Xa uPaula Hammond efika okokuqala kwikhampasi yaseMIT njengomfundi wokuqala kwiminyaka yoo-1980, wayengaqinisekanga ukuba ungowakhona. Ngapha koko, njengoko wayexelele abaphulaphuli be-MIT, waziva "njengomkhohlisi."
I-MIT Institute uProfesa uPaula Hammond, injineli yeekhemikhali eyaziwayo yehlabathi oye wachitha ixesha elininzi lomsebenzi wakhe wezemfundo kwi-MIT, wanikela i-2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. I-Faculty Achievement Award lecture. Umfanekiso wekhredithi: Jake Belcher
Nangona kunjalo, loo mvakalelo ayizange ihlale ixesha elide, njengoko uHammond waqala ukufumana inkxaso phakathi kwabafundi asebenza nabo kunye ne-MIT's faculty. “Uluntu lwalubalulekile kum, ukuba ndizive ndingowam, ndizive ndinendawo apha, kwaye ndifumene abantu abazimisele ukundanga nokundixhasa,” utshilo.
U-Hammond, injineli yeekhemikhali eyaziwayo yehlabathi oye wachitha ixesha elininzi lomsebenzi wakhe wezemfundo kwi-MIT, wenza amazwi akhe ngexesha le-2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. I-Faculty Achievement Award lecture.
Yasekwa ngo-1971 ukuhlonipha umongameli we-MIT we-10, uJames Killian, iMbasa yaseKillian ibona impumelelo engaqhelekanga yobuchwephesha lilungu lefakhalthi yeMIT. U-Hammond uchongelwe ibhaso lalo nyaka “hayi kuphela ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe emangalisayo kunye negalelo lakhe, kodwa nangobubele bakhe bokwenene nobuntu, ukucinga kwakhe ngobunkokeli obusebenzayo, uvelwano kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe,” ngokutsho kwebhaso.
“UNjingalwazi Hammond nguvulindlela kuphando lwenanotechnology. Ngenkqubo esusela kwisayensi esisiseko ukuya kuphando loguqulo kumayeza namandla, uye wazisa iindlela ezintsha zokuyila kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunyango lomhlaza kunye nokucinga okungaphazamisiyo, utshilo uMary Fuller, usihlalo we-MIT kunye nonjingalwazi. yoncwadi, othe wanikezela ngembasa. "Njengabasebenzi asebenza nabo, siyakuvuyela ukubhiyozela umsebenzi wakhe namhlanje."
NgoJanuwari, uHammond waqala ukusebenza njenge-MIT's vice provost kwifakhalthi. Ngaphambi koko, ebengusihlalo weSebe lezobuNjineli beMichiza iminyaka esibhozo, kwaye wabizwa ngokuba nguNjingalwazi weZiko ngo-2021.
Ubuchule obusebenzisekayo
UHammond, okhulele eDetroit, ubonga abazali bakhe ngokubethelela uthando lwesayensi. Uyise wayengomnye weePhD ezimbalwa zabaNtsundu kwizifundo zebhayoloji ngelo xesha, ngelixa umama wakhe wafumana isidanga senkosi kumongikazi kwiYunivesithi yaseHoward waza waseka isikolo sabongikazi eWayne County Community College. “Oko kubonelele ngamathuba amakhulu kwabasetyhini kwindawo yaseDetroit, kubandakanya nabasetyhini abanemibala,” utshilo uHammond.
Emva kokufumana isidanga sakhe se-bachelor kwi-MIT ngo-1984, uHammond wasebenza njengenjineli ngaphambi kokuba abuyele kwiZiko njengomfundi ophumelele isidanga, wafumana i-PhD yakhe ngo-1993. Emva kweminyaka emibini yokufumana i-postdoc kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, wabuyela ukujoyina i-MIT Faculty ngo-1995. .
Embindini wophando lukaHammond bubuchule awabuphuhlisayo ukwenza iifilimu ezibhityileyo ezinokuthi "zicuthe-zisonge" iinanoparticles. Ngokuhlengahlengisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zezi filimu, amasuntswana anokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ukuhambisa amachiza okanye i-nucleic acids kunye nokujolisa kwiiseli ezithile emzimbeni, kubandakanya iiseli zomhlaza.
Ukwenza ezi bhanyabhanya, uHammond uqala ngokubeka iipholima ezinecala eliqinisekileyo kwindawo enecala elibi. Emva koko, iileya ezininzi zinokongezwa, zitshintshana ngokufanelekileyo kunye neepolima ezihlawuliswa kakubi. Nganye kwezi maleko inokuqulatha amachiza okanye ezinye iimolekyuli eziluncedo, ezifana neDNA okanye iRNA. Ezinye zezi bhanyabhanya ziqulathe amakhulu omaleko, ezinye zibe nye, zibenza babe luncedo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
"Yintoni emnandi malunga nenkqubo yomaleko-ngamaleko kukuba ndinokukhetha iqela leepolymers ezonakeleyo ezihambelana kakuhle ne-biocompatible, kwaye ndiyakwazi ukuzitshintsha ngezinto zethu zamachiza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ndingakha iileya zefilimu ezicekethekileyo ezineziyobisi ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwifilimu,” utshilo uHammond. Emva koko, xa ifilimu ithotywa isidima, inokukhupha loo mayeza ngokulandelelana kwawo. Oku kusenza sikwazi ukwenza imiboniso bhanyabhanya entsonkothileyo, esebenzisa amayeza amaninzi, sisebenzisa indlela elula esekwe emanzini.”
U-Hammond uchaze indlela ezi filim-by-layer zingasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwamathambo, kwisicelo esinokunceda abantu abazalwa beneziphene zokuzalwa okanye abantu abafumana ukulimala okubuhlungu.
Ukusetyenziswa, ilebhu yakhe yenze iifilimu ezinomaleko weeproteni ezimbini. Enye yezi, i-BMP-2, yiprotheyini enxibelelana neeseli ze-stem zabantu abadala kwaye ibakhuthaze ukuba bahluke kwiiseli zethambo, zenza ithambo elitsha. Okwesibini kukukhula okubizwa ngokuba yiVEGF, ekhuthaza ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi emitsha enceda amathambo ukuba ahlaziyeke. Ezi zingqimba zisetyenziswe kwi-scaffold ye-tissue encinci kakhulu enokuthi ifakwe kwindawo yokulimala.
U-Hammond nabafundi bakhe bayila i-coating ukuze yakube ifakiwe, ikhulule i-VEGF kwangoko, ngaphezulu kweveki okanye njalo, kwaye iqhubeke nokukhulula i-BMP-2 ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezingama-40. Kuphononongo lweempuku, bafumanise ukuba le scaffold yethishu ivuselela ukukhula kwe ithambo elitsha loo nto yayiphantse ingabonakali kwithambo lendalo.
Umhlaza wokujolisa
Njengelungu le-MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, u-Hammond uphinde waphuhlisa i-layer-by-layer coatings enokuphucula ukusebenza kwee-nanoparticles ezisetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kweziyobisi zomhlaza, ezifana ne-liposomes okanye i-nanoparticles eyenziwe kwi-polymer ebizwa ngokuba yi-PLGA.
“Sinoluhlu olubanzi lwabathwali beziyobisi esinokusonga ngolu hlobo. Ndicinga ngabo njenge-gobstopper, apho kukho zonke ezo maleko zahlukeneyo zelekese kwaye zinyibilikisa enye ngexesha, ”utshilo uHammond.
Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, uHammond udale amasuntswana anokuhambisa i-punch enye-ezimbini kwiiseli zomhlaza. Okokuqala, amasuntswana akhulula idosi ye-nucleic acid efana ne-RNA ephazamisayo emfutshane (i-siRNA), enokucima i-cancer gene, okanye i-microRNA, enokuthi isebenze i-tumor suppressor genes. Emva koko, amasuntswana akhupha iyeza le-chemotherapy elifana ne-cisplatin, apho iiseli ngoku zisengozini ngakumbi.
Amasuntswana aquka necala elibi elibi "i-stealth layer" yangaphandle ekhusela ukuba ingaqhekeki egazini ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kwiithagethi zazo. Lo maleko wangaphandle unako kwakhona ukuguqulwa ukunceda amasuntswana athatyathwe iiseli zomhlaza, ngokubandakanya iimolekyuli ezibophelela kwiiproteni ezininzi kwiiseli ithumba.
Kumsebenzi wamva nje, uHammond uqalise ukwenza i-nanoparticles enokuthi ijolise kumhlaza we-ovarian kwaye incede ukuthintela ukuphindaphinda kwesi sifo emva kwechemotherapy. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zabaguli abanomhlaza wesibeleko, umjikelo wokuqala wonyango usebenza kakhulu, kodwa amathumba aphinda avele malunga nama-85 ekhulwini kwezo meko, kwaye la mathumba matsha adla ngokuxhathisa kakhulu kumachiza.
Ngokuguqula uhlobo lokutyabeka olusetyenziswa kwi-nanoparticles ehambisa iziyobisi, uHammond ufumanise ukuba amasuntswana anokuyilwa ukuba angene ngaphakathi kweeseli zethumba okanye abambelele kumphezulu wazo. Esebenzisa amasuntswana ancamathela kwiiseli, uyile unyango olunokunceda ukutsiba impendulo yokhuselo lomzimba wesigulana kuzo naziphi na iiseli zethumba.
“Ngomhlaza wesibeleko, zimbalwa kakhulu iiseli zokhuselo lomzimba ezikhoyo kweso sithuba, kwaye ngenxa yokuba zingenazo iiseli zokhuselo lomzimba ezikhoyo, kunzima kakhulu ukuvuselela impendulo yokhuselo lomzimba,” utshilo. "Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sinokusa imolekyuli kwiiseli ezingabamelwane, ezo zimbalwa zikhoyo, kwaye sizivuselele, singakwazi ukwenza okuthile."
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wayila i-nanoparticles ehambisa i-IL-12, i-cytokine evuselela iiseli ze-T ezikufutshane ukuba ziqale ukusebenza kwaye ziqalise ukuhlasela iiseli zethumba. Kuphononongo lweempuku, wafumanisa ukuba olu nyango lubangele impendulo ye-T-cell yememori yexesha elide eyathintela ukuphindaphinda komhlaza we-ovarian.
UHammond wayivala intetho yakhe ngokuchaza ifuthe eliye lafunyanwa liZiko kuye ngalo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe.
“Ibe ngamava enguqu,” utshilo. “Ngenene le ndawo ndiyijonga njengekhethekileyo kuba idibanisa abantu kwaye isenza sikwazi ukwenza izinto kunye ebesingenakuzenza sisodwa. Yilaa nkxaso siyifumana kubahlobo bethu, koogxa bethu, nakubafundi bethu eyenza ukuba izinto zenzeke.”
Ibhalwe ngu-Anne Trafton
umthombo: I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology
