Njengoko iHezbollah ixhaswa abaqhankqalazi bagaleleka I-Ambassy yase-US e-Beirut ekuxhaseni i-Hamas, abantu baseMelika basenokungayiqondi le mibutho mibini yobunqolobi (engavunywanga yiZizwe eziManyeneyo, ekhupha izigidi kubo) ifumene amakhulu ezigidi zeedola zoncedo lwezemali zase-US kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo kuphela.
Izono ze-Hezbollah kunye ne-coterie yayo yeebhanki zaseLebhanon-kuquka irhuluneli yeBhanki yaseLebhanon u-Riad Salameh kunye no-Antoun Sehnaoui, umlawuli oyintloko we-Société Générale Bank yaseLebhanon (SGBL) - zisandula ukuvezwa kwiinkundla zaseLebhanon nase-United States.
Ngoku abantu baseMelika baphinda bafunda ukuba ububele babo bunomvuzo wabo.
Kodwa kukho imbali ende yehlabathi 'yenkxaso yemali yabanqolobi' exhaswa ngurhulumente kunye neyabucala. Yaye yintoni umphumo wokugqibela?
Ewe, kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo kule nyanga, i-Hezbollah eyayisandul 'ukusekwa yahlasela umkhosi wase-US ukususela kwi-Battle of Iwo Jima ngo-1945. Ibhombu yeloli yaqhuma kwindawo yaseBeirut eyabulala i-220 US Marines kunye nabanye abasebenzi benkonzo ye-21. zibekwe kwiphulo lezizwe ngezizwe lokugcina uxolo. Ibhombu yesibini yelori yabulala amajoni angama-58 aseFransi.
Abefundisi baseLebhanon eShia Muslim abaseka ekuqaleni iHezbollah bamkela imodeli ebekwe ngu-Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini wase-Iran ngenkxaso yabahlohli abali-1,500 be-Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps; UKhomeini ngokwakhe wakhetha igama elithi Hezbollah.
I-Hamas kamva yasekwa ngamalungu e-Muslim Brotherhood phakathi kwabanye ngo-1987 kwaye kungekudala emva koko, yaqinisekisa iinjongo zayo zokulwa imfazwe engcwele engapheliyo nxamnye noSirayeli.
Ubuninzi bobukho bayo, iHamas kunye ne-Iran ziye zaba ngamahlakani anamandla. utsho uSirayeli Iran ibonelela malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngoncedo lwemali kwiHamas; iSebe likaRhulumente wase-US libika ukuba i-Iran ne kezela Hamas ngezixhobo kunye noqeqesho lomkhosi. Okuninzi kuza ngeedola zaseMelika ezifakwe kwi-UN's Uncedo kunye ne-Arhente yeMisebenzi.
Emva kokuba urhulumente wase-Israel egxothe abasebenzi beHamas abangama-418 eLebhanon ngo-1992, yaba yiHezbollah eyabafundisa apho indlela yokwakha nokusebenzisa iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala.
Ngemali eyongezelelweyo yeedola ezingama-50 ezigidi ngonyaka evela eIran, iHamas yaqala ukwenza iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala ngokuchasene nethagethi yakwa-Israel.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-Iran yavelisa iindlela zokurhweba ukubonelela iHamas ngezixhobo eziphucukileyo.
Kwaye kule nyanga nje, iHamas iqalise uhlaselo lwayo olukhulu kwa-Israyeli ukusukela kwimfazwe ye-1967.
Njengoko u-Israyeli ephendula, imibuzo ihlala ihleli-Njengokuba kutheni i-Iran igxile kakhulu kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi e-US naku-Israyeli?
Kwaye mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, imibutho efana ne-Hamas kunye ne-Hezbollah, ngokungagungqiyo, iqhubekile nokuba ngabaxhamli benkqubo yemali esondeleyo ethe yavelisa isiqhamo kubo bobabini abaxhasi bakarhulumente njenge-Iran, nakwimibutho yabucala, imibutho yesisa kunye nabantu ngabanye, ezifana noRiad Salameh kunye no-Antoun Sehnaoui?
Abagxeki bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US bahlala betyhola i-Eisenhower Administration's 1953 izenzo zokugxotha iNkulumbuso yase-Iran. UMohammad Mosaddegh, umchasi wexesha elide wezopolitiko uReza Khan (kamva uReza Shah Pahlavi) njenge-catalyst kwisenzo sokuxhaswa ngemali yabanqolobi. U-Shah walawula i-Iran iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu de uKhomeini, owayeselubhacweni, wathatha ulawulo emva koqhanqalazo olwalukhokelwe ngabafundi lwamgxothayo lwaze lwabeka uKhomeini njengo-Ayatollah.
Khomeini kunye nendlalifa yakhe uAyatollah Ali Khamenei kudala begxeka I-US "njengoSathana omkhulu" kwaye yafunga ukuzisa "ukufa eMelika" kunye "nokufa kwaSirayeli." Intiyo kaKhomeini nge-US yabangela ukuba abaxhasi bakhe babambe i-Embassy yase-US e-Tehran ngo-1979 kwaye babambe abantu baseMelika abangama-52 iintsuku ezingama-444.
Ngenye intetho engcolileyo Ngo-2015, uKhamenei wathi i-Iran ayizukuyiyeka inkxaso "yabantu abacinezelweyo basePalestina, baseYemen, oorhulumente baseSyria nase-Iraqi, abantu abacinezelweyo baseBahrain kunye nabalweli abanyanisekileyo baseLebhanon."
A Ingxelo ye2005 Liziko laseWashington lichaza ngenkxaso-mali ye-Iran kwiphulo lobugrogrisi le-Hezbollah kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezixhaphakileyo ze-Hezbollah. Nakumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, i-Iran ibibonelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka ngemali nangezixhobo.
I-Iran ikwaxhasa ngemali i-Hezbollah ngokubizwa ngokuba yimibutho yabucala kunye nemibutho yangaphambili. Ngokucacileyo, i-al-Aqsa International Foundation evaliweyo ikhuphe izigidi zeedola kunye nezixhobo kwiHamas, al Qaeda, kunye neHezbollah.
Njengoko uNobhala kaRhulumente weSizwe u-Anthony Wayne uxelele iCongress kwi-2003,
“Ukuba uxhasa umbutho ngemali, nokuba zininzi izinto zesisa eziqhubekayo, kukho ukucingeleka okuthile phakathi kweengxowa-mali. Uyawomeleza umbutho”.
Okubuhlungu kukuba, nanamhlanje abaninzi abakasifundi esi sifundo.
I-Al-Qaeda kunye ne-Hezbollah kuxelwe ukuba bayasebenzisana kurhwaphilizo lwemali kunye nobuqhophololo ebhankini-Ityala elinye eliphawulekayo, elithe latyhilwa kutshanje ngabatshutshisi baseLebhanon, ekujoliswe kulo eSalameh, eSehnaoui, kunye nabane babatshintshisi abaphambili baseLebhanon "ngolwaphulo-mthetho lokurhwaphiliza imali olubangelwa kurhwebo lwemali ngenjongo ukuchanabeka kwimali yelizwe.”
Inkampani yeteksi kaMichel Mecattaf yahlawuliswa ngokungekho mthethweni iibhiliyoni zeedola njengenxalenye yeskimu seSalameh-Sehnaoui esixhasa ubomi obutofotofo beebhanki kodwa yathumela izigidi kwiHezbollah.
I-Sehnaoui kunye ne-SGBL namhlanje ngabamangalelwa abaphambili kwinkqubo eqhubekayo Ityala lase-US ifakwe ziintsapho zamaxhoba obunqolobi beHezbollah apho abamangali batyhola intsebenziswano neHezbollah ngamabhanki alishumi elinesibini eLebhanon.
Amagqwetha ommangali angaliphumelela eli tyala, kodwa iintsapho zamaxhoba kungafuneka zilinde … kwaye zilinde … phambi kokubona idime enye.
Ngokomzekelo, iintsapho zamaxhoba e-1983 yaseBeirut bafaka isimangalo ngo-2010 - iminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuba ijaji yomdibaniso yagweba ukuba. HezbollahUhlaselo lwayalelwa yi-Iran - kwaye kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuba iJaji yeSithili sase-US uRoyce Lamberth wayalela i-Iran ukuba ihlawule i-2.65 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
Kwi-2013, iJaji leNkundla yeSithili sase-US uKatherine Forrest wagweba ukukhulula i-$ 1.75 yezigidigidi zeemali zase-Iranian, ezigcinwe kwi-akhawunti ye-New York Citibank, kumaxhoba. Emva konyaka, inkundla yezibheno yasixhasa isigwebo sikaJaji Forrest, nango-2016 wenze njalo iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US.
NgoMatshi ka-2023, enye ijaji yomdibaniso yayalela iBhanki iMarkazi, ibhanki engundoqo yase-Iran, kunye ne-Clearstream Banking SA ukuba ihlawule i-1.68 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumalungu osapho anomonde.
Njengoko belindele imali yabo, urhulumente wase-US uye wazimisa ii-asethi zase-Iranian, endaweni yokuhlawula la maxhoba kunye namanye amaxhoba obunqolobi obuxhaswa yi-Iran.
Kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngabanqolobi uMatthew Levitt walumkisa oko
"Ukuba i-US iyasilela ukulungelelanisa inkcubeko yonyanzeliso lomthetho kunye noluntu lwezobukrelekrele, ukwenza imithetho kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokwenza izixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nokusombulula, siya kufumana imfazwe yoloyiko enzima kakhulu ukulwa, ehlala ixesha elide. ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ibiza ixabiso eliphakame kakhulu neliyintlekele kubomi bomntu. "
Uhlaselo lwale nyanga nguHamas kubantu abamsulwa abahamba kwikonsathi kunye neentsana zibonakalisa ukuba izilumkiso zikaLevitt azikhange zihoywe.
Abezopolitiko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo baye baqhubeka benza ngathi abo bafungile izifungo zegazi ukutshabalalisa i-US kunye no-Israyeli abazange baqonde kwaye baye bachitha iibhiliyoni zeedola kumaqela abanqolobi ngethemba elilize lokuba imali inokuthenga uxolo.
Kodwa inyaniso ebuhlungu yeyokuba imali enikwa abanqolobi abasuka kufutshane nemithombo engenakubalwa ithenga izixhobo ezingakumbi, ukusasazwa kobuxoki, uphalazo-gazi olungakumbi nemfazwe engakumbi.
