Ubusika obugqithileyo (09.01.2023) - 23 kaJulayi 2023 yayiyiCawa emnyama kwisixeko saseOdesa naseUkraine. Xa abantu base-Ukrainian kunye nehlabathi liphela bavuka, bafumanisa ngoloyiko kunye nomsindo ukuba intliziyo ye-UNESCO World Heritage Site, i-Orthodox Transfiguration Cathedral yonakaliswe kakhulu lugwayimbo lwe-missile yaseRashiya. Amagama aphakanyiswa ngokukhawuleza ukuba agwebe kwaye aqhankqalaze malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho olutsha lwemfazwe kwaye i-UNESCO yathumela ngokukhawuleza i-mission yokukhangela i-Odesa.
Ihlabathi lalugxeka uqhankqalazo lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseRashiya. Ngoku kufuneka incede iUkraine ukuba iphinde yakhe icawa yembali, utshilo uUNESCO.
Jonga iCandelo I APHA kwaye ubone imifanekiso yomonakalo APHA.
(inqaku libhalwe ngu UWilly Fautre kwaye Evgeniia Gidulianova)
UGqr. Ievgeniia Gidulianova unePh.D. kuMthetho kwaye wayenguNjingalwazi oDityaniswayo kwiSebe leNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho ye-Odesa Law Academy phakathi kuka-2006 no-2021.
Ngoku uligqwetha kwimisebenzi yabucala kunye nomcebisi we-NGO esekwe eBrussels Human Rights Without Frontiers.
Isiphithiphithi samazwe ngamazwe
Unozakuzaku waseBritane eUkraine uMelinda Simmons yaqaphela ukuba akukho zixhobo zomkhosi kumbindi we-Odesa.
“Sisixeko nje esihle sase-Ukraine, iNdawo yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO, apho ukutya okubalulekileyo kuthunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela,” utshilo uSimmons.
Unozakuzaku waseMelika eUkraine, uBridget Brink Uthe: “IRussia iyaqhubeka nokuhlasela abantu kunye neziseko zophuhliso eOdesa. YiNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi kunye nezibuko elibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lokutya lwehlabathi.” wathi Unozakuzaku waseMelika eUkraine uBridget Brink.
Uye wagxininisa ukuba imfazwe yaseRussia engafanelekanga ngokuchasene neUkraine kunye nabantu bayo ineziphumo ezibi. Ngokukodwa, unozakuzaku wakhankanya iCathedral yoTshintsho olutshatyalalisiweyo, eyaphinda yenziwa ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane emva kokuba ivuthelwe ngomyalelo kaStalin kwiminyaka yama-30 yenkulungwane edluleyo.
EU Ummeli oPhezulu weManyano yaseYurophu kwiMicimbi yaNgaphandle kunye nePolisi yoKhuselekoy UJosep Borrell yabiza ugwayimbo lwasebusuku luka-Odesa lolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yaseRussia kwaye yabhala kuTwitter: “Uloyiko lwaseRashiya olungagungqiyo oluchasene ne-Odesa ekhuselwe yi-UNESCO lolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olwenziwa yi-Kremlin, ephinde yatshabalalisa i-cathedral enkulu ye-Orthodox, iNdawo yeLifa leHlabathi. IRashiya sele yonakalise amakhulukhulu eendawo zenkcubeko ngelizama ukutshabalalisa iUkraine.”
Unobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-Antonio Guterres wagxeka kabukhali uhlaselo imijukujelwa Russian on Odesa, leyo yabulala abantu ababini kwaye zonakalise uTshintsho Cathedral, kwakunye nezinye izakhiwo zembali eziliqela kwiziko imbali yesixeko. Ingxelo malunga noku isiganeko, esibangelwa nguStéphane Dujarric, iSithethi sikaNobhala-Jikelele, sapapashwa kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni yombutho ngeCawa 23 Julayi.
Isiteyitimenti sabiza ukudubula kwecathedral kunye nezinye izikhumbuzo zembali "luhlaselo kwindawo ekhuselweyo yiNgqungquthela yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi, ngokuchasene neNgqungquthela yaseHague yowe-1954 yoKhuseleko lwePropati yeNkcubeko kwiSigigaba sokuXhoba," eyenzeka ukongezelela kwiingxwelerha ezimanyumnyezi zabemi eziziswa yimfazwe.”
Isithethi se-UN saphawula ukuba ukususela ekuqaleni kokuhlasela kweRashiya ngokupheleleyo kwe-Ukraine, i-UNESCO iqinisekisile umonakalo ubuncinane kwiindawo zenkcubeko ze-270 e-Ukraine, kuquka neendawo ze-116 zonqulo. Unobhala-Jikelele we-UN ucela i-Russian Federation ukuba iyeke ngokukhawuleza ukuhlaselwa kwezinto ezikhuselweyo "ngamaxwebhu aqhelekileyo aqinisekisiweyo ngamazwe ngamazwe", iziseko zoluntu zaseUkraine kunye nabemi bayo, uDujarric uthe.
Umbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo wezeMfundo, ezeNzululwazi neNkcubeko (UNESCO) ikwakhuphe ingxelo egxeka kabukhali uhlaselo olutsha lwaseRussia kwiindawo zeLifa leMveli leHlabathi e-Odessa.
“Le ntshabalalo imasikizi iphawula ukwanda kogonyamelo kwilifa lenkcubeko yaseUkraine. Ndilugxeka kabukhali olu hlaselo lwenkcubeko kwaye ndihlaba ikhwelo kwiRussian Federation ukuba ithathe inyathelo elakhayo ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zayo phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka iNgqungquthela yaseHague yowe-1954 yoKhuseleko lwePropati yeNkcubeko kwimeko yeNgxwabangxwaba kunye neNgqungquthela yeLifa leHlabathi ye-1972, " utshilo uMlawuli-Jikelele we-UNESCO u-Audrey Azoulay.
Olu hlaselo luyaphikisana neengxelo zakutsha nje ngabasemagunyeni baseRussia malunga namanyathelo okhuseleko athatyathiweyo ukuze kugcinwe iisayithi zeLifa leMveli leHlabathi e-Ukraine, kubandakanywa neendawo zazo ezikhuselekileyo.
Ukutshatyalaliswa ngamabomu kwezinto zenkcubeko kunokulinganiswa nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, olukwabonwa liBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe eziManyeneyo, apho iRussian Federation ilungu elisisigxina, kwiSigqibo 2347 (2017).
UMphathiswa wezoKhuselo waseRashiya qi nisiwe uhlaselo lwesixeko kodwa wakhanyela ukuba injongo yolo qhankqalazo yayiyiTransfiguration Cathedral, eyona ndawo yonqulo eyonakeleyo. I-arhente ithi idubule kuphela "kwiindawo zokulungiselela uhlaselo lwabanqolobi ngokuchasene neRussian Federation", kwaye "ukubetha ugwayimbo ngezixhobo ezichanekileyo" ngamabomu akubandakanyi ukoyiswa kweenjongo zabantu. Itempile, ngokutsho komkhosi waseRussia, yonakaliswa ngenxa "yezenzo zokungafundi zabaqhubi bomoya baseUkraine." Kwangelo xesha, iRussia ngexesha lemfazwe yabetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo iithagethi zabemi ngezixhobo ezichanekileyo-kwaye ixesha ngalinye yayikhanyela ngokuthe ngqo, nangona uxanduva lwayo lwalucacile.
Imibutho emininzi Ukrainian, kuquka Iworkshop yeziFundo zezeNkolo kunye neZiko leNkululeko yeNkolo, esweni ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zonqulo ngenxa yemfazwe yaseRashiya eUkraine. Ngokwedatha yabo, emhlabeni 500 izakhiwo zonqulo, amaziko emfundo zonqulo kunye neendawo ezingcwele eUkraine zonakaliswe kakubi okanye zitshatyalalisiwe. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zeOthodoki zezeCawa yase-Ukrainian Orthodox (UOC).
“Sicela uncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kubuyiselwe iCathedral yoTshintsho”
UMphathiswa weNkcubeko kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woLwazi waseUkraine Iminxeba kwi uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuncedisa ekubuyiselweni kwezikhumbuzo zelifa lenkcubeko kwaye lilungiselela izibheno ezifanelekileyo kwiKomiti yeLifa leMveli le-UNESCO kunye neSibini iProtocol kwiNgqungquthela yaseHague.
Nge-9 ka-Agasti ka-2023, i-UNESCO zisiwe iziphumo zokuqala ze-mission yayo yeengcali, injongo yayo yayikukuvavanya umonakalo owenziwe kwilifa lenkcubeko ye-Odessa. Kwizikhumbuzo zenkcubeko ze-52 ezichazwe ngabasemagunyeni base-Ukraine ukuba zonakaliswe ekuhlaselweni kweRashiya, iingcali ze-UNESCO zakwazi ukuhlola iindawo ze-10 ezichaphazelekayo.
Uninzi lwabo, kuquka iCathedral yoTshintsho, iNdlu yeeNzululwazi kunye neMyuziyam yoNcwadi, zavavanywa ziingcali “njengezonakele kakhulu”. Iingcali zikwaqaphele ukuba ezinye izakhiwo zembali ziye zaba sesichengeni ngakumbi ngenxa yokulwa kwaye, ngoko ke, zisengozini yomonakalo omkhulu xa kwenzeka uhlaselo olutsha, olunokuthi lukhatshwe ngamaza okuqhuma kunye nokungcangcazela.
Abameli beBhunga laMazwe ngaMazwe loLondolozo lweZikhumbuzo zezeMbali nezeNkcubeko (ICOMOS) kunye neZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuGcinwa nokuBuyiselwa kwePropati yeNkcubeko bathathe inxaxheba kulo msebenzi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo yayikukuchongwa kwezisongelo kwisidima sezinto zenkcubeko kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo angxamisekileyo ajolise ekuzigcineni nasekukhuseleni umonakalo ongakumbi.
Iziphumo ezicacileyo ze-mission ziya kuqokelelwa kwingxelo eya kupapashwa ngoDisemba kwintlanganiso yamaqela kwi-1954 Hague Convention. Iza kubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nobungakanani bomonakalo, kunye namanyathelo okukhusela nokubuyiselwa kweendawo zelifa lenkcubeko e-Odesa, ecetywe ziingcali ze-UNESCO. Kodwa i-UNESCO sele ihlanganise inkxaso-mali engxamisekileyo yomsebenzi wokuqala wokubuyisela. I-UNESCO ibika ukuba imali eyongezelelweyo yabelwe kwiNgxowa-mali yoLondolozo lweLifa leMveli kwiimeko eziNgxamisekileyo - i-USD 169,000 - ukwenzela ukuba yenze ngokukhawuleza umsebenzi wokukhusela izikhumbuzo zenkcubeko kunye nokuvavanya umonakalo.
