IYunivesithi yaseNorway yeNzululwazi kunye neTekhnoloji ibonise iziphumo zophononongo oluphande iilingo "ze-wizard". Abaphengululi baye bafumanisa ukuba amatyala afanayo eNorway akazange aphele de kwayinkulungwane ye-18, yaye amakhulu abatyholwa abulawa. Ngokutsho kwengxelo eyakhutshwa yiyunivesithi, “ukuzingela amagqwirha” kwakuxhaphakile eNorway ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17. Ngokweenkcukacha ezinikiweyo, abantu abamalunga nama-750 ngelo xesha babetyholwa ngobugqwirha yaye abamalunga nama-300 kubo bagwetyelwa ukufa. Uninzi lwaba bantu banelishwa batshiselwa ezibondeni. Abaphandi baphinde baqaphele ukuba phakathi "kwabathakathi" ababuleweyo kukho inani elibalulekileyo leSaami. Ngokomzekelo, kubantu abangama-91 ababegwetyelwe ukufa eFinnmark ebudeni beli xesha lingasentla, abali-18 babengamaSaami. Izinto ezifundwa kwizazinzulu zaba ziingxelo zenkundla ezasindayo ngaloo maxesha. Uphononongo lwabo luvumele ukutyhila ezinye iinkcukacha zeenkqubo.
Ngaloo ndlela, iqela lombhali-mbali uEllen Alm liye lafumanisa kwiingxelo zenkundla ukuba amaSámi amathathu ayetyholwa ngobugqwirha: uFinn-Kristin, uAnn Aslaxdatter noHenrik Meraker. Owokugqibela kubo wagwetywa intambo. Abaphandi bathi: “Ekubeni uninzi lwamaSaami lwalunamagama avakala eNorway, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho nangakumbi.
Ababhali-mbali baye bachonga izizathu ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuba intshutshiso ekrakra yobugqwirha yapheliswa ekugqibeleni ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ebudeni bokuxoxwa kwetyala “lobugqwirha” ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, ukusetyenziswa ngokungcungcuthekisa abantu ukuze bavume izono kwakungekho mthethweni, yaye “izaphuli-mthetho” ezigwetyiweyo zazingavunyelwa ukuba zinike ubungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba “igqwirha” eligwetyiweyo alinakukwazi ukuchaza amagama amanye “amagqwirha”. “Kodwa akunjalo ngamaxesha athile kumatyala obugqwirha, umthetho ngokufuthi uye wawabetha ngoyaba,” utsho omnye umbhali u-Anne-Sophie Schötner Skaar. – Intuthumbo yasetyenziswa kwaye abagwetyiweyo “amagqwirha” kwanyanzeleka ukuba abize “amahlakani” awo. Ileta yomthetho itolikwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye oku kuye kwakhokelela kumatyala “amagqwirha” amaninzi. Kodwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, inkqubo yokugweba yaqalisa ukutshintsha. Ezinye iijaji zaba ngqongqo ngakumbi, zafuna ubungqina obufunekayo zaza zayeka ukungcungcuthekisa abantu.”
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, iijaji ezininzi ngakumbi zaqalisa ukulandela umthetho, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuzisa amatyala obugqwirha ezinkundleni. “Ungabonisa njani ukuba unetyala xa kungasamkelekanga ukunyanzela umntu ukuba avume?” - lo ngumbuzo obuzwa ngabaphandi banamhlanje, bephawula ukuba xa ukutshutshiswa kobugqwirha kuyekwa, kwavela enye indlela yokulawula nokulwa. unqulo lwamaSaami: kwavela abavangeli basemazweni. USchötner-Skaar uthi: “Kubonakala ngathi abavangeli bathabatha iintambo kwinkqubo yokugweba ukuze ‘bajongane’ nonqulo lwamaSaami noqheliselo lwayo. Kukho ubungqina obuhle boku kwiingxelo zabavangeli basemazweni zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo.
“Ezinye zezi ngxelo zabavangeli basemazweni zinzima ukuzifunda. Sifumana iinkcazo zeSaami ebandakanyeka "kubugqwirha bosathana". Iingxelo zabavangeli basemazweni zibonisa ukuba unqulo lwamaSaami lwalusajongwa ngabanye njengobugqwirha nomsebenzi womtyholi, nangona inkqubo yokugweba yayingasenamdla wokulandela oku,” utsho.
Umfundisi uJohan Randulf, umbhali woMbhalo-ngqangi kaNeroi, wabhala wathi “amaSaami asemaZantsi anoothixo abaninzi abahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa bonke ngabakaMtyholi: ‘Ndiyazi ukuba yena, ekunye nabo bonke abanye [oothixo baseSaami], ungumtyholi ngokwakhe. ' - le yindlela umfundisi achaza ngayo omnye wezithixo zaseMazantsi eSaami, kwaye ikwachaza i-yoik, isimbo sokucula sakwaSaami, "njengengoma kaSathana".
Ifoto: Uxwebhu lwenkulungwane ye-18 luqulethe ulwazi uMargareta Mortendatter Trefault, otyholwa ngobugqwirha / ooVimba beDijithali
