Ukuqhuma okubili okudabule i-Beirut ngo-Agasti 4 kwaphawula inhlekelele yakamuva yaseLebanon, izwe elikhungethwe yinkinga enkulu yezimali kanye nobhubhane lwe-coronavirus. Lokhu kuqhuma kwabulala okungenani abantu abangu-160, kwalimaza izinkulungwane futhi kwashiya abaningi bengenamakhaya. Izikhulu zaseLebanon zasola le nhlekelele ngenxa yenqolobane yamathani angu-2,750 e-ammonium nitrate, okwase kuyiminyaka igcinwe ngokungafanele endaweni yokugcina izimpahla ethekwini ledolobha.
Leli khemikhali kudala lithandwa yi-Hezbollah ngokuhlaselwa, nakuba ummeleli wase-Iranian ekwenzile inqatshiwe ukuyigcina ethekwini, okuyiyona elawulayo. Nakuba okwamanje akucacile umnikazi we-ammonium nitrate ngemuva kokuqhuma, i-Hezbollah igcine futhi yasebenzisa into efanayo phesheya, okuhlanganisa naseYurophu - konke lokhu ngesikhathi ibalekela ukuqokwa okuphelele kwamaphekula yi-European Union (EU).
Ngo-2012, isibonelo, ibhasi elalithwele abavakashi abasebasha bakwa-Israel lalikhona ibhomu eBurgas, eBulgaria, kwashona abantu abayisithupha kwalimala inqwaba. Iziphathimandla zaseBulgaria, zaseMelika kanye nezakwa-Israel zonke zixhume ukuhlasela kweHezbollah, futhi abomthetho banquma ukuthi "i-ammonium nitrate ibiyisithako esisebenzayo kulezi ziqhumane," ngokusho koMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US. isikhalazo.
Ukuqhunyiswa kwebhomu eBurgas kwakungesona isigameko sodwa. Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngaphambili, idelakufa lashayela iveni iphakanyisiwe nge-ammonium nitrate namafutha kaphethiloli esikhungweni somphakathi wamaJuda eBuenos Aires, kwashona abantu abangama-85 kwalimaza amakhulu. Abashushisi base-Argentina banayo umsolwa I-Hezbollah yokwenza lesi sibhicongo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-Iran.
Impela, i-Iran inomlando obanzi wokuqondisa ummeleli wayo we-Hezbollah ukuthi ahlasele umhlaba wangaphandle. Ngonyaka ofanayo nesihluku saseBurgas, i-Iran yasolwa ngayo uzungu ngokumelene nemigomo yaseMelika, yakwa-Israel neyaseNtshonalanga e-Azerbaijan; kanye ne-orchestrating ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ngokumelene namanxusa akwa-Israyeli eNdiya naseGeorgia. Kuphinde kwembulwa iziza eThailand, Kenya naseCyprus, lapho kwaboshwa khona osebenza eHezbollah phezu kwendima yakhe ngomzamo wokuhlasela izivakashi zakwa-Israel. “Bengimane ngiqoqa imininingwane ngamaJuda,” lo dokotela kuthiwa watshelwa amaphoyisa. "Yilokhu inhlangano yami ekwenzayo, yonke indawo emhlabeni."
Ngo-2013, i-EU ekugcineni okhethiwe Uphiko lwezempi lweHezbollah njengenhlangano yamaphekula. Lokhu kwavula indlela yokuthi amazwe angamalungu amise izimali ezixhumene nophiko lwezempi lwe-Hezbollah kanye nokubambisana okukhulu nokugcinwa komthetho. Kodwa ukuvinjelwa akuzange kusebenze ophikweni lwezepolitiki lommeleli wase-Iranian, okulwenza ngempumelelo ukuthi luqhubeke nokusebenza e-EU futhi lubukela phansi umthelela wegama. Ngeshwa, ukufaneleka ukuqokwa kwamaphekula phakathi kwamaphiko amabili akunangqondo, ngoba yonke imisebenzi ye-Hezbollah ihlanganiswa futhi iqondiswe yizikhulu zayo zezombangazwe. Ngempela, ngisho nobuholi be-Hezbollah bunayo iphikisiwe futhi behleka usulu lo mehluko.
Khonamanjalo, iHezbollah kanye nabaxhasi bayo base-Iran baqhubekile nokuhlela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula eYurophu. Ngo-2015, izisebenzi ezixhumene ne-Hezbollah zabanjwa ziqoqa amathani angaphezu kwamathathu e-ammonium nitrate. e-UK, kanye namathani angu-8.5 ekhemikhali ngaphakathi Cyprus. Ngo-2018, eFrance umsolwa I-Iran ifuna ukuqhunyiswa ngamabhomu emhlanganweni weqembu eliphikisayo eParis. NgoJuni, inkantolo yaseDenmark ugwetshiwe indoda phezu kwetulo lase-Iranian lokubulala isishoshovu esiphikisayo sase-Irani eDenmark. NgoJulayi, kuphume imibiko ukuthi u-Israyeli wavimba ukuhlasela kwe-Iranian emisebenzini yayo yokuxhumana eYurophu.
I-Hezbollah igcina ukufinyelela kwayo ikakhulukazi ngosizo lukaTehran, okuthi ngokusho kuka-2018 izilinganiso zase-US zifinyelela ku-$700 million ngonyaka. Kodwa futhi igcina izinsiza ezizimele zokuqongelela imali, ezibandakanya ukushushumbiswa kwemali, ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, neminye imisebenzi yobugebengu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, futhi ixhaphaza amabhizinisi namaqembu ezinhlangano ezisiza abampofu ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinsiza emisebenzini yawo yobuphekula.
Ngo-Ephreli, iJalimane yavala i-Hezbollah ngokugcwele, kubikiwe ngemva kokulunywa indlebe nge-stash ye-ammonium nitrate eningizimu yezwe. I-Lithuania okhethiwe I-Hezbollah njengeqembu lamaphekula kule nyanga. Izikhundla ezinjalo zihambisana nalezo ezamukelwa yi-US, UK, Canada, Israel, Argentina kanye ne-Arab League, phakathi kwezinye. Nokho amazwe amaningi e-EU ayaqhubeka nokuthembela ekuqokweni okunganele kwe-bloc, okunikeza imisebenzi yokuqongelela imali ye-Hezbollah indawo yokuphefumula ebalulekile.
Njenge-Europol, inhlangano yezomthetho ye-EU, kuphawulwe embikweni wakamuva, uphenyo ngeHezbollah "lubhekene nobunzima bokukhombisa ukuthi imali eqoqwe idluliselwa ophikweni lwezempi lwenhlangano." Ukuqondanisa ukuqokwa kwamaphekula kwe-Hezbollah kanye neqiniso lemisebenzi yayo kuzonika amandla abaphathi bezomthetho base-Europe ukuthi baqondise ngokuphelele iqembu kanye nezinsiza zalo ngaphakathi kwe-EU.
Ukuqokwa okugcwele nakho kungasiza ekunikezeni igunya i-Hezbollah ngesikhathi lapho uhulumeni waseLebanon esulile, futhi izakhamizi ezithukuthele zikhombisa ngokumelene neqembu elibusayo. Ngempela, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abanye balaba babhikishi bakhona ukuqondisa ukucasuka kwabo eHezbollah, ngisho ukulenga abaholi be-Hezbollah emfanekisweni. AbaseLebanon bathukuthele kufanele ngokuphatha kabi okubusayo okubeke izimo zale nhlekelele ngemuva kokuphatha iLebanon. umnotho emhlabathini. Kodwa kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi bacikwa ukuxhashazwa yi-Hezbollah ngama-parasitic ezweni labo. Ukukhuphula ukuthunyelwa kwaleli qembu lamaphekula kuphuthuma kakhulu kunangaphambili ukusekela inhlangano yaseLebhanon yokukhulula izwe labo e-Iran nase-Hezbollah.
Kudingeka izinguquko ezijulile uma iLebanon inanoma yiliphi ithemba lokubuyisela ukubusa okujwayelekile. Ngeshwa, iHezbollah, exhaphaza uhlelo lwezepolitiki oluntekenteke lwaseLebanon ukuze lusebenze ngaphandle kokubeka izinto obala noma ukuziphendulela, iveza umgoqo omkhulu kulolo shintsho kanye namathemba abantu baseLebanon. Ngokufaka ohlwini lwabameleli abaphezulu be-Tehran ngokuphelele, i-EU izobonisa ngokucacile ukuthi i-Hezbollah ayiyena umlingisi osemthethweni, isongela ngokuqondile uzinzo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweLebanon, futhi kufanele kuliwe uma i-Beirut izoba nethemba lokululama kweqiniso.
UMark P. Fitzgerald, umkhuzi Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-US osethathe umhlalaphansi, wayengumkhuzi wangaphambili we-US Naval Forces Europe-Africa kanye ne-Allied Joint Force Command, eNaples. Usebhodini labacebisi leJewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA).
U-Geoffrey S. Corn, u-lieutenant colonel we-Army osethathe umhlalaphansi nowayengummeli wezempi kanye nesikhulu sezobunhloli, unguSolwazi Wezomthetho e-Vinson & Elkins e-South Texas College of Law, e-Houston, futhi ungomunye oqavile e-JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy.
