa oorhulumente abasemthethweni lubonisa into eyenzekayo ephawulekayo.
I-Mali, iRiphabhlikhi yaseMbindi Afrika kunye ne-Sudan yase-Sudan ivelele kuzo zombini izintlu. Akukabikho datha iqinisekisiweyo malunga nobukho obusemthethweni be-PMC "uWagner" eBurkina Faso, kodwa kukho imiqondiso eyaneleyo yokungenelela kunye nenkxaso yaseRussia exhasa abacebisi bamva nje belizwe, singasathethi ke ngeemvakalelo ezixhaphakileyo ze-pro-Russian, sele ifikelele kwinto yokuba amagosa asePrigozhin ongasekhoyo sele ekwazile "ukuzahlula" kwilizwe elingummelwane laseMali. [9], [17]
Ngapha koko, “imbonakalo” ye-PMC Wagner kwiRiphabhliki yaseMbindi Afrika naseMali kufanele ibangele uloyiko phakathi kwama-Afrika. I-penchant ye-Russian mercenaries 'yokubulala abantu abaninzi kunye nenkohlakalo ibiye yabonwa esidlangalaleni ukusukela ngexesha laseSyria ekubonakaleni kwabo, kodwa izenzo zabo e-Afrika, ngakumbi kwi-CAR ne-Mali ekhankanywe ngaphambili, kubhalwe kakuhle. [34] Ekupheleni kukaJulayi 2022, umphathi wemikhosi yaseFransi kwi-UN-flagged Operation Barhan, uGeneral Laurent Michon, watyhola ngokuthe ngqo i-PMC Wagner "ngokuphanga iMali". [24]
Enyanisweni, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iziganeko zaseMali naseBurkina Faso zixhunyiwe kwaye zilandela iphethini efanayo. "Ukosuleleka" kobundlobongela obugqithisileyo bamaSilamsi kwaqala eMali. Yadlula kwimvukelo yama-Tuareg-Islamist kumantla welizwe kwaye, emva kokoyiswa kwabavukeli yimikhosi ye-UN kunye ne-G5 - iSahel, emva koko yathatha uhlobo lwemfazwe yabanqolobi, ubundlobongela obujoliswe kubemi kunye nokuphangwa ngokuphandle e-United States. inxalenye ephakathi kweMali, apho wafuna inkxaso yeFulani okanye abantu baseFulbe (umcimbi obaluleke kakhulu oza kuhlalutywa ngokweenkcukacha kamva) kwaye wafudukela eBurkina Faso. Abahlalutyi bade bathetha ngokuba iBurkina Faso ibe “yindawo entsha yobundlobongela”. [17]
Nangona kunjalo, iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kukuba ngo-Agasti ka-2020, umkhosi womkhosi wabhukuqa umongameli onyuliweyo waseMali-Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Oku kube nefuthe elibi kumlo ochasene namajihadist, kuba umkhosi owangena kulawulo wawujonge ngokungawuthembi umkhosi weUN, owawuquka amajoni amaFrentshi. Babekrokrela ngokufanelekileyo ukuba amaFrentshi ayengalwamkeli ubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini. Kungenxa yoko le nto abasemagunyeni abatsha, abazimiseleyo eMali bangxamele ukufuna ukupheliswa kwemisebenzi ye-UN (ngokukodwa isiFrentshi) eMali. Kanye ngelo xesha, abalawuli bomkhosi belizwe babeyoyika ngakumbi imikhosi yaseFransi eyayigunyaziswe yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kummandla wabo kunamaSilamsi angoontamo-lukhuni.
IBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN liphelise umsebenzi wokugcina uxolo eMali ngokukhawuleza kwaye amaFrentshi aqala ukurhoxa, ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokuzisola kakhulu. Emva koko i-junta yomkhosi e-Bamako yakhumbula ukuba imfazwe ye-guerilla yama-radicals yamaSilamsi ayizange iphele kwaye yafuna uncedo lwangaphandle, oluvela kwi-PMC "Wagner" kunye ne-Russian Federation, ehlala ilungele ukukhonza ingqondo efanayo. oorhulumente. Iziganeko zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-PMC "Wagner" ishiye iinyawo ezinzulu zezihlangu zayo kwisanti yaseMali. [34], [39]
Ukuqhankqalaza eMali kubangele "impembelelo ye-domino" - ukuguqulwa kabini kwalandelwa ngonyaka omnye eBurkina Faso (!), Emva koko eNiger naseGabon. Ipateni kunye nezizathu (okanye ukuthethelela) ukwenza ubhukuqo-mbuso eBurkina Faso zazifana nezo zaseMali. Emva kwe-2015, ubundlobongela, ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuhlaselwa okuxhobileyo ngama-radicals amaSilamsi kwanda kakhulu. "Ii-franchise" ezahlukeneyo ze-al-Qaeda, i-Islamic State (i-Islamic State of West Africa, i-Islamic State of the Greater Sahara, njl.) kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo ye-Salafist iye yabulala amawaka abantu, kunye nenani "labafuduka ngaphakathi" , uyaqonda - ababaleki baye badlula abantu abazizigidi ezibini. Ngaloo ndlela, iBurkina Faso yafumana udumo oluthandabuzekayo lokuba “ngunozala omtsha wongquzulwano lwaseSahel.” [9]
NgoJanuwari 24, 2022, umkhosi waseBurkina Faso, ukhokelwa nguPaul-Henri Damiba, wabhukuqa uMongameli Roch Kabore, nowayelawule eli lizwe iminyaka emithandathu, emva kweentsuku ezininzi zoqhushululu kwikomkhulu, iOuagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Kodwa ngoSeptemba 30, 2022, okwesibini kulo nyaka, kwaqhutywa olunye ubhukuqo-mbuso. Umongameli ozenzele ngokwakhe uPaul-Henri Damiba wabhukuqwa ngukapteni owayenamabhongo ngokulinganayo u-Ibrahim Traore. Emva kokugxotha umongameli okhoyo, uTraore naye wachitha urhulumente wenguqu owenziwe nguDamiba kwaye wawuxhoma (ekugqibeleni) umgaqo-siseko. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, isithethi somkhosi sathi iqela lamagosa ligqibe ekubeni limsuse uDamiba ngenxa yokungakwazi kwakhe ukujongana nemvukelo exhobileyo yamaSilamsi. Into yokuba ukwiziko elinye eliye lasilela ukujongana nee-jihadists phantsi koomongameli ababini abalandelelanayo malunga neminyaka esixhenxe ayimkhathazi kwaphela. Ngaphezu koko, uthi ngokuphandle ukuba "kwiinyanga ezilithoba zokugqibela" (oko kukuthi, kanye emva kovukelo lomkhosi ngoJanuwari 2022 ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe), "imeko iye yambi kakhulu". [9]
Ngokubanzi, imodeli yokuhluthwa kwamandla ngobundlobongela iyenziwa kumazwe apho kukho ukuqiniswa komsebenzi ophambukayo wee-radicals zamaSilamsi. Nje ukuba imikhosi ye-UN (iqonde "imbi" yamaFrentshi kunye ne-G5-imikhosi yase-Sahel) yaphule i-jihadists ekhubekisayo kwaye umlo uhlala kwinqanaba lemfazwe ye-guerilla, ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabemi, umkhosi wendawo kwindawo ethile. ilizwe licinga ukuba ilixa lalo lifikile; Kuthiwa umlo ochasene namaSilamsi abukhali awuphumelelanga kwaye ... kuthatha amandla.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, imeko ekhululekile - i-radicals yamaSilamsi ayisekho amandla okungena kwikomkhulu lakho kwaye iseke uhlobo oluthile lwe "Islamic State" kuwe, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ukulwa kusekude kwaye kukho into eyoyikisa abantu. . Umcimbi owahlukileyo kukuba inxalenye enkulu yabemi bayoyika umkhosi wabo "womthonyama" ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Basusela ekungathwaleni uxanduva kwabaphathi-mkhosi ukusa kweyantlukwano kwisizwe seenjengele ezifanayo.
Kuzo zonke ezi zinto, uloyiko olucacileyo lweendlela ze "Wagner", abaxhasa "izenzo ezinzulu" kunye "nokungena kwamashishini", sele yongezwe. [39]
Kulapha apho kufuneka sishiye umzuzwana uhambo olude kwimbali yokungena kwamaSilamsi eNtshona Afrika kwaye sinikele ingqalelo kwingozi enokwenzeka ukuba ayinakwenzeka ngengozi. Ukukhangela izibonelelo zoluntu ngesizathu sabo, ngakumbi emva kokulahlwa kakhulu ngamajoni aseTuareg kulandela ukusilela kovukelo kumantla eMali, iiRadicals zamaSilamsi ziguqukela kwiFulani, abantu abangaqhelekanga babalusi belifa ababandakanyeka kubufuyi abafudukayo. ibhanti elisuka kwiGulf of Guinea ukuya kuLwandle oluBomvu, kumazantsi entlango yeSahara.
AmaFulani (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiFula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, kunye nePyol, kuxhomekeke ekubeni zeziphi iilwimi ezininzi ezithethwa kulo mmandla) ngomnye wabantu bokuqala baseAfrika abaguqukela kubuSilamsi nangenxa yendlela ababephila ngayo. indlela yokuphila ijongelwe phantsi kwaye iyacalulwa. Ngapha koko, ukuhanjiswa kwendawo yeFulani kujongeka ngolu hlobo:
I-Fulani inani malunga ne-16,800,000 eNigeria kubemi bebonke be-190 yezigidi; zizi-4,900,000 13 3,500,000 eGuinea (enekomkhulu iConakry) kubemi abazizigidi ezili-16); abazizi-3,000,000 18.5 2,900,000 eSenegal bephuma kwilizwe elizizigidi ezili-24; 1,600,000 eMali kubemi abazizigidi ezili-21; abazi-1,260,000 4.2 1,200,000 eCameroon kubemi abazizigidi ezingama-19; isi-580,000 15 320,000 eNiger kubemi abazizigidi ezingama-2; 320,000 1.9 310,000 eMauritania kubemi abazizigidi ezisisi-6.2; isi-250,000 5.4 10 eBurkina Faso (i-Upper Volta) kubemi abazizigidi ezili-4,600; abangama-28 1,800 eChad kubemi abali-23.5 lezigidi; 38 eGambia kubemi abazizigidi ezi-38; abangama-XNUMX XNUMX eGuinea-Bissau kubemi be-XNUMX yezigidi; XNUMX eSierra Leone kubemi be-XNUMX yezigidi; XNUMX kuCentral African Republic enabemi abazizigidi ezi-XNUMX (kunye nabaphandi begxininisa ukuba esi sisiqingatha sabemi bamaSilamsi belizwe, nto leyo enokuba malunga ne-XNUMX% yabemi); abangama-XNUMX XNUMX eGhana kubemi abangama-XNUMX ezigidi; yaye abali-XNUMX XNUMX eCôte d’Ivoire kubemi abazizigidi ezingama-XNUMX. [XNUMX] Uluntu lweFulani luye lwasekwa eSudan ecaleni kwendlela yokuya eMecca. Ngelishwa, iFulani yaseSudan luluntu olufunda kancinci kwaye amanani abo akazange avavanywe ngexesha lobalo lwabantu olusemthethweni. [XNUMX]
Njengepesenti yabemi, i-Fulani yenza i-38% yabemi baseGuinea (ene-capital Conakry), i-30% e-Mauritania, i-22% eSenegal, ingaphantsi kwe-17% eGuinea-Bissau, i-16% eMali naseGambia, I-12% eCameroon, phantse i-9% eNigeria, i-7.6% eNiger, i-6.3% eBurkina Faso, i-5% eSierra Leone kunye neRiphabhliki yaseCentral African, ngaphantsi kwe-4% yabemi baseChad kunye nezabelo ezincinci kakhulu eGhana naseCôte. d'Ivoire Ivory. [38]
Amaxesha amaninzi kwimbali, iFulani idale ubukhosi. Kunokucatshulwa imizekelo emithathu:
• Ngenkulungwane ye-18, baseka urhulumente wobuthixo waseFuta-Jalon kuMbindi Guinea;
• Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-Massina Empire eMali (1818 - 1862), eyasungulwa nguSekou Amadou Barii, emva koko u-Amadou Sekou Amadou, owaphumelela ekunqobeni isixeko esikhulu saseTimbuktu.
• Kwakhona ngenkulungwane ye-19, uBukhosi baseSokoto basekwa eNigeria.
Ezi bukhosi zibonakalise ukuba zingamaqumrhu karhulumente angazinzanga, nangona kunjalo, kwaye namhlanje, akukho mbuso olawulwa yiFulani. [38]
Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, ngokwesiko amaFulani afuduka, angabelusi abangabahambi. Baye bahlala benjalo ubukhulu becala, nokuba kucingelwa ukuba uninzi lwabo luye lwazinziswa ngokuthe ngcembe, kokubini ngenxa yothintelo olubekwe phezu kwabo ngokwanda okuqhubekayo kwentlango kwimimandla ethile, nangenxa yokusasazwa kwabo, kwaye kuba abanye oorhulumente baye benza iinkqubo ezijolise ekukhokeleni abantu abahambahambayo ukuba baphile ubomi bokungaphumli. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
Uninzi lwabo ngamaSilamsi, phantse onke akumazwe aliqela. Ngokwembali, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekungeneni kobuSilamsi eNtshona Afrika.
Umbhali kunye nongqondongqondo waseMaliya u-Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), yena ngokwakhe ongowabantu baseFulani, ekhumbula indlela ababonwa ngayo ngabanye abantu, wenza uthelekiso namaYuda, njengamaYuda ngaphambi kokudalwa kwelizwe. I-Israel, baye bahlakazeka kumazwe amaninzi, apho bavelisa izithuko eziphindaphindiweyo ezivela kwezinye iindawo, ezingahlukanga kakhulu kwilizwe ukuya kwelinye: i-Fulani idla ngokubonwa ngabanye njenge-communitarianism, i-nepotism kunye nobuqhophololo. [38]
Iingxabano zemveli kwiindawo zokufuduka kweFulani, phakathi kwabo, kwelinye icala, njengabalusi abancinci kunye namafama ahlalisa abantu bezizwe ezahlukeneyo, kwelinye, kunye nenyaniso yokuba bakhona ngakumbi kunezinye iintlanga kwi inani elikhulu lamazwe (kwaye ke ngoko anxibelelana namaqela ahlukeneyo abemi), ngokungathandabuzekiyo anegalelo kwinkcazo yolu dumo, luhlala lugcinwe ngabantu abangene nabo kwinkcaso kunye neengxabano. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
Ingcamango yokuba baphuhlisa kwangaphambili i-vectors ye-jihadism isanda kutshanje kwaye inokuchazwa ngendima yeFulani kwinqaku elingekude kudala ukunyuka kobugrogrisi kumbindi weMali - kwingingqi yaseMasina nakwimimandla. igophe loMlambo iNiger . [26], [28], [36], [41]
Xa uthetha ngamanqaku avelayo oqhagamshelwano phakathi kweFulani kunye ne "Jihadists", kufuneka ihlale ikhunjulwe engqondweni ukuba ngokwembali kulo lonke elaseAfrika, iingxabano ziye zavela kwaye ziyaqhubeka zikhona phakathi kwamafama ahlaliswayo kunye nabafuyi, abadla ngokuba ngabahambahambayo okanye abancinci. kwaye babe noqheliselo lokufuduka nokuhamba nemihlambi yabo. Abalimi batyhola abelusi beenkomo ngokudlakaza izityalo zabo ngemihlambi yabo, kwaye abelusi bakhalazela ukubiwa kwemfuyo, ukufikelela nzima kwiindawo ezinamanzi kunye nemiqobo ekuhambeni kwabo. [38]
Kodwa ukusukela ngo-2010, ungquzulwano olusanda ngokwanda nolubulalayo luye lwathatha indawo eyahlukileyo, ngakumbi kwingingqi yeSahel. Umlo wokulwa ngezandla kunye nemilo yeklabhu ithathelwe indawo ngokudubula ngemipu yeKalashnikov. [5], [7], [8], [41]
Ukwandiswa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wezolimo, okubangelwa kukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwabemi, ngokuthe ngcembe kudodobalisa iindawo zamadlelo nokufuya izilwanyana. Ngeli xesha, imbalela emandla ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kunye no-1980 yabangela ukuba abelusi bafudukele emazantsi kwiindawo apho abantu ababehlala khona babengaqhelanga ukukhuphisana noonothwal’ impahlana. Ukongeza, umba ophambili onikwe imigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso lokufuywa kwezilwanyana ngokugqithisileyo ithande ukubajongela phantsi abahambi. [12], [38]
Beshiywe ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso, abalusi abafudukayo badla ngokuziva becalulwa ngabasemagunyeni, bavakalelwa kukuba bahlala kwindawo enentiyo kwaye bahlanganisana ukukhusela iimfuno zabo. Ukongezelela, amaqela abagrogrisi namajoni alwayo eNtshona nakuMbindi Afrika azama ukusebenzisa ukudana kwawo ukuze awoyise. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
Kwangaxeshanye, uninzi loonothwal’ impahlana kulo mmandla ngamaFulani, abakuphela koonothwal’ impahlana abafumaneka kuwo onke amazwe alo mmandla.
Ubume bezinye iikumkani zeFulani ezikhankanywe ngasentla, kunye nesithethe esicacileyo semfazwe seFulani, siye sabangela ukuba abaninzi ababukeleyo bakholelwe ukuba ukubandakanyeka kweFulani ekuveleni kwe-jihadism yamaphekula kumbindi weMali ukususela ngo-2015 ngandlela-thile imveliso edibeneyo. ilifa lembali kunye nobunikazi babantu baseFulani, abavezwa njenge-bête noire ("irhamncwa elimnyama"). Ukuthatha inxaxheba kweFulani ekukhuleni kwesi sisongelo samaphekula eBurkina Faso okanye naseNiger kubonakala kuqinisekisa lo mbono. [30], [38]
Xa sithetha ngelifa lembali, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iFulani yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchaseni i-colonialism yaseFransi, ngakumbi kwi-Futa-Jalon kunye nemimandla ejikelezileyo - imimandla eya kuba ngamakholoni aseFransi eGuinea, eSenegal naseFrentshi Sudan. .
Ngaphezu koko, ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuba ngelixa i-Fulani idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekudalweni kweziko elitsha labanqolobi eBurkina Faso, imeko yaseNiger iyahluka: kuyinyaniso ukuba kukho ukuhlaselwa ngamaxesha athile ngamaqela aqulunqwe yiFulani, kodwa aba ngabahlaseli bangaphandle. evela eMali. [30], [38]
Kwimeko, nangona kunjalo, imeko yeFulani iyahluka kakhulu kwilizwe ukuya kwelinye ilizwe, nokuba yindlela yabo yokuphila (inqanaba lokuhlaliswa, inqanaba lemfundo, njl.), Indlela abazibona ngayo, okanye indlela , ngokutsho ezibonwa ngabanye.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nohlalutyo olunzulu lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisana phakathi kweFulani kunye ne-jihadists, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukungqamana okubalulekileyo, apho siya kubuyela ekupheleni kolu hlalutyo. Kwaxelwa ukuba amaFulani ahlala ahlakazekile e-Afrika - ukusuka kwiGulf of Guinea kuLwandle lweAtlantiki ngasentshonalanga, ukuya kumanxweme oLwandle oluBomvu empuma. Bahlala kufutshane neyona ndlela yakudala yorhwebo e-Afrika - indlela ehamba ngokukhawuleza ecaleni komda osemazantsi wentlango yeSahara, leyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje ikwayenye yeendlela eziphambili apho ulimo olufudukayo lwenzeka eSahel.
Ukuba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sijonga imephu yamazwe apho i-PMC "Wagner" iqhuba imisebenzi esemthethweni, ekuncedeni imikhosi karhulumente echaphazelekayo (kungakhathaliseki ukuba urhulumente usemthethweni okanye wangena ekulawuleni ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo. i-coup yakutshanje - jonga ngokukodwa iMali kunye neBurkina Faso ), siya kubona ukuba kukho ukugqithiswa okukhulu phakathi kwamazwe apho iFulani ihlala khona kunye nalapho "i-Wagnerovites" isebenza khona.
Kwelinye icala, oku kunokunxulunyaniswa nokuzenzekela. I-PMC "uWagner" iphumelele ngempumelelo kumazwe apho kukho iingxabano ezinzulu zangaphakathi, kwaye ukuba ziimfazwe zamakhaya - ngcono. Nge-Prigozhin okanye ngaphandle kwe-Prigozhin (abanye abantu basacinga ukuba uphila), i-PMC "Wagner" ayiyi kuphuma kwizikhundla zayo. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba kufuneka izalisekise izivumelwano apho imali ithathwe khona, kwaye okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba loo myalelo we-geopolitical karhulumente ophakathi kwi-Russian Federation.
Akukho buxoki obukhulu ngaphezu kokubhengezwa kwe "Wagner" njenge "inkampani yabucala yomkhosi" - i-PMC. Umntu unokubuza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba yintoni na "yabucala" malunga nenkampani eyenziwe ngokufunwa ngurhulumente ophakathi, exhobe ngayo, eyabelwe imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu (kuqala eSyria, emva koko kwenye indawo), ibonelela ngokuba "ngabasebenzi bomntu", ngokusebenzisa Ingqawule yamabanjwa anezigwebo ezinzima. "Ngenkonzo" enjalo ngurhulumente, ingaphezulu kokulahlekisa, kuphosakele ngokuthe ngqo, ukubiza "uWagner" "inkampani yabucala".
I-PMC "Wagner" sisixhobo sokuzaliseka kwamabhongo kaPutin kwi-geopolitical kwaye inoxanduva lokungena kwe "Russky Mir" kwiindawo apho "kungekhona zicoceko" ukuba umkhosi oqhelekileyo waseRashiya uvele kuyo yonke ifom esemthethweni. Inkampani idla ngokuvela apho kukho ukungazinzi okukhulu kwezopolitiko ukunika iinkonzo zayo njengeMephistopheles yanamhlanje. I-Fulani inelishwa lokuhlala kwiindawo apho ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kuphezulu kakhulu, ngoko ke ekuqaleni ukungqubuzana kwabo kunye no-PMC Wagner akufanele kusimangalise.
Noko ke, kwelinye icala, okwahlukileyo koko kuyinyaniso. Ii-PMCs zika-“Wagner” ngobuchule obugqithisileyo “zahamba” ecaleni kwendlela yendlela yorhwebo esele ikhankanyiwe – eyona ndlela yanamhlanje yokufuduka yokukhulisa iinkomo, inxalenye yayo idibane nendlela yezizwe ezininzi zase-Afrika eziya eHajj eMecca. I-Fulani imalunga nezigidi ezingamashumi amathathu abantu kwaye ukuba zi-radicalized, zingabangela ungquzulwano oluya kuba nobuncinci bemfazwe yaseAfrika yonke.
Ukuza kuthi ga kweli xesha lethu, iimfazwe zengingqi ezingenakubalwa ziye zaliwa e-Afrika kunye nokwenzakala okukhulu kunye nomonakalo ongenakubalwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa. Kodwa kukho ubuncinci iimfazwe ezimbini ezibanga iileyibhile ezingekho semthethweni "iimfazwe zehlabathi zaseAfrika", ngamanye amazwi - iimfazwe ezibandakanya inani elikhulu lamazwe kwilizwekazi nangaphaya. Ezi ziimfazwe ezimbini zaseCongo (iDemocratic Republic of the Congo namhlanje). Eyokuqala yaqala ngo-Oktobha 24, i-1996 ukuya ku-Meyi 16, i-1997 (ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu) kwaye yakhokelela ekuthatheni indawo yomlawuli welizwe laseZaire ngelo xesha - uMobuto Sese Seko kunye noLaurent-Désiré Kabila. Amazwe e-18 kunye nemibutho ye-paramilitary ibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwimfazwe, exhaswa ngamazwe angama-3 + 6, amanye awo avulekile ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona loo mfazwe ngandlel’ ithile yabangelwa yimbubhiso yohlanga eRwanda eselumelwaneni, eyakhokelela ekubeni kubekho iimbacu ezininzi eDR Congo (eyayiyiZaire ngoko).
Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba iMfazwe yokuQala yaseCongo iphele, iiAllies ezoyisileyo zangquzulana zaza zajika zajika zaba yiMfazwe yesiBini yaseCongo, ekwabizwa ngokuba “yiMfazwe Enkulu yaseAfrika”, eyathatha phantse iminyaka emihlanu, ukususela ngo-Agasti 2, 1998 ukuya kutsho. NgoJulayi 18, 2003. Inani lemibutho yomkhosi ebandakanyekileyo kule mfazwe phantse alinakwenzeka ukuqiniseka, kodwa kwanele ukuthi kwicala likaLaurent-Désiré Kabila silwa namajoni asuka eAngola, eChad, eNamibia, eZimbabwe naseSudan, ngoxa echasene nomkhosi. ulawulo lwaseKinshasa yiUganda, iRwanda neBurundi. Njengoko abaphandi bahlala begxininisa, abanye "abancedisi" bangenelela bengamenywanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ngexesha lemfazwe, umongameli wase-DR Congo, u-Laurent-Désiré Kabila, wafa waza wathatyathwa nguJoseph Kabila. Ngaphandle kwayo yonke inkohlakalo kunye nokutshabalalisa okunokwenzeka, imfazwe iphinda ikhunjulwe ngokutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo abantu abangama-60,000 be-pygmy (!), kunye namaqhawe angama-10,000 e-pygmy. Imfazwe yaphela ngesivumelwano esabona ukuhoxiswa ngokusemthethweni kwayo yonke imikhosi yangaphandle e-DR Congo, ukuqeshwa kukaJoseph Kabila njengomongameli wesikhashana, kunye nokufungiswa kwama-vice-presidents amane avunyelwene ngaphambili, kuxhomekeke kwiminqweno yawo onke amaqela alwayo. Ngo-2006, kwabanjwa unyulo jikelele, njengoko lunokubanjelwa kwilizwe elikuMbindi Afrika eliye lahlangabezana neemfazwe ezimbini ezilandelelanayo zamazwekazi kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka emithandathu.
Umzekelo weemfazwe ezimbini eCongo unokusinika ingcamango enzima yento enokwenzeka ukuba imfazwe yavutha kwi-Sahel ebandakanya i-30 yezigidi zabantu baseFulani. Asinakungabaza ukuba imeko efanayo sele ithathelwe ingqalelo kumazwe alo mmandla, kwaye ngakumbi eMoscow, apho mhlawumbi bacinga ukuba ngokuzibandakanya kwe-PMC "Wagner" eMali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR kunye ICameroon (kunye naseDR Congo, eZimbabwe, eMozambique naseMadagascar), "bagcina isandla sabo kwi-counter" yongquzulwano olukhulu olunokuthi luvuswe ngaphandle kwemfuneko.
Amabhongo eMoscow okuba yinxalenye yeAfrika ayiveli izolo konke konke. Kwi-USSR, kwakukho isikolo esilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo samagosa ezobuntlola, oonozakuzaku kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, iingcali zempi ezilungele ukungenelela kwelinye okanye kwelinye icandelo lelizwekazi ukuba kuyimfuneko. Inxalenye enkulu yamazwe ase-Afrika yenziwe yiSoviet General Administration yeGeodesy kunye neCartography (emva kwi-1879 - 1928) kwaye "i-Wagners" inokuthembela kwinkxaso yolwazi oluhle kakhulu.
Kukho izibonakaliso ezinamandla zempembelelo enamandla yaseRashiya ekuqhubeni ubhukuqo eMali naseBurkina Faso. Ngeli nqanaba, akukho zityholo zokubandakanyeka kweRussia kubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseNiger, kunye noNobhala kaRhulumente wase-US uBlinken ngokwakhe ukuyichitha into enjalo. Okokugqibela, ngokuqinisekileyo, akuthethi konke konke ukuba ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe uPrigozhin akazange abamkele abacebisi bokuvukela kwaye akazange anikezele ngeenkonzo zenkampani yakhe yasemkhosini "yabucala".
Ngomoya wezithethe zangaphambili zikaMarxist, nalapha iRussia isebenza ngenkqubo encinci kunye nenkqubo ephezulu. Ubuncinci kukuba "ukubeka unyawo" kumazwe amaninzi, ukubamba "indawo ezingaphandle", ukudala impembelelo phakathi kwabakhethiweyo bendawo, ngakumbi phakathi komkhosi, kwaye baxhaphaze izimbiwa ezininzi zengingqi ezixabisekileyo. I-PMC “Wagner” sele ifumene iziphumo kulo mba.
Inkqubo ephezulu kukufumana ulawulo kuwo wonke ummandla waseSahel kwaye uvumele iMoscow ukuba inqume oko kuya kwenzeka apho - uxolo okanye imfazwe. Omnye umntu angatsho ngokusengqiqweni: “ewe, ewe, kunjalo – kuyavakala ukuqokelela imali yoorhulumente bobhukuqo-mbuso kunye nokugrumba izibonelelo zezimbiwa ezixabisekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kodwa yintoni isihogo efunwa ngabantu baseRussia ukulawula ubukho bamazwe aseSahel? "
Impendulo yalo mbuzo usengqiqweni ilele kwinto yokuba xa kukho ungquzulwano lomkhosi eSahel, iimbacu ziya kugxalathelana ukuya eYurophu. Aba iya kuba yinkitha yabantu abangenako ukulawulwa yimikhosi yamapolisa kuphela. Siza kungqina imiboniso kunye nemibono emibi kunye nentlawulo enkulu ye-propaganda. Ngokunokwenzeka, amazwe aseYurophu aya kuzama ukwamkela inxalenye yababaleki, ngeendleko zokuvalela abanye eAfrika, abaya kufuneka baxhaswe yi-EU ngenxa yokungakhuseleki kwabo ngokupheleleyo.
EMoscow, konke oku kuya kuba yimeko yeparadesi apho iMoscow yayingayi kunqikaza ukuyiqalisa ngexesha elithile, ukuba inikwe ithuba. Kucacile ukuba amandla eFransi ukudlala indima yombutho omkhulu wokugcina uxolo ngumbuzo, kwaye kwakhona umbuzo ngumnqweno weFransi ukuqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi enjalo, ngakumbi emva kwetyala eMali kunye nokupheliswa kwe-UN mission. Pha. E-Moscow, abaxhalabi malunga nokwenza i-blackmail yenyukliya, kodwa yintoni eseleyo ngokuqhushumba "ibhombu yokufuduka", apho kungekho mitha ye-radioactive, kodwa umphumo unokuba yingozi.
Ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yezi zizathu, iinkqubo kumazwe aseSahel kufuneka zilandelwe kwaye zifundwe nzulu, kubandakanywa nososayensi baseBulgaria kunye neengcali. IBulgaria ihamba phambili kwingxaki yokufuduka kwaye abasemagunyeni kwilizwe lethu banyanzelekile ukuba basebenzise impembelelo efunekayo kumgaqo-nkqubo we-EU ukwenzela ukuba kulungiselelwe "izinto ezingalindelekanga".
Icandelo lesibini liyalandela
Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo:
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[2] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, “Double bottom” okanye “schizophrenic bifurcation”? Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-ethno-nationalist kunye neenjongo zenkolo-eziyingozi kwimisebenzi yamaqela athile amanqola, i-Sp. Ezopolitiko noKhuseleko; Unyaka I; Hayi. 2; 2017; iphepha 34 - 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (ngesiBulgaria).
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Ngokuphathelele umbhali:
U-Teodor Detchev ube nguprofesa odibeneyo wexesha elizeleyo kwiSikolo esiPhakamileyo soKhuseleko kunye noQoqosho (VUSI) - iPlovdiv (eBulgaria) ukususela kwi-2016.
Ufundise kwiYunivesithi eNtsha yaseBulgaria - eSofia naseVTU "eSt. uCyril noMethodius”. Ngoku ufundisa eVUSI, kwakunye nase-UNSS. Izifundo zakhe eziphambili zokufundisa zezi: Ubudlelwane boshishino kunye nokhuseleko, ubudlelwane bezoshishino lwaseYurophu, i-Economic sociology (ngesiNgesi nesiBulgaria), i-Ethnosociology, i-Ethno-political and national conflicts, ubugrogrisi kunye nokubulawa kwezopolitiko - iingxaki zezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo, uphuhliso olusebenzayo lwemibutho.
Ungumbhali wemisebenzi engaphezu kwe-35 yesayensi malunga nokumelana nomlilo kwezakhiwo zokwakha kunye nokuchasana kweegobolondo zetsimbi ze-cylindrical. Ungumbhali wemisebenzi engaphezulu kwe-40 kwi-sociology, isayensi yezopolitiko kunye nobudlelwane boshishino, kubandakanywa i-monographs: Ubudlelwane bezoShishino kunye nokhuseleko - inxalenye ye-1. Izivumelwano zentlalo kwi-collective bargaining (2015); INtsebenziswano yamaZiko kunye noBudlelwane boShishino (2012); Ingxoxo yeNtlalo kwiCandelo loKhuseleko lwaBucala (2006); "Iindlela zokuSebenza eziguquguqukayo" kunye (iPost) yoBudlelwane boShishino kuMbindi kunye neMpuma Yurophu (2006).
Wabhalisa iincwadi ezithi: Innovations in collective bargaining. imiba yaseYurophu kunye nesiBulgaria; Abaqeshi baseBulgaria nabasetyhini emsebenzini; Ingxoxo yeNtlalo kunye neNgqesho yabasetyhini kwiNqanaba lokuSetyenziswa kweBiomass eBulgaria. Kutshanje ebesebenza kwimiba yobudlelwane phakathi kobudlelwane boshishino kunye nokhuseleko; uphuhliso lokungalungelelani kwabanqolobi kwihlabathi; iingxaki ze-ethnosociological, iingxabano zobuhlanga kunye nenkolo.
Ilungu le-International Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), i-American Sociological Association (ASA) kunye noMbutho waseBulgaria weNzululwazi yezoPolitiko (BAPN).
Idemokhrasi yeNtlalo ngeenkolelo zezopolitiko. Ngexesha lika-1998 ukuya ku-2001, wayenguSekela Mphathiswa wezabaSebenzi kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo. Umhleli oyintloko wephephandaba "uSvoboden Narod" ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1997. UMlawuli wephephandaba "Svoboden Narod" ngo-2012 - 2013. USekela Sihlalo kunye noSihlalo we-SSI kwixesha le-2003 - 2011. UMlawuli we "Iindustrial Policy" kwi I-AIKB ukususela ngo-2014 .ukuze kube namhlanje. Ilungu le-NSTS ukusuka ku-2003 ukuya ku-2012.
