NguSergiy Shumilo
Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwenkcubeko yobukhosi kukufunxwa kwamandla omoya, ingqondo kunye nokudala kunye nelifa lemveli yabantu aboyisiweyo. Akunjalo eUkraine. Thatha kude kwinkcubeko yoBukhosi baseRussia lo mnikelo wase-Ukraine, kwaye uya kuyeka ukuba "njengobungangamsha" kunye "nehlabathi" njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo kubonwa.
Ukubekwa phantsi kwelizwe, ukufiphala kwengqiqo yesizwe kunye nobuni, yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu aboyisiweyo ngaphakathi kwimida yabo nabuphi na ubukhosi. UBukhosi baseRashiya kangangeenkulungwane balandela le ndlela yomanyano ngokubanzi, apho kwakungekho ndawo yesizwe nenkcubeko yaseUkraine eyahlukileyo. Kunoko, kwakuza kuvela “abantu baseRashiya abamanyeneyo”.
Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana zaseUkraine zikhuliswe phantsi kwempembelelo yamabali anjalo. Kwiimeko zokuphulukana ne-statehood yabo yaseUkraine, ngaphandle kwamathemba okuzazi kunye nokukhula kwekhondo kwikoloni, yahlulwe kwaye yaphanziswa ziimfazwe ezingapheliyo, abantu abaninzi baseUkraine abancinci, abafundileyo nabanamabhongo banyanzelwa ukuba bafune ikamva elingcono kwikomkhulu nakwilizwe labo. indawo yobukumkani , apho kwakukho imfuno yabasebenzi abafundileyo. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, baphoqeleka ukuba banikele amandla abo kunye neetalente zabo kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yobukumkani basemzini.
Ebukumkanini baseMoscow nge-16 kunye nesiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-17, ngaphambi kokuba i-Ukraine yokuyila kunye nenaliti yengqondo, inkcubeko yendawo yayiyinto engaqhelekanga. Noko ke, ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-17, abantu abaninzi baseUkraine abafundileyo baba negalelo kumsebenzi wezemfundo (okuthiwa “ukwandiswa kweKyiv-Mohyla”) eMuscovy. Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zabantu baseKyiv-Mohyla kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo, imfundo yaziswa eMuscovy, amaziko emfundo adalwe, kwabhalwa imisebenzi emitsha yoncwadi kunye nokuguqulwa kwecawa enkulu. Inani elikhulu leenkcuba-buchopho zase-Ukraine zenza igalelo ekudalweni kwenkcubeko entsha yobukhosi, eyathi, ngokoyilo lwabo, yayiza kuba "i-Ukrainized". Ngolwimi lwesiRashiya olubhaliweyo ukususela ekupheleni kwe-17 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, iimpembelelo ezithile ze-Ukrainianization zaqala ukuvakala. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakubugcisa. Kwaye ubomi becawa ixesha elide bawela phantsi "kwempembelelo encinci yaseRashiya", apho amaMuscovites aqala ukuxhathisa.
Ukufumana ukuzibona kwiindawo ezingenamda kunye ne-semi-wild ye-empire yasemntla, abaninzi base-Ukraine bakholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ngale ndlela bazukisa "ilizwe labo elincinci". Kukho umnyele wonke wabantu abadumileyo abavela eUkraine abagqalwa “njengesiRashiya”. Oku kubonisa yonke intlekele yesizwe esithinjiweyo, abameli baso abanetalente nabaqaqambileyo babengenathemba kwilizwe labo, befunnwe bubukumkani kwaye bajika baba liphondo elingevayo. Babedla ngokunyanzelwa ukuba banikele ngobuchule babo nangeziphiwo zabo kwilizwe lasemzini nakwinkcubeko, yaye ngokufuthi babengenayo enye indlela. Kwangaxeshanye, phantsi kwempembelelo yemfundo yasebukhosini, ngokufuthi ayephulukene neengcambu nobuzwe bawo.
Le ntlekele ibonakala ngokucacileyo kwisiphelo kunye nomsebenzi wombhali wase-Ukraine othetha isiRashiya uMykola Gogol (1809-1852). Kodwa abanye abantu abaninzi ababalaseleyo inkcubeko, inkolo kunye nesayensi kwi-Russian Empire kwi-18-19 leminyaka kwanyanzeleka ukuba amava le yantlukwano yangaphakathi kunye nokuphikisana phakathi imvelaphi yabo Ukrainian kunye nemfundo emanyeneyo yobukhosi, owala ilungelo kanye ukuba Ukrainian. Apha sinokudwelisa amagama amaninzi - ukusuka kubaphathi becawa abadumileyo, ukuya kwiifilosofi, amagcisa kunye nososayensi. Ipropaganda yobukhosi yasebenza nzima ukuze ibonise kwihlabathi "njengamaRashiya", ngelixa eneneni yayingama-Ukraine. Abafundi abaninzi kunye nootitshala be-Kiev-Mohyla Academy ngenkulungwane ye-18 babenempembelelo eqinisekileyo ekuphuhliseni imfundo, uncwadi kunye nobugcisa ebukumkanini.
I-Ukrainian Grigoriy Skovoroda (1722-1794) yaphembelela ukusekwa kwesikolo sefilosofi kwi-empire njengoko kunjalo, kwaye uPaisiy Velichkovsky (1722-1794) waba nefuthe ekuvuseleleni nasekuhlaziyweni kwe-Orthodox monasticism. Ngendlela efanayo, uPamfil Yurkevich (1826-1874) wasePoltava waqhubeka nokubeka iziseko zobuKristu bukaPlato kunye neCordocentrism kwifilosofi. Umfundi wakhe wayengumfilosofi odumileyo waseRashiya uVladimir Solovyov (1853-1900), owathi naye wayengumzukulwana womzukulwana wefilosofi yase-Ukraine ehambahambayo uGrigory Skovoroda. Nangona umbhali uFyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) uneengcambu zase-Ukraine, umkhulu wakhe u-Andrei Dostoevsky wayengumfundisi wase-Ukraine waseVolyn kwaye wasayinwa ngesi-Ukraine. Umqambi obalaseleyo uPyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), umzobi u-Ilya Repin (1844-1930), umqambi wenqwelo-moya u-Igor Sikorsky (1889-1972), umseki we-cosmonautics ebonakalayo uSergey Korolev (1906-1966) Umqambi uAlexander Vertinsky (1889-1957), imbongi uAnna Akhmatova (igama lakhe lokwenyani nguGorenko, 1889-1966), inkosi ye-ballet uSerge Lifar (1905-1986) nayo ineengcambu zaseUkraine. Abaphengululi be-pholosophers kunye nabafundi bezakwalizwi babengabantu bomthonyama baseUkraine: Fr. iprot. George Florovski (1893-1979), Fr. iprotoprezv. Vasily Zenkovski (1881-1962), Nikolay Berdyaev (1874-1948) kunye nabanye abaninzi. njl.
Ukwazi malunga nodumo lwehlabathi kunye nokuqatshelwa, ingqalelo encinci ihlawulwa kwilizwe lemvelaphi kunye neengcambu zaba bantu babalaseleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ababhali be-biographers banciphisa ukukhankanya okufutshane ukuba bazalwa kwi-Empire yaseRashiya okanye i-USSR, ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuba le nto yayiyi-Ukraine, ngelo xesha yayiphantsi kolawulo lwaseRashiya. Kwangaxeshanye, kubomi bomntu ngamnye, indawo azalelwa kuyo waza wakhulela kuyo ibalulekile ekubunjweni komlingiswa, ukuqonda kunye nezimo zengqondo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iimpawu zengqondo, inkcubeko kunye nezomoya zabantu Ukrainian, izithethe zabo kunye nelifa ngandlela-thile bashiye impembelelo yabo kwabo bazalwa okanye bahlala eUkraine. Lo mba ubalulekile ukuba ugcinwe engqondweni xa kuziwa kwisenzeko okanye ingqiqo yobuntu obuthile.
Apha, njengomzekelo, ndingathanda ukukhankanya ingcwele edumileyo "isiFrentshi" uMaria (Skobtsova) waseParis (1891-1945) - unongendi waseOthodoki wePatriarchate yaseConstantinople, imbongi, umbhali, inxaxheba kwiFrench Resistance, wasindisa abantwana abangamaYuda. ekuBulaweni Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo waza wabulawa ngamaNazi kwigumbi lokuqhunyiswa ngegesi kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseRavensbrück ngoMatshi 31, 1945.
Ngo-1985, iziko lesikhumbuzo lika-Yad Vashem emva kokufa kwakhe lamnika imbeko ngesihloko esithi "Olungileyo wehlabathi", kwaye ngo-2004, i-Ecumenical Patriarchate yaseConstantinople yammisela njengoMfeli-nkolo ohloniphekileyo waseParis. Kwangaxeshanye, uBhishophu Omkhulu wamaRoma Katolika eParis, uKhadinali uJean-Marie Lustiger waphawula ukuba iCawa yamaRoma Katolika iya kuzukisa uMama uMariya njengomfeli-nkolo ongcwele nengcwele yaseFransi. Ngomhla we-31 ka-Matshi i-2016, umsitho wokuvulwa kukaMama uMaria Skobtsova Street wabanjwa eParis, ekufuphi neLourmel Street kwi-arrondissement yeshumi elinesihlanu, apho uMama uMaria wayehlala kwaye esebenza khona. Kuphawu oluphantsi kwegama lesitrato esitsha kubhalwe ngesiFrentshi: “Isitalato sikaMama uMaria Skobtsova: 1891-1945. Imbongi yaseRashiya kunye nomculi. Unongendi weOthodoki. Ilungu leResistance. Wabulawa eRavensbrück.'
AmaFrentshi anebhongo ngeli gama. Nangona kunjalo, bambalwa abantu abanikela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba umama uMaria wayengum-Ukrainian ngokuzalwa. Wonke umntu ulahlekiswa yifani yakhe yaseRussia uSkobtsova. Nangona kunjalo, ligama lokugqibela lomyeni wakhe wesibini. Watshata kabini, emtshatweni wakhe wokuqala wazala igama elithi Kuzmina-Karavaeva, kwaye kumtshato wakhe wesibini watshata nomntu obalaseleyo we-Kuban Cossack movement Skobtsov, owathi kamva wahlukana waza wamkela i-monasticism.
Njengentombazana, uMaria wazala ifani enguPilenko kwaye engowentsapho yase-Ukraine eyaziwayo yaseCossack yasePilenko, abameli bayo bayinzala yeZaporozhian Cossacks. Utat'omkhulu wakhe uDmytro Vasilievich Pilenko (1830-1895) wazalelwa kumazantsi eUkraine, wayengumphathi wabasebenzi bomkhosi waseKuban Cossack kunye nentloko yommandla woLwandle Olumnyama. Utatomkhulu wakhe uVasily Vasilievich Pilenko wazalelwa kwingingqi yasePoltava (kwingingqi yasePoltava), wayeyinjineli kwindawo yaseLuhansk kunye nentloko yemigodi yamalahle eLisichansk, waqala wafumanisa iidipozithi zentsimbi eKryvyi Rih, kwaye kamva waba yintloko yemigodi yetyuwa eCrimea. . Utat'omkhulu wakhe, uVasil Pilenko, wayelijoni kunye nomthwali wemigangatho yePersozinkovo Ikhulu leHadiach Cossack Regiment, kwaye kamva wafumana isikhundla sesibini esikhulu, kwaye ngo-1788 wamiselwa njengonondyebo weSithili saseZinkovo ePoltava. Ummandla. Wafa ngowe-1794. Uyise kaVasil Pilenko naye wayekhonza kwiPervozinkovo Hundred of the Hadiach Regiment, yaye uyisemkhulu, uMihailo Filipovich Pilenko, wayekhonza kwakwibutho elifanayo.
"Isidleke sokhokho" sePilenko Cossacks yidolophu yaseZenkov - isikhungo sekhulu leminyaka le-Hadyach Cossack Regiment kwiNgingqi yasePoltava.
Njengoko kunokubonwa, uSt. Mary waseParis ungumUkraine ngokuzalwa, nangona wakhuliswa ngokwesithethe saseRashiya. I-Skobtsova ligama lakhe lokugqibela kumtshato wesibini, owathi kamva wagqiba ngokumkela i-monasticism.
Emva kokuba i-canonization yomfel 'ukholo, wayedla ngokuqhubeka ebizwa ngokuba yifani yelizwe lomyeni wakhe wesibini - uSkobtsova, ukuba nje ukugxininisa "iingcambu zaseRashiya". Le yindlela, ngokoqheliselo oluphosakeleyo olwamkelekileyo, wade wabhalwa kwikhalenda yeengcwele zecawa yaseUkraine. Ngokukodwa, isihlomelo kwisigqibo esinguNombolo 25 seSinodi ye-OCU kaJulayi 14, 2023, § 7 ithi: “… ukongeza kwikhalenda yecawa prpmchtsa Maria (Skobtsova) Pariska (1945) – ukuseka umhla wama-31 kuMatshi njengo. usuku lokukhunjulwa ngokwekhalenda eNtsha kaJulius, ngomhla wokufela ukholo lwakhe”.
Kwangaxeshanye, olu qheliselo luxhaphakileyo kutshanje luye lwabangela amathandabuzo athile. Nangona emva koqhawulo-mtshato kumaxwebhu oluntu eFransi, uMaria akazange atshintshe ifani yakhe (ngelo xesha yayiyinkqubo yolawulo olunzima), akulunganga ukumbiza kwikhaya loonongendi ngefani yehlabathi yomyeni wakhe wesibini. Kwakhona, abangcwele abadli ngokubizwa ngefani yehlabathi.
Kuya kuba kuchanekile ngakumbi ukumbiza ngegama lakhe lobuntombi uPilenko okanye ubuncinci ifani ephindwe kabini uPilenko-Skobtsova, enokuthembeka ngakumbi ngokwembono yembali kunye neyebhayografi.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, iSt. Kwaye oku kufanelekile ukukhumbula zombini eUkraine naseFransi.
Kulo mzekelo sibona indlela impembelelo emanyeneyo yobukhosi baseRashiya iqhubeka ngokuzithoba kwixesha lethu nakwamanye amazwe. Kuze kube kutshanje, bambalwa abantu ehlabathini ababeyazi kwaye banikele ingqalelo kwi-Ukraine, ukungafani kwayo, imbali kunye nelifa lemveli. Ama-Ukrainian abonwa ikakhulu phantsi kwefuthe leengxelo zobukhosi baseRashiya njengenxalenye "yehlabathi laseRashiya".
Imfazwe yaseRashiya nxamnye neUkraine, ukuxhathisa ngobugorha nokuzincama kwabantu baseUkrainian nxamnye nogonyamelo lwaseRashiya, umzabalazo onxunguphalisayo wenkululeko yabo, ukuzimela geqe kunye nobuntu babo benza ukuba ihlabathi liqonde ukuba abantu abazi nto malunga nabantu baseUkraine, kuquka nabo babehlala phakathi kwabo. baye baduma kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Aba bantu baseUkraine, nokuba bangamaRashiya kwaye bakhuliswe ngokwesiko lasemzini, bahlala bengabameli ababalaseleyo baseUkraine. Asinalungelo lokubalahla kunye nelifa labo. Zikwayinto yokuhombisa yaseUkraine kunye nenkcubeko yayo enemibala kunye neenkalo ezininzi, ezilingana neenkcubeko ezinkulu zezinye iintlanga zehlabathi. Ukuhluzwa kweempembelelo ezithile zobukhosi kwilifa lemveli labo, ezithe zavela ngokukhuliswa okufanelekileyo ngaphandle kobuzwe babo, kufuneka zibuyisele la magama kwi-Oukraine treasury yenkcubeko yehlabathi.
Ifoto: Mati Maria (Pilenko-Skobtsova).
Qaphela malunga nenqaku: Shumilo, S. "Iingcambu ze-Ukrainian ezilitshiweyo zengcwele "yesiFrentshi" eyaziwayo njengomzekelo wokumanyaniswa kobukhosi kunye nokubekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe "(Шумило, С. „Забытые украинские корни известной „французской зской зской узской упяториская перед ображението напятор. денационализации“ (Религиозно-информационная служба Украины)– kwiphepha risu.ua (Inkonzo yeeNkcukacha zeNkolo yaseUkraine).
Qaphela amalunga nombhali: Sergey Shumilo, umviwa of Historical Sciences, Doctor of Theology, uMlawuli we-International Institute of Athos Heritage, UPhando umfo kwiYunivesithi Exeter (UK), uMsebenzi oHloniphekileyo of Culture Ukraine.
