NguTeodor Detchev
Inxalenye yangaphambili yolu hlalutyo, enesihloko esithi "I-Sahel - iiNgqungquthela, i-Coups kunye ne-Migration Bombs", yajongana nomcimbi wokunyuka kwezenzo zobunqolobi eNtshona Afrika kunye nokungakwazi ukuphelisa imfazwe ye-guerrilla eyenziwa ngama-radicals amaSilamsi ngokumelene nemikhosi karhulumente eMali, eBurkina. EFaso, eNiger, eChad naseNigeria. Kwaxoxwa ngombandela wemfazwe yamakhaya eqhubekayo kwiCentral African Republic.
Esinye sezigqibo ezibalulekileyo kukuba ukuqiniswa kongquzulwano kugcwele umngcipheko omkhulu "webhombu yokufuduka" eya kukhokelela kuxinzelelo lokufuduka olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili kuwo wonke umda osemazantsi we-European Union. Imeko ebalulekileyo kwakhona ngamathuba omgaqo-nkqubo waseRashiya wangaphandle ukuze ulawule ukuqina kweengxabano kumazwe afana neMali, iBurkina Faso, i-Chad kunye ne-Central African Republic. [39] Ngesandla sayo “kwikhawuntara” yogqabhuko-dubulo lokufuduka olunokubakho, iMoscow inokuhendeka ngokulula ukuba isebenzise uxinzelelo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokuchasene namazwe e-EU asele echongwe njengeentshaba.
Kule meko inobungozi, indima ekhethekileyo idlalwe ngabantu baseFulani - iqela lohlanga lwama-semi-nomads, abafuyi bemfuyo abafudukayo abahlala kwi-strip ukusuka eGulf of Guinea ukuya kuLwandle oluBomvu kunye nenani le-30 ukuya kwi-35 yezigidi zabantu ngokweenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo. . Ukuba ngabantu abaye ngokwembali badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekungeneni kwamaSilamsi eAfrika, ngakumbi eNtshona Afrika, iFulani isihendo esikhulu samaSilamsi, nangona besithi isikolo seSufi yamaSilamsi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sesona sikhulu. ukunyamezela, njengeyona nto ingaqondakaliyo.
Ngelishwa, njengoko kuya kubonwa kolu hlolisiso lungezantsi, umbandela awukho nje ngenkcaso yonqulo. Ungquzulwano alukho nje i-ethno-lwenkolo. I-socio-ethno-religious, kwaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iziphumo zobutyebi obuqokelelwe ngorhwaphilizo, obuguqulelwe kubunini bemfuyo - into ebizwa ngokuba yi-neo-pastoralism - sele iqalile ukwenza impembelelo eyongezelelweyo enamandla. Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu eNigeria kwaye iya kuba ngumxholo wesithathu wolu hlahlelo.
I-Fulani kunye ne-Jihadism e-Central Mali: phakathi koTshintsho, ukuvukela kweNtlalo kunye noRadicalization
Ngelixa i-Operation Serval iphumelele ngo-2013 ukutyhalela umva i-jihadists eyayithathe indawo esemantla eMali, kwaye i-Operation Barhan yabanqanda ukuba babuyele kumgca ongaphambili, ibanyanzele ukuba bazimele, uhlaselo aluzange luyeke kuphela, kodwa lwanwenwela kumbindi welizwe. I-Mali (kwindawo yokugoba koMlambo iNiger, owaziwa ngokuba yiMassina). Ngokubanzi, ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwanda emva kwe2015.
I-Jihadists ngokuqinisekileyo ayilawuli lo mmandla njengoko babesemantla eMali ngo-2012 kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba bazimele. Abanalo "igunya kubundlobongela" njengoko imikhosi yenzelwe ukulwa nabo, ngamanye amaxesha ngenkxaso yabasemagunyeni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlaselwa okujoliswe kuzo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kuyanda, kwaye ukunganqabiseki kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba kangangokuba lo mmandla awusekho phantsi kolawulo lokwenene lorhulumente. Abasebenzi bakarhulumente abaninzi bazishiyile izikhundla zabo, inani elibonakalayo lezikolo zivaliwe, kwaye unyulo lwakutsha nje lomongameli khange lubanjwe kwinani loomasipala.
Kwinqanaba elithile, le meko isiphumo "sosulelo" oluvela eMntla. Bagxothwa kwizixeko ezisemantla, ababezibambe phantsi kolawulo iinyanga ezininzi emva kokusilela ukudala ilizwe elizimeleyo, banyanzelwa ukuba "baziphathe ngobulumko", amaqela axhobileyo ejihadist, ekhangela amaqhinga amatsha kunye neendlela ezintsha zokusebenza, akwazi ukuthatha. inzuzo yezinto zokungazinzi kwingingqi ephakathi ukufumana impembelelo entsha.
Ezinye zezi zinto zixhaphakile kumbindi nongasentla. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukukholelwa ukuba iziganeko ezinzulu eziye zenzeka rhoqo kwindawo ephakathi kweMali iminyaka emva kwe-2015 nje ukuqhubeka kwengxabano esenyakatho.
Enyanisweni, obunye ubuthathaka buthe ngqo ngakumbi kwimimandla esembindini. Iithagethi zoluntu lwasekuhlaleni oluxhatshazwa ngamajihadi zahluke kakhulu. Ngelixa iTuareg emantla ibango lokuzimela geqe kwe-Azaouad (ummandla oyintsomi ngokwenene- awuzange uhambelane naliphi na iqumrhu lezopolitiko lexesha elidlulileyo, kodwa elahlula amaTuareg yonke imimandla ekumantla eMali), uluntu olumelwe e-Azaouad. imimandla esembindini , musa ukwenza amabango ezopolitiko athelekisekayo, kangangoko benza nawaphi na amabango kwaphela.
Ukubaluleka kokwahlukana phakathi kwendima yeFulani kwiziganeko ezisenyakatho kunye nemimandla ephakathi, egxininiswe ngabo bonke ababukeli, ixela. Ewe, umseki weMasina Liberation Front, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kumaqela axhobileyo abandakanyekayo, uHamadoun Kufa, owabulawa ngoNovemba 28, 2018, wayenguFulani ngokobuhlanga, njengoko bekunjalo uninzi lwamajoni akhe. [38]
Bambalwa emantla, i Fulani baninzi kwimimandla esembindini kwaye ixhalabile njengoko uninzi lwezinye uluntu ngokunyuka kokhuphiswano phakathi kwabelusi abafudukayo kunye namafama ahlaliswayo okwenzeka kummandla, babandezeleka ngakumbi ngenxa yeemeko zembali nezenkcubeko.
Iindlela ezichazayo kulo mmandla kunye neSahel iyonke, eyenza kube nzima ukuba abahambi kunye nabantu abazinzileyo bahlale kunye, zimbini:
• utshintsho lwemozulu, esele luqhuba kwingingqi yaseSahel (imvula yehle ngama-20% kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo), inyanzelise abahambi ukuba bafune iindawo ezintsha zamadlelo;
• ukukhula kwabemi, okunyanzela amafama ukuba afune umhlaba omtsha, kunempembelelo ethile kulo mmandla unabantu abaninzi. [38]
Ukuba amaFulani, njengabalusi abafudukayo, akhathazwa ngakumbi lukhuphiswano oluphakathi koluntu olu phuhliso luzisa, kungenxa yokuba olu khuphiswano lubaxabanisa phantse nazo zonke ezinye iindawo zoluntu (ummandla ulikhaya leFulani, Tamashek, Songhai. , Bozo, Bambara kunye ne-Dogon), kwaye ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokuba i-Fulani ichaphazeleka ngokukodwa ngolunye uphuhliso olunxulumene ngakumbi nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente:
• nokuba abasemagunyeni eMali, ngokungafaniyo nokwenzeka kwamanye amazwe, abakaze bacinge ngomba womdla okanye imfuneko yokuhlaliswa, inyaniso yeyokuba iiprojekthi zophuhliso zijolise ngakumbi kubantu abahleliyo. Amaxesha amaninzi oku kubangelwe kuxinzelelo lwabaxhasi, ngokuqhelekileyo kukuthanda ukulahlwa kwe-nomadism, ethathwa njengengahambelaniyo nesakhiwo sikarhulumente sale mihla kunye nokunciphisa ukufikelela kwimfundo;
• ukuqaliswa ngo-1999 kokunatyiselwa amagunya kunye nonyulo loomasipala, olwathi, nangona lunike abantu baseFulani ithuba lokuzisa iimfuno zoluntu kwinqanaba lezopolitiko, ikakhulu libe negalelo ekuveleni kwabaphezulu abatsha kwaye ngaloo ndlela kumbuzo wezakhiwo zemveli, ngokusekelwe amasiko, imbali kunye nenkolo. Abantu baseFulani baziva ezi nguqu zinamandla ngakumbi, njengoko ubudlelwane bezentlalo kwindawo yabo budala. Olu tshintsho lwaqalwa kwakhona ngurhulumente, ababesoloko becinga ukuba "zithunyelwe" ngaphandle, imveliso yenkcubeko yaseNtshona kude neyakhe. [38]
Esi siphumo, ngokuqinisekileyo, silinganiselwe kuguquko lomgaqo-nkqubo wokwabela amagunya. Nangona kunjalo, yinyani kwinani loomasipala. Kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo "imvakalelo" yolo tshintsho lunamandla kunempembelelo yabo yangempela, ngakumbi phakathi kwamaFulani abavame ukuzijonga "ngamaxhoba" alo mgaqo-nkqubo.
Okokugqibela, iinkumbulo zembali akufanele zingahoywa, nangona zingafanele ukuba ziqikelelwe kakhulu. Kwingcinga yeFulani, uBukhosi baseMasina (apho iMopti iyinkunzi) imele iminyaka yegolide yemimandla ephakathi kweMali. Ilifa lobu bukhosi libandakanya, ukongeza kwiziseko zentlalo ezikhethekileyo kuluntu kunye nesimo sengqondo esithile kwinkolo: amaFulani ahlala kwaye azibone njengabaxhasi bobuSilamsi obusulungekileyo, emoyeni wobuzalwana baseSufi baseQuadriyya, abanovelwano kungqongqo ongqongqo. ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yeKoran.
I-jihad eyashunyayelwa ngabantu abakhokelayo kwi-empire yaseMasina yayahluke kuleyo yashunyayelwa ngabanqolobi abasebenza ngoku eMali (abaye baqondisa umyalezo wabo kwamanye amaSilamsi amasiko abo ayengaqwalaselwa ukuba ahambelane nesicatshulwa sokusungula). Isimo sengqondo sikaKufa ngakubantu abaphambili kubukhosi baseMasina sasingaqondakali. Wayehlala ebhekisa kubo, kodwa waphinda wanyelisa i-mausoleum yaseSekou Amadou. Nangona kunjalo, i-Islam eyenziwa yi-Fulani ibonakala inokuhambelana nezinye iinkalo ze-Salafism ezithi amaqela e-jihadist athi rhoqo njengeyabo. [2]
Umkhwa omtsha ubonakala uvela kwimimandla esembindini yeMali ngo-2019: ngokuthe ngcembe inkuthazo yokuqala yokujoyina amaqela e-jihadist asekhaya abonakala ngathi anengqondo, umkhwa obonakaliswa kumbuzo welizwe laseMaliya kunye nesimanje ngokubanzi. I-propaganda ye-Jihadi, evakalisa ukugatywa kolawulo lombuso (olunyanzeliswa yiNtshona, olubandakanyeka kuyo) kunye nokukhululwa kwi-hierarchies yentlalo eveliswa yi-colonization kunye nelizwe lanamhlanje, ifumana i-echo "yendalo" ngakumbi phakathi kwamaFulani kunezinye iintlanga. amaqela . [38]
Ukumiselwa kommandla wombuzo weFulani kwingingqi yeSahel
Ukwandiswa kongquzulwano ngaseBurkina Faso
I-Fulani ininzi kwinxalenye yeSahelian yaseBurkina Faso, ejikeleze iMali (ngokukodwa amaphondo aseSoum (Jibo), i-Seeno (iDori) kunye ne-Ouadlan (iGorom-Goom), emngceleni wemimandla yaseMopti, iTimbuktu kunye neGao) eMali). kunye neNiger - kunye nemimandla yeTera neTillaberi. Uluntu olomeleleyo lweFulani lukwahlala eOuagadougou, apho luhlala uninzi lweDapoya kunye neHamdalaye ebumelwaneni.
Ekupheleni kwe-2016, iqela elitsha elixhobileyo lavela eBurkina Faso elathi liyi-Islamic State - i-Ansarul Al Islamia okanye i-Ansarul Islam, inkokeli yayo eyintloko uMalam Ibrahim Dicko, umshumayeli waseFulani, njengoHamadoun Koufa eCentral Mali, wazenza waziwa ngohlaselo oluninzi ngokuchasene nemikhosi yezokhuselo neyokhuseleko yaseBurkina Faso nakwizikolo kumaphondo eSum, Seeno kunye neDeleted. [38] Ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kolawulo lwemikhosi karhulumente phezu komntla weMali ngo-2013, imikhosi exhobileyo yaseMali yambamba u-Ibrahim Mallam Diko. Kodwa wakhululwa emva kokunyanzeliswa kweenkokeli zabantu baseFulani eBamako, kuquka nowayesakuba nguSomlomo weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho - u-Aly Nouhoum Diallo.
Iinkokeli ze-Ansarul Al Islamia zazingabalweli be-MOJWA (i-Movement for Oneness kunye ne-Jihad eNtshona Afrika - i-Movement yobunye kunye ne-jihad eNtshona Afrika, "ngobunye" kufuneka iqondwe njenge "monotheism" - i-radicals yamaSilamsi i-monotheists egqithisileyo) ukusuka kumbindi. Mali. UMalam Ibrahim Dicko ngoku ucingelwa ukuba uswelekile kwaye umntakwabo uJafar Dicko wangena esikhundleni sakhe njengentloko ye-Ansarul Islam. [38]
Nangona kunjalo, isenzo seli qela sihleli silinganiselwe ngokwejografi okwangoku.
Kodwa, njengasembindini weMali, lonke uluntu lwaseFulani lubonwa lubandakanyeka kwi-jihadists, ejolise kuluntu oluzinzileyo. Ukusabela kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi, iindawo zokuhlala zaseka amajoni azo ukuze zizikhusele.
Ke, ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari ka-2019, ukuphendula kuhlaselo oluxhobileyo lwabantu abangaziwayo, abahlali baseYirgou bahlasele iindawo ezihlala abantu baseFulani kangangeentsuku ezimbini (nge-1 kunye ne-2 kaJanuwari), babulala abantu abangama-48. Kwathunyelwa amapolisa ukuba aye kubuyisela inzolo. Ngexesha elifanayo, iikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka, eBankass Cercle (icandelo lolawulo lommandla weMopti yaseMali), i-41 Fulani yabulawa yiDogons. [14], [42]
Imeko yaseNiger
Ngokungafaniyo neBurkina Faso, iNiger ayinamaqela abanqolobi asebenza kummandla wayo, nangona iinzame zeBoko Haram zokuzimisa kwimimandla yomda, ngakumbi kwicala leDiffa, iphumelela abantu abaselula baseNiger abavakalelwa kukuba imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe ibahlutha ikamva. . Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iNiger ikwazile ukulwa nezi nzame.
Ezi mpumelelo zihambelanayo zichazwa ngokukodwa ngokubaluleka kokuba abasemagunyeni baseNigerien banamathele kwimiba yokhuseleko. Babele inxalenye enkulu kakhulu yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesizwe kubo. Abasemagunyeni eNigeria babele imali ebalulekileyo ukomeleza umkhosi kunye namapolisa. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo amathuba akhoyo eNiger. I-Niger lelinye lawona mazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kwihlabathi (kwindawo yokugqibela ngokwesalathiso sophuhliso lwabantu kwindawo yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo - UNDP) kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukudibanisa iinzame zokuxhasa ukhuseleko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuqalisa a inkqubo yophuhliso.
Abasemagunyeni baseNigeria basebenza kakhulu kwintsebenziswano yengingqi (ngokukodwa neNigeria kunye neCameroon ngokuchasene neBoko Haram) kwaye bamkele ngokuzithandela kwintsimi yabo imikhosi yangaphandle ebonelelwa ngamazwe aseNtshona (iFransi, i-USA, iJamani, i-Itali).
Ngaphezu koko, abasemagunyeni eNiger, kanye njengoko babekwazi ukuthatha amanyathelo ubukhulu becala ingxaki Tuareg, ngempumelelo ngaphezu koogxa babo Mali, kwakhona wabonisa ingqalelo enkulu umba Fulani kunokuba benza eMali.
Nangona kunjalo, iNiger ayizange ikwazi ukukuphepha ngokupheleleyo ukosuleleka koloyiko oluvela kumazwe angabamelwane. Ilizwe lihlala lijolise kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi, olwenziwa zombini kumzantsi-mpuma, kwimimandla yomda neNigeria, nasentshona, kwimimandla ekufuphi neMali. Olu luhlaselo oluvela ngaphandle - imisebenzi ekhokelwa yiBoko Haram kumzantsi-mpuma kunye nemisebenzi evela kwingingqi yaseMénaka ngasentshona, "yindawo yokuzalela enelungelo" lovukelo lwaseTuareg eMali.
Abahlaseli baseMali badla ngokuba ngamaFulani. Abanawo amandla afana neBoko Haram, kodwa kunzima ngakumbi ukuthintela uhlaselo lwabo kuba i-porosity yomda iphezulu. Uninzi lwamaFulani abandakanyekayo ekuhlaselweni yiNigerien okanye inzala yaseNigerien - abaninzi abafudukayo baseFulani baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe eNiger baze bahlale kwindawo engummelwane waseMali xa uphuhliso lomhlaba onkcenkceshelwayo kummandla waseTillaberi banciphisa umhlaba wabo wokutyisa kwi-1990s. [38]
Ukususela ngoko, baye babandakanyeka kwiingxabano phakathi kweMali Fulani kunye neTuareg (i-Imahad neDausaki). Ukususela ekuvukeleni kokugqibela kweTuareg eMali, ibhalansi yamandla phakathi kwamaqela amabini ishintshile. Ngelo xesha, amaTuareg, awayesele evukele izihlandlo ezininzi ukususela ngowe-1963, ayesele enezixhobo ezininzi.
I-Fulani yaseNiger "yayilwa" xa i-Ganda Izo militia yasungulwa kwi-2009. (Ukudalwa kwale mikhosi exhobileyo kwaba ngumphumo wokuhlukana okuqhubekayo kwimbali yamandulo - "iGanda Koi", apho "iGanda Izo" ikhona. ngokusisiseko kumanyano lobuchule.Kuba "iGanda Izo" ijolise ekulweni neTuareg, abantu baseFulani bajoyina (bobabini iMaliya Fulani kunye neNiger Fulani), emva koko uninzi lwabo lwadityaniswa kwi-MOJWA (iMovement for Oneness kunye neJihad eNtshona Afrika - Movement for Unity (monotheism) kunye jihad eNtshona Afrika) kunye ISGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara) [38]
Ibhalansi yamandla phakathi kweTuareg kunye neDausaki, ngakwesinye icala, kunye neFulani, ngakolunye, iyatshintsha ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ngo-2019 sele sele ilungelelene kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kubakho ungquzulwano olutsha, oludla ngokukhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi kumacala omabini. Kolu ngquzulwano, imikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe echasene nabanqolobi (ingakumbi ngexesha le-Operation Barhan) kwezinye iimeko yenze intsebenziswano ye-ad hoc kunye neTuareg kunye neDausak (ingakumbi neMSA), eyathi, emva kokugqitywa kwesivumelwano soxolo kunye norhulumente waseMaliya, babandakanyeka. umlo wokulwa nobunqolobi.
I-Fulani yaseGuinea
IGuinea kunye nekomkhulu layo iConakry kuphela kwelizwe apho amaFulani elona hlanga likhulu, kodwa hayi uninzi - malunga ne-38% yabemi. Nangona bephuma kuMbindi weGuinea, umbindi welizwe oquka izixeko ezinjengeMamu, iPita, iLabe neGaual, bakhona kuyo yonke eminye imimandla apho baye bafudukela khona befuna iimeko ezingcono zokuphila.
Ummandla awuchaphazeleki yi-jihadism kwaye i-Fulani ayikho kwaye ayizange ibandakanyeke ngokukodwa kwiingxabano ezinobundlobongela, ngaphandle kweengxabano zendabuko phakathi kwabelusi abafudukayo kunye nabantu abahlala phantsi.
EGuinea, iFulani ilawula uninzi lwamandla ezoqoqosho zelizwe kwaye ubukhulu becala imikhosi yengqondo neyenkolo. Ngabona bafunde kakhulu. Bafunda kwangethuba, okokuqala ngesiArabhu baze balandele ngesiFrentshi kwizikolo zesiFrentshi. Ii-Imam, ootitshala beKur'an eNgcwele, amagosa aphezulu asuka kumbindi welizwe nabasuka kumazwe angaphandle bakwi-Fulani yabo eninzi. [38]
Nangona kunjalo, sinokuzibuza ngekamva njengoko iFulani ibisoloko ingamaxhoba [ezopolitiko] ucalucalulo ukusukela kwinkululeko ukuba igcinwe kude kumandla ezopolitiko. Ezinye iintlanga ziziva zingenelwe ngaba bathwali bemveli beze kukrazula imihlaba yabo emihle ukuze bakhe awona mashishini aphumelelayo kunye nezona ndawo zintle zokuhlala. Ngokutsho kwamanye amaqela eentlanga eGuinea, ukuba i-Fulani ifika kulawulo, iya kuba namandla onke kwaye inikwe ingqondo echazwe kubo, baya kukwazi ukuyigcina kwaye bayigcine ngonaphakade. Lo mbono womelezwa yintetho enobutshaba yomongameli wokuqala waseGuinea, uSekou Toure, ngokuchasene noluntu lwaseFulani.
Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zomzabalazo wokuzimela ngo-1958, uSekou Toure ovela kubantu baseMalinke kunye nabaxhasi bakhe baye bajongana neFulani yaseBari Diawandu. Emva kokungena kumandla, uSekou Toure wabela zonke izikhundla ezibalulekileyo kubantu abavela kubantu baseMalinke. Ukuvezwa kwezityholo zamayelenqe e-Fulani ngo-1960 kwaye ngakumbi ngo-1976 kwamnika isizathu sokuphelisa amanani abalulekileyo eFulani (ngokukodwa ngo-1976, uTelly Diallo, owayenguNobhala Jikelele wokuqala woMbutho woBumbano lwe-Afrika, owayehlonitshwa kakhulu kwaye umntu odumileyo, uvalelwa entolongweni aze avinjwe ukutya de afele emhadini wakhe). Eli qhinga elityholwayo laliyithuba lokuba uSekou Toure anikeze iintetho ezintathu ezigxeka iFulani ngobungendawo obugqithisileyo, ebabiza ngokuthi "abangcatshi" abathi "bacinga ngemali kuphela ...". [38]
Kunyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi kwi-2010, umgqatswa we-Fulani uCellou Dalein Diallo waphuma phezulu kwinqanaba lokuqala, kodwa zonke iintlanga zadibana kunye nomjikelo wesibini ukumthintela ukuba abe ngumongameli, ukunika amandla Alpha Conde , imvelaphi yakhe Abantu baseMalinke.
Le meko iyanda ngokungathandekiyo kubantu baseFulani kwaye ivelisa ukukhungatheka kunye nokudumala apho i-democratization yakutshanje (ukhetho lwe-2010) luye lwavumela ukuba lubonakaliswe esidlangalaleni.
Ulonyulo oluzayo lukamongameli ngo-2020, apho u-Alpha Condé akayi kukwazi ukungenela ukhetho kwakhona (umgaqo-siseko uvimbela umongameli ukuba akhonze ngaphezu kwamagama amabini), iya kuba ngumhla wokugqibela obalulekileyo wokuphuhliswa kobudlelwane phakathi kweFulani kunye nezinye. iindawo zobuhlanga eGuinea.
Ezinye izigqibo zexeshana:
Kuya kuba kukutyekela kakhulu ukuthetha ngayo nakuphi na ukuthambekela okuchaziweyo phakathi kweFulani ye "jihadism", kuncinci ngakumbi ukuthambekela okunjalo okubangelwe yimbali yolawulo lobuthixo lwangaphambili kolu hlanga.
Xa uhlalutya umngcipheko we-Fulani ehlangene nama-Islamist abukhali, ubunzima boluntu lwe-Fulani luhlala lungahoywa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, asizange singene kubunzulu besakhiwo sentlalo yeFulani, kodwa eMali, umzekelo, inzima kakhulu kwaye i-hierarchical. Kusengqiqweni ukulindela ukuba izinto ezinomdla kwiindawo eziyinxalenye yoluntu lweFulani zinokwahluka kwaye zibe ngunobangela wokuziphatha okungqubanayo okanye ukwahlukana phakathi koluntu.
Ngokubhekiselele kumbindi weMali, ukuthambekela kokucela umngeni kumyalelo osekiweyo, ekuthiwa uqhuba abaninzi beFulani ukuba bajoyine izikhundla ze-jihadist, ngamanye amaxesha sisiphumo solutsha kuluntu olusebenza ngokuchasene nentando yabantu abadala. Ngokunjalo, ulutsha lwamaFulani ngamanye amaxesha luye lwazama ukusebenzisa ithuba lonyulo loomasipala, oluthi, njengoko kuchaziwe, lubonwe njengethuba lokuvelisa iinkokeli ezingezizo iinkokheli zemveli) – olu lutsha ngamanye amaxesha lubathathela ingqalelo abantu abadala ngakumbi njengabathathi-nxaxheba kwezi zithethe. "Nobuntu". Oku kudala amathuba eengxabano zangaphakathi - kubandakanywa neengxabano ezixhobileyo - phakathi kwabantu baseFulani. [38]
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba i-Fulani ikulungele ukuzimanya kunye nabachasi bomyalelo omiselweyo-into esisiseko yendalo kuma-nomads. Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokusasazeka kwendawo, bagwetyelwe ukuhlala behleli kwiqaqobana baze emva koko bangabi nako ukuphembelela ngokugqibeleleyo ikamva lamazwe abahlala kuwo, naxa bebonakala benalo elo thuba kwaye bakholelwa ukuba oko kwenzeka. kusemthethweni, njengoko kunjalo eGuinea.
Iimbono ezizicingelayo ezivela kule meko ziphembelela amathuba amaFulani afunde ukuwenza xa besengxakini – xa ejongene nabagxeki abababona njengemibutho yasemzini eyoyikisayo ngelixa bona bona baphila njengamaxhoba, becalulwa kwaye begwetyelwe ukujongelwa phantsi.
Icandelo lesithathu liyalandela
Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo:
Uluhlu olupheleleyo lweencwadi ezisetyenzisiweyo kwindawo yokuqala kunye neyesibini yangoku yohlalutyo lunikezelwa ekupheleni kwenxalenye yokuqala yohlalutyo olupapashwe phantsi kwesihloko esithi "iSahel - iingxabano, ukukhwabanisa kunye neebhomu zokufuduka". Kuphela loo mithombo ekhankanyiweyo kwicandelo lesibini lohlalutyo - "I-Fulani kunye" neJihadism "eNtshona Afrika" inikwe apha.
[2] Dechev, Teodor Danailov, “Double bottom” okanye “schizophrenic bifurcation”? Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-ethno-nationalist kunye neenjongo zenkolo-eziyingozi kwimisebenzi yamaqela athile abanqolobi, i-Sp. Ezopolitiko noKhuseleko; Unyaka I; Hayi. 2; 2017; iphepha 34 - 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (ngesiBulgaria).
[14] Cline, Lawrence E., Iintshukumo zeJihadist kwiSahel: Ukunyuka kweFulani?, Matshi 2021, Ubunqolobi kunye noBundlobongela bezopolitiko, i-35 (1), iphe. 1-17
[38] Sangare, Boukary, Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West Africa countries, February 8, 2019, Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS)
[39] Ingxelo ekhethekileyo yeZiko le-Soufan, iQela likaWagner: I-Evolution yoMkhosi waBucala, uJason Blazakis, uColin P. Clarke, uNaureen Chowdhury Fink, uSean Steinberg, i-Soufan Centre, ngoJuni 2023
[42] UWaicanjo, uCharles, iiNgxwabangxwaba zaMafama weZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nokuZinzo kweNtlalo eSahel, ngoMeyi 21, 2020, inkululeko yaseAfrika.
Ifoto nguKureng Workx: https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-in-red-traditional-clothing-taking-photo-of-a-man-13033077/
