EFransi, i-Senate isebenza kumthetho oyilwayo "wokuqinisa ukulwa nokuphambuka kweenkolo", Kodwa umxholo wayo ubonakala ubeka iingxaki ezinzulu kwiingcali kwinkululeko yenkolo okanye inkolelo kunye nabaphengululi benkolo.
NgoNovemba 15, iBhunga loMphathiswa weRiphabhliki yaseFransi lathumela a umthetho oyilwayo kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu ejolise “ekomelezeni umlo ochasene nokuphambuka kwehlelo”. Lo mthetho uyilwayo uya kuxoxwa ngawo kwaye uvotelwe kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu zaseFransi nge-19 kaDisemba kwaye emva koko ithunyelwe kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ukuze iqwalaselwe phambi kwevoti yokugqibela.
Ewe kunjalo, "ukulwa ngokuchasene nokuphambuka kwenkcubeko" kuya kubonakala kusemthethweni, ukuba nabani na unokuza nenkcazo esemthethweni nechanekileyo "yokutenxa kwihlelo" okanye "ihlelo". Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwesihloko somthetho oyilwayo, ngumxholo wayo obonakala uyingxaki kakhulu emehlweni e-ForRB (inkululeko yenkolo okanye yenkolelo) iingcali kunye nabaphengululi bezenkolo.
Inqaku lalo loku-1 lijolise ekudaleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha oluchazwa “njengokubeka okanye ukugcina umntu ekwimeko yokuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni okanye ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo koxinzelelo olunzima okanye oluphindaphindiweyo okanye ubuchule obunokonakalisa isigwebo sabo kunye nesiphumo sokubangela ubunzima. ukukhubazeka kwempilo yabo yomzimba okanye yengqondo okanye ekhokelela lo mntu kwisenzo okanye ukungazibandakanyi nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu kubo ”. Kwakhona, ngokufunda ngokukhawuleza, ngubani onokuchasa ukohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi ngolo hlobo? Kodwa umtyholi ukwinkcukacha.
Ukubuya kweethiyori "zolawulo lwengqondo".
“Ukuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni” sisithetha-ntonye sento edla ngokubizwa ngokuba “kukulawula ingqondo”, “ukulawula ingqondo”, okanye “nokuhlanjwa kwengqondo”. Oku kucacile xa ufunda "uphando lwempembelelo" lukaRhulumente waseFransi, oluzama ukulungelelanisa imfuno yomthetho omtsha ngobunzima obukhulu. Ezi ngcinga zingacacanga, xa zisetyenziswa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho nakwiintshukumo zonqulo, ekugqibeleni ziye zabhengezwa njengezobunzululwazi bobuxoki kumazwe amaninzi apho bezikhe zasetyenziswa, ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe angoozwilakhe afana neRashiya neTshayina. E-US, Ingqikelelo ye-1950 "yolawulo lwengqondo" eyayisetyenziswa yiCIA ukuzama ukucacisa ukuba kutheni amanye amajoni abo eve novelwano kwiintshaba zawo zamakomanisi, aqala ukusetyenziswa ngoogqirha bengqondo kwiintshukumo ezintsha zonqulo kwiminyaka yama-80s. Iqela lomsebenzi weengqondo zengqondo lenziwe ukuba lisebenze "kwiiNdlela ezikhohlisayo nezingathanga ngqo zokuTyisela kunye nokuLawula" ngeenkolo ezincinci kwaye banikezela "ingxelo" kwi-American Psychological Association ngo-1987. Impendulo esemthethweni evela kwibhodi ye-Ethical ye-American Psychological Association. yayibuhlungu kakhulu. NgoMeyi ka-1987, bakhaba ingcamango yababhali "yokweyisela ngenkani", bechaza ukuba "ngokubanzi, ingxelo ayinalo ubukhali besayensi kunye nendlela ebaluleke kakhulu efunekayo kwi-APA imprimatur", kwaye bongeza ukuba ababhali bengxelo akufuneki bayipapashe ingxelo yabo. ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuba "yayingamkelekanga kwibhodi".
Kanye emva koku, i-American Psychological Association kunye ne-American Sociological Association bangenise amagqabantshintshi e-amicus curiae kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US apho baye baxoxa ukuba ithiyori yokuhlanjululwa kwengqondo ye-cultic ayimkelwa ngokubanzi njengenokufaneleka kwezesayensi. Lo mfutshane ubonisa ukuba ithiyori yokuhlanjululwa kwengqondo yehlelo ayinikeli ngendlela eyamkelekileyo ngokwenzululwazi yokumisela xa impembelelo yezentlalo isongamela inkululeko yokuzikhethela naxa ingenjalo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkundla zase-US ziye zafumanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ubunzima bobungqina besayensi bufumanise ukuba ithiyori echasene nenkolo yokuhlamba ingqondo ayimkelwa luluntu olufanelekileyo lwezenzululwazi.
Kodwa iFransi (okanye ubuncinci abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni baseFransi abayila lo mthetho, kodwa norhulumente owawuxhasayo) abakhathali ngenene malunga nokuchaneka kwesayensi.
Italy kunye nomthetho "Plagio".
Umthetho ofana nalowo ucetywayo kwi-bill yesiFrentshi wawukho ngokwenene e-Italy ukusuka kwi-1930 ukuya kwi-1981. Yayingumthetho we-fascist obizwa ngokuba yi-"plagio" (othetha "ukulawula ingqondo"), owafaka eli lungiselelo lilandelayo kwiKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho: "Nabani na unikezela umntu kumandla akhe, ukuze amhlisele kwisimo sokuzithoba, wohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi elinesihlanu”. Ngokwenene, le yingcinga efanayo kunaleyo ikwinqaku loku-1 lomthetho oyilwayo waseFransi.
Umthetho wePlagio waduma xa wawusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nentanda-bulumko eyaziwayo ye-Marxist gay, u-Aldo Braibanti owayethabathe abafana ababini ukuba basebenze njengoonobhala bakhe. Ngokutsho komtshutshisi, wabazisa kwimeko yokulawulwa kwengqondo ngenjongo yokubenza izithandwa zakhe. Ngo-1968, uBraibanti wafunyanwa enetyala le-“plagio” yiNkundla yaseRoma yaseAssizes, waza wagwetywa iminyaka eli-9 entolongweni. Kwisibheno sokugqibela, iNkundla Ephakamileyo (idlulela nangaphaya kwezigqibo zeenkundla ezingaphantsi) yachaza “i-plagio” kaBraibanti “njengemeko apho ingqondo yomntu onyanzelwayo yayikhe yaphuncuka. Oku kwakunokwenzeka nangaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo lwasemzimbeni okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezibangela izifo, ngempembelelo edityanisiweyo yeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo iyodwa esenokuba ayizange isebenze, ngoxa zazisebenza xa zidityanisiwe.” Ukulandela esi sigwebo, iingqondo ezinjengo-Alberto Moravia kunye no-Umberto Eco, kunye noninzi lwamagqwetha akhokelayo kunye noogqirha bengqondo, bacela ukuba upheliswe ummiselo kwi "plagio."
Ngelixa ukugwetywa kungazange kuguqulwe, kwadala iingxoxo e-Italiya iminyaka. Ukugxekwa komthetho kwakuziindidi ezimbini. Enye yayivela kwimbono yesayensi: uninzi lweengcali zengqondo zase-Italiya zazikholelwa ukuba "i-plagio" ngengqiqo "yokuthobela kwengqondo", yayingekho, kwaye abanye babephikisana ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imeko, yayingacacanga kwaye ayinqunywanga ukuba isetyenziswe. kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlobo lwesibini lokugxekwa lwalunezopolitiko, njengoko abagxeki babethetha ukuba "i-plagio" yayivumela ucalucalulo lweengcamango, njengakwimeko kaBraibanti owayegwetywe ngenxa yembono ye-patent homophobic, kuba wayekhuthaza "indlela yokuphila yokuziphatha okubi".
Kwiminyaka elishumi emva koko, ngowe-1978, kwasetyenziswa umthetho wokusukela umfundisi wamaKatolika, uTata uEmilio Grasso, owayetyholwa ngokuqhelisela “ukulawula ingqondo” kubalandeli bakhe. UEmilio Grasso, inkokeli yebutho lamaKatolika aseItali, watyholwa ngokudala ukuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni kubalandeli bakhe ukuze basebenze njengabavangeli basemazweni bexesha elizeleyo okanye amatsha-ntliziyo kwimisebenzi yokunceda eItali nakwamanye amazwe. ERoma, inkundla ejongene nokuvavanya ityala iphakamise umbuzo womgaqo-siseko wolwaphulo-mthetho lwe "plagio", kwaye yathumela ityala kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko wase-Italiya.
Ngomhla wesi-8 kuJuni ka-1981, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yabhengeza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-plagio ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ngokwesigqibo seNkundla, Ngokusekwe kuncwadi lwezenzululwazi ngalo mba, nokuba “kwingqondo, ingqondo okanye i-psychoanalysis,” impembelelo okanye “ukuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni” yinxalenye “eqhelekileyo” yobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu: “iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokuxhomekeka ngokwasengqondweni zinokufikelela. Amanqanaba okuqina nkqu nakwixesha elide, elifana nobudlelwane bothando, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kombingeleli nekholwa, utitshala kunye nomfundi, ugqirha kunye nesigulana (…). Kodwa ngokoqobo, kunzima kakhulu, ukuba akunakwenzeka, ukwahlula, kwiimeko ezifana nezi, ukuphembelela ngokwasengqondweni ekuthotyweni ngokwasengqondweni, kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwabo ngeenjongo zomthetho. Akukho migaqo iqinileyo ekhoyo yokwahlula kunye nokuchaza umsebenzi ngamnye, ukulandelela umda othe ngqo phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini.” INkundla yongezelela isithi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe<em>plagio “yayiyibhombu esele iza kudubula kwinkqubo yethu yezomthetho, ekubeni inokusetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na imeko ebonisa ukuba ingqondo yomntu ixhomekeke komnye umntu.”
Eso yayisisiphelo sokuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni e-Italiyane, kodwa ngokucacileyo, oko akwanelanga ukuthintela urhulumente waseFransi ukuba abuye nengcamango efanayo ye-fascist namhlanje.
Ngubani onokuchukunyiswa?
Njengoko kuchazwe yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yase-Italiya, ingcamango enjalo "inokusetyenziswa kuyo nayiphi na imeko ebonisa ukuxhomekeka kwengqondo komntu komnye". Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kunjalo nakweliphi na iqela lenkolo okanye lokomoya kulo naliphi na ihlelo, ngaphezu koko, ukuba kukho ubutshaba bentlalo okanye uburhulumente ngokuchasene nabo. Uvavanyo lwempembelelo ephazamisayo "yokuzithoba kwengqondo" kuya kufuneka iphathiswe kwiingcali zengqondo, eziya kucelwa ukuba zinike uluvo malunga nokubonakaliswa kwengcamango engenasiseko sesayensi esekelwe.
Nawuphi na umfundisi unokutyholwa ngokugcina abathembekileyo bekwimeko “yokuzithoba ngokwasengqondweni”, njengokuba kusenokuba ngumfundisi-ntsapho weyoga okanye urabhi. Njengoko lasichazelayo igqwetha elingumFrentshi ngalo mthetho: “Kulula ukubonisa ingcinezelo enzulu okanye ephindaphindiweyo: imiyalelo ephindaphindiweyo enikelwa ngumqeshi, umqeqeshi wezemidlalo, kwanangoyena ubalaseleyo emkhosini; umyalelo wokuthandaza okanye wokuvuma izono, ngokulula unokufaneleka ukuba unjalo. Ubuchwephesha bokuguqula isigwebo busetyenziswa mihla le eluntwini: ukuhenda, ukurheletya kunye nokuthengisa zizo zonke iindlela zokuguqula isigwebo. Ngaba i-Schopenhauer yayinokupapasha ubuGcisa obuhlala buLungile phantsi kwempembelelo yale projekthi, ngaphandle kokutyholwa ngokubandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho olubuzwayo? Ukonakala okumandundu kwempilo yomzimba okanye yengqondo nako kulula ukukuphawula kunokuba kusenokubonakala ekuqaleni. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqhubeni iMidlalo yeOlimpiki, umdlali okwinqanaba eliphezulu phantsi koxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo unokuchaphazeleka ngokuwohloka kwempilo yakhe engokwasemzimbeni, umzekelo xa kwenzakala. Isenzo socalucalulo olunzulu okanye ukungahoyi kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha. Ijoni lomkhosi, phantsi koxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo, liya kuqhutyelwa kwizenzo ezinokuthi zicalule kakhulu, nokuba kuqeqesho lwasemkhosini. "
Kakade ke, ukugwetywa okusekelwe kwingcamango yomthetho engacacanga ngolo hlobo kunokukhokelela ekubeni iFransi igwetywe okokugqibela yiNkundla YaseYurophu Elwela Amalungelo Abantu. Njengoko ngokwenene, kwisigqibo sayo esithi Jehovah’s Witnesses of Moscow and Others v. Russia n° 302, iNkundla yayisele iwushukuxile umbandela “wokulawula ingqondo”: “Akukho nkcazelo yamkelwe ngokubanzi nengokwenzululwazi yoko kubizwa ngokuba ‘kukulawula ingqondo’”. Kodwa nokuba bekunjalo, bangaphi abantu abaza kugwetyelwa ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphambi kokuba kufike isigqibo sokuqala se-ECHR?
Ukuxhokonxa ukuyeka unyango
Umthetho oyilwayo uneminye imiqathango ephikisanayo. Enye yazo ikwinqaku lesi-4, elijolise ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho “Ukuxhokonxa ukulahla okanye ukuyeka ukulandela unyango lwezonyango okanye lweprophylactic, xa ukulahlwa okanye ukungahoyi kubonakaliswa njengenzuzo kwimpilo yabantu abachaphazelekayo, ngelixa, kuqwalaselwa imeko kulwazi lwezamayeza, ngokucacileyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuya kuba nemiphumo enzulu kwimpilo yabo engokwasemzimbeni okanye engokwengqondo, xa sicinga ngezifo abathwaxwa zizo.”
Kumxholo wasemva kobhubhani, wonke umntu ngokuqinisekileyo ucinga ngabantu abakhuthaza ukungathathi amayeza kunye nomngeni owawumele oorhulumente betyhala ugonyo. Kodwa njengoko umthetho unokusebenza kuye nabani na "oxhokonxa" ngokubanzi kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo okanye kumajelo osasazo eendaba, ubungozi belo lungiselelo bumalunga ngokubanzi. Enyanisweni, iBhunga leLizwe laseFransi ( Conseil d'Etat ) lanikela uluvo ngeli lungiselelo ngoNovemba 9:
“I-Conseil d’Etat ichaza ukuba xa izibakala ezityholwayo ziphuma kwintetho eqhelekileyo nengenabuntu, ngokomzekelo kwiblogi okanye kwinethiwekhi yoluntu, ngoxa injongo yokukhusela impilo, ethatyathwe kumhlathi weshumi elinanye weNtshayelelo yoMgaqo-siseko we-1946, ukuthethelela imida kwinkululeko yokuthetha ulungelelwaniso kufuneka lubonakaliswe phakathi kwala malungelo omgaqo-siseko, ukuze kungafaki emngciphekweni inkululeko yengxoxo yenzululwazi kunye nendima yabahlebi ngokwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho imingeni kwiindlela zonyango ezikhoyo ngoku.”
Ekugqibeleni, iBhunga laseFransi licebise ukuba lirhoxise isibonelelo kwibhili. Kodwa urhulumente waseFransi akazange akhathalele kangako.
Imibutho echasene nenkolo inikwe oobhontsi
Umthetho osayilwayo, obonakala ngokwenene usiphumo sokuphembelela okubalulekileyo kwemibutho yaseFransi echasene namahlelo e-FECRIS (i-European Federation yamaZiko oPhando kunye noLwazi malunga namahlelo kunye neeCults), ayizange ibashiye ngaphandle kwembuyekezo. Ngenqaku le-3 lomthetho, imibutho echasene nenkolo iya kuvunyelwa ukuba ibe ngabamangali abasemthethweni (amaqela oluntu) kwaye izise izenzo zoluntu kwiimeko ezibandakanya "ukuphambuka kweenkcubeko", nokuba ngaba abazange bahlupheke ngokwabo. Baza kufuna kuphela "isivumelwano" esivela kwiSebe lezoBulungisa.
Ngokwenyani, uphononongo lwempembelelo encanyathiselwe kumthetho oyilwayo, lubiza imibutho ekufanele ukuba ifumane esi sivumelwano. Bonke baziwa ngokuba baxhaswa ngemali nguRhulumente waseFransi (nto leyo ebenza "iiGongos", igama eliqulunqwe ukuhlekisa imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente eneneni "imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente), kwaye ijolise ngokukodwa kwiinkonzo ezincinci. . Ngelo nqaku, ngokungathandabuzekiyo baya kuzalisekisa iinkonzo zenkundla ngezikhalazo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingalindelekanga ezichasene nemibutho abangayifuniyo, kule meko iicawa ezincinci. Kambe ke, oko kuya kuphazamisana nelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elinobulungisa kwiinkonzo ezincinane zaseFransi.
Kukwanika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwale mibutho yeyeFECRIS, iFederation The European Times uye wabhenca njengoyena nobangela wokusasaza ubuxoki baseRashiya nxamnye neUkraine, ityhola “amahlelo” njengabaxhasi bolawulo “lobuzimu lwamaNazi” lukaMongameli uZelensky. Ungabona FECRIS ukhuseleko apha.
Ngaba umthetho wokutenxa kwiinkqubo zonqulo uya kuwiswa?
Ngelishwa, iFransi inembali ende yokungcolisa inkululeko yonqulo okanye yenkolelo. Ngoxa uMgaqo-siseko wayo ufuna ukuhlonelwa kwazo zonke iinkonzo nokuhlonelwa kwenkululeko yesazela neyonqulo, lilizwe apho imiqondiso yonqulo ingavumelekanga esikolweni, apho amagqwetha akwalelwa ukuba anxibe nayiphi na imiqondiso yonqulo xa engena ezinkundleni, apho iicawa ezininzi ziye zacalulwa. “njengamahlelo” kangangamashumi eminyaka, njalo njalo.
Ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba amaLungu ePalamente aseFransi, adla ngokungakhathali kwimibuzo yenkululeko yonqulo okanye yenkolelo, aqonde ingozi yokuba umthetho onjalo unokumela amakholwa, kwanakwabangakholwayo. Kodwa ngubani owaziyo? Imimangaliso iyenzeka, nakwilizwe laseVoltaire. Ngethemba.
