Kodwa, yintoni kanye kanye imithetho yemfazwe kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa yaphulwe?
Ukufumana ngakumbi malunga nomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe, owaziwa ngegama elithi IHL, Iindaba ze-UN uthethe no-Eric Mongelard kwi-ofisi ye-UN yamalungelo oluntu, OHCHR.
Nantsi oku ku funeka ukwazi:
Imithetho yemfazwe
Umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe umdala njengemfazwe. Ukusuka kwiziqendwana eziseBhayibhileni kunye neQuran ukuya kwiikhowudi zaseYurophu zamandulo, olu luhlu luhlala lukhula lwemithetho yothethathethwano lujolise ekunciphiseni iziphumo zongquzulwano kubemi okanye abangalwi.
Imithetho imele "eyona migaqo incinci yokugcina uluntu kwezinye iimeko ezimbi kakhulu ezaziwa luluntu," utshilo uMnu. Mongelard, ephawula ukuba imithetho yemfazwe isebenza mzuzu xa ungquzulwano lwezixhobo luqalile.
Itoliki ye-UN isebenza ngexesha lengxoxo ngomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Imithetho ekhoyo namhlanje isekwe ikakhulu kwiiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva, eyokuqala yayo yandulela i-UN phantse iminyaka engama-200.
Ziziphi iiNdibano zaseGeneva?
Ukulandela isibhengezo saseSwitzerland sokungathabathi cala kwezizwe ngezizwe ngo-1815, imfazwe engummelwane yase-Austrian-French ngo-1859 yabangela ukuba uHenri Dunant, ummi waseSwitzerland owayejonge abantu abangxwelerhekileyo kwindawo yedabi, ukuba acebise ngento eyaba yiKomiti yeHlabathi yoNcedo kwabangxwelerhekileyo.
Elo qela kungekudala emva koko laguqulwa laba yiKomiti Yezizwe Ngezizwe yoMnqamlezo Obomvu (ICRC) yalandelwa yiNgqungquthela yokuQala yaseGeneva, eyatyobelwa ngowe-1864 ngamazwe ali-16 aseYurophu. Ukusukela ngoko, inani elandayo lezizwe liye lamkela ezinye iiNdibano ezalandelayo zaseGeneva.
Angaphezu kwe-180 amazwe aye abe ngamaqela kwiindibano zowe-1949. Zibandakanya 150 ithi iqela ukuya Iprothokholi I, eyandisa ukhuseleko phantsi kweengqungquthela ze-Geneva kunye ne-Hague kubantu ababandakanyeka kwiimfazwe "zokuzimela" eziye zachazwa ngokutsha njengeengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zivumela ukusekwa kweekhomishini zokufumana inyaniso kwiimeko zokuphulwa kwezityholo zengqungquthela.
Ngaphezulu kwe-145 yamazwe abandakanyekayo Umgaqo-nkqubo II, eyathi yandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu kubantu ababebandakanyeke kungquzulwano oluqatha loluntu olwalungaqukwanga kwizivumelwano zowe-1949.
Umsebenzi oselula waseBritani woMnqamlezo Obomvu unceda amaxhoba embalela kwinkampu yaseBati, e-Ethiopia ngowe-1984.
Imithetho emitsha yemfazwe kunye neeprothokholi kwiiNdibano zaseGeneva ziye zaphuhliswa njengoko izixhobo zemfazwe kunye nemfazwe iye yanobunkunkqele kwaye yabi.
Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zavela ukuba zithintele uluhlu lwezixhobo ezibangelwe lungquzulwano lwenkulungwane yama-20, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kwerhasi yemostade kwimisele yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ukuya kwi-napalm yomoya kwi-Viet Nam. Ezi zivumelwano zibophelelayo zikwanyanzelisa abo batyikityayo ukuba bahloniphe umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngubani okhuselweyo?
Izibhedlele, izikolo, abemi, abasebenzi boncedo, kunye neendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuzisa uncedo olungxamisekileyo ziphakathi kwabantu neendawo ezikhuselwe ngumthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Iprotocol kwiiNgqungquthela zaseGeneva ezamkelwa kwi-1977 iqulethe "imithetho emininzi" ekukhuselweni koluntu, uMnu. Mongelard uthe. Ngokubanzi, imigaqo ephambili yahlulahlulwe ibe yimigaqo emibini, eyokuqala igxile ekuhlonipheni isidima nobomi bomntu kunye nokuphathwa ngobuntu. Oko kuquka izithintelo ekubulaweni okusisishwankathelo kunye nokungcungcuthekiswa.
Inkwenkwe imi phakathi kwesikolo sayo eNovohryhorivka, eUkraine.
Okwesibini kubhekiselele kucalucalulo, ukulingana, kunye nokulumka, utshilo, ebophelela onke amaqela alwayo.
Abanako ukujolisa abantu, kufuneka baqinisekise ukusebenza kunye nezixhobo abakhetha ukuzisebenzisa ziya kunciphisa okanye zithintele ukwenzakala kwabantu, kwaye kufuneka banike isilumkiso esaneleyo kubemi bohlaselo oluzayo.
“Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwebhodi yomthetho kuhlala kungumsebenzi onzima,” utshilo. "Ubungqina be-Anecdotal bubonisa ukuba i-IHL ihlala ihlonitshwa kunokuba ingahlonitshwa."
Nale mithetho ikhoyo, abasebenzi boncedo abayi-116 basweleka ngelixa besenza imisebenzi yabo kwezinye zezona ndawo ziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ngo-2022.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, abasebenzi boncedo abangama-62 sele bebulewe, abangama-84 benzakele, kwaye abangama-34 bathinjwa, ngokutsho kwe-UN. ikhankanya idatha yethutyana ngo-Agasti ukusuka kumbutho wophando ozimeleyo IziPhumo zoLuntu. Ukususela ngo-7 Oktobha, abasebenzi be-15 be-UN babulewe eGaza.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu kunye nemithetho ehambelanayo, imeko kumabala edabi kwihlabathi liphela "inokuba mbi kakhulu", utshilo uMnu. Mongelard.
"Amaqela kungquzulwano, xa ejongene nezityholo, umzekelo, ugwayimbo oluchasene nabemi okanye iziseko ezingundoqo, aya kuhlala efuna ukukhanyela okanye afune ukucacisa, ngaloo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuba ayaqonda ukuba le mithetho ibalulekile," uthe.
Ukuphelisa ukungohlwaywa
"Ukwaphulwa okunzulu komthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe", waqhubeka. Ke ngoko, onke amaZwe anesibophelelo sokwenza ezo zenzo zibe lulwaphulo-mthetho, aphande, kwaye atshutshise abenzi bobubi.
Umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe nawo ungaphulwa ngaphandle kwemfazwe yokwenyani. Ngeli xesha, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu akuzange kuvunyelwene ngalo kwisivumelwano esizinikeleyo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwangaxeshanye, i Ummiselo waseRoma ibonelela ngesivumelwano samva nje soluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokuba yintoni ewela phakathi kobubanzi. Ikwasisivumelwano esibonelela nge uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu yezenzo ezithile ezinokuthi zenze ulwaphulo-mthetho.
ISeshini yokuqala yeNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe kuLwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe kwiYugoslavia yangaphambili Ivula eHague ngo-1993.
Xa ulwaphulo mthetho lusenzeka, kuye kwamiselwa iindlela, ukusuka kwizigwebo zeUN eCambodia, iRwanda, kunye neYugoslavia yangaphambili ukuya kwiinzame zesizwe njengoko kwabonwa ngo-2020 e-DR Congo xa inkundla yomkhosi yazisa isaphuli-mthetho semfazwe. lungisa.
INkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe esekwe eHague (ICC), eyasekwa ngo-2002 yi-Rome Statute, ikwanegunya lokulawula izityholo zokuphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu.
Inkundla yehlabathi
Inkundla yokuqala esisigxina yehlabathi yolwaphulo-mthetho esekwe ukunceda ukuphelisa ukungohlwaywa kwabenzi bobubi obuxhalabisayo kuluntu lwehlabathi jikelele, i-ICC ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe ozimeleyo, kwaye ayiyonxalenye yenkqubo ye-UN.
Kodwa, i-UN inonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo. Umtshutshisi we-ICC unokuvula amatyala okanye uphando oluthunyelwe yi-UN IBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukudluliselwa, ngamaqela States kwiSimiselo saseRoma, okanye ngokusekelwe kulwazi oluvela kwimithombo ethembekileyo.
Ngelixa ingengawo onke aMazwe angamaLungu e-UN ali-193 ayayiqondayo i-ICC, inkundla inokuqalisa uphando kwaye ivule amatyala anxulumene nezityholo ezivela naphi na emhlabeni. Amatyala axoxiwe kwaye kwathathwa izigqibo malunga noluhlu lokwaphulwa komthetho, ukusuka ekusebenziseni udlwengulo njengesixhobo semfazwe ukuya ekubizweni kwabantwana njengabalwi.
Inkundla iyaphanda ngoku Iimeko ze17. Inxalenye yomsebenzi wayo ibandakanya ukukhupha izigunyaziso zokubanjwa kwabo barhanelwa ngabenzi bobubi. Oku kuquka iwaranti ebalaseleyo ngokuchasene noMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin enxulumene nohlaselo olupheleleyo lwelizwe lakhe eUkraine.
Wonke umntu unokunikela
Ngelixa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu ulawula amaqela alwayo kungquzulwano, uluntu ngokubanzi lunendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka luyidlalile, utshilo uMnu. Mongeard.
Ulumkise ngelithi ukunyelisa iqela labantu kunokuthumela umyalezo kumkhosi oxhobileyo kwindawo ekufutshane ukuba "ukwaphulwa komthetho kuya kulungile".
“Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuphepha ukujongelwa phantsi kobuntu bomnye okanye ukunyeliswa kotshaba, ukuphepha intetho yentiyo, nokuphepha ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo,” utshilo. “Kulapho uluntu ngokubanzi lunokuba negalelo khona.”
Inkwenkwe eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala iphakamise ikati yayo phakathi komonakalo wekhaya layo eGaza.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kungekudala emva kokuba ingxabano yakwa-Israel-Gaza yaqala nge-7 ka-Okthobha, i-ICC yavula i-ICC. uphando oluqhubekayo, ukusebenza a ikhonkco ukubonelela ngezindululo zezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ulwaphulo-mthetho olujoliswe eluntwini, ukubulawa kwabantu, kunye nogonyamelo – olunyhasha umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikhumbuzo seembopheleleko zamaqela alwayo ngokuphathelele intlekele yakwaSirayeli neGaza sakhutshwa ngumlungelelanisi woncedo olungxamisekileyo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uMartin Griffiths owaxelela iBhunga Lokhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo oku: “Kukho imithetho elula yemfazwe,” esongezelela ngokuthi “amaqela kungquzulwano ngezixhobo amele akhusele abemi. ”
Kwangokunjalo, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) UMlawuli weNgingqi weMpuma yeMeditera u-Ahmed Al Mandhari wathetha naye Iindaba ze-UN kulandela ugwayimbo kwisibhedlele saseGazan.
“Ukhathalelo lwempilo alujongi, kwaye alufanele lujoliswe,” “i-WHO ibiza onke amaqela angquzulanayo ukuba abambelele kumthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe” kwaye “akhusele abemi” ecaleni “abo basebenzi bokhathalelo lwempilo basendle kunye nee-ambulensi. ”.
