I-EU inesibopho esingokomthetho sokuvumelana ne-European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) futhi kusukela ngo-2019 iqale kabusha inqubo yokungena ohlelweni lweSivumelwano soMkhandlu WaseYurophu. I-EU, nokho, isivele yamukele Isivumelwano Se-UN Samalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD) futhi ngenxa yalokho inenkinga yezomthetho neSiphakamiso sesi-5 se-ECHR esingqubuzana ne-CRPD, uma i-EU ingakuqapheli noma yikuphi ukubhukha.
Kunesivumelwano esisabalele sokuthi kuyafiseleka futhi kuyadingeka ukuba i-EU iqinise umthwalo wayo wemfanelo wamalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa nokuvumelana ne-ECHR. Kodwa-ke, ziningi izindaba okusamele zidingidwe, okungenzeka ukuthi azikacatshangwa noma azikafinyelelwa. Enye yazo ingeyamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile kanye nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo uma kwenzeka i-EU ivuma i-ECHR.
Yabhalwa eminyakeni yangemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili
I-ECHR yaqanjwa futhi yabhalwa eminyakeni yangemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ukuze ivikele abantu ekuhlukunyezweni kwemibuso yabo, idale ukuzethemba phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, futhi ivumele ukuxoxisana phakathi kwezifundazwe.
Europe futhi umhlaba, uwonke, usuthuthuke kakhulu kusukela ngo-1950. Kokubili ngokobuchwepheshe kanye nangokwemibono yomuntu kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezinjalo phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule, izikhala ezingokoqobo ezidlule kanye nokuntula ukubona kusengaphambili amaphuzu ezihloko ezithile kuyi-ECHR kubangela izinselele ekuboneni nasekuvikeleni. amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wanamuhla.
I-ECHR kulo mongo ihlanganisa umbhalo okhawulela amalungelo ayisisekelo abantu abakhubazeke ngokwengqondo. I-ECHR eyabhalwa ngo-1949 nango-1950 igunyaza ukuvinjelwa “kwabantu abanengqondo engaphilile” unomphela ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuthi laba bantu banokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Umbhalo wakhiwe ngabamele i-United Kingdom, i-Denmark kanye ne-Sweden, eholwa yi-British, ukugunyaza i-Eugenics yabangela imithetho nezinqubo ezazikhona kulawa mazwe ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kweSivumelwano.
Kwakuwukwamukelwa kabanzi kwe-Eugenics njengengxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle yokulawulwa kwenani labantu eyayisemsuka wemizamo yabameleli base-United Kingdom, i-Denmark ne-Sweden yokuhlanganisa isigatshana sokukhululwa, esingagunyaza inqubomgomo kahulumeni yokuthi ukuhlukanisa futhi uvale “abantu abanengqondo engaphilile, imilutha yotshwala noma yezidakamizwa kanye nezihambi”.
“Kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuthi i-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) iyithuluzi elasungulwa ngo-1950 futhi umbhalo we-ECHR ubonisa indlela yokunganakwa nedlulelwe yisikhathi ephathelene namalungelo abantu abakhubazekile.”
Nks Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, Umlobi okhethekile we-UN mayelana namalungelo abantu abakhubazekile
UMkhandlu WaseYurophu eminyakeni edlule uye waba senkingeni enkulu phakathi kwezingqungquthela zawo ezimbili, i-ECHR kanye ne-Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights, equkethe imibhalo esekelwe ezinqubweni eziphelelwe yisikhathi, ezibandlulula kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1900 kanye noMthethosisekelo. amalungelo abantu esimanje akhuthazwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene.
UMkhandlu WaseYurophu uye walondoloza umbhalo wengqungquthela othintekayo, futhi empeleni, ngaleyo ndlela uthuthukisa imibono eqhubeza isipoki se-Eugenics eYurophu.
Ukugxekwa kombhalo obhaliwe
Ukugxekwa okuningi kwethuluzi elingokomthetho elingase liklanywe elicatshangelwa njengamanje uMkhandlu WaseYurophu, owelula isigaba sesi-5 se-ECHR, kubhekisela ekushintsheni kombono kanye nesidingo sokuqaliswa kwalo okwenzeka lapho kwamukelwa, ngo-2006. , yesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe samalungelo abantu: I-Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (CRPD).
I-CRPD ibungaza ukuhlukahluka kwabantu nesithunzi somuntu. Umlayezo wayo oyinhloko owokuthi abantu abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola wonke amalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo ngaphandle kokubandlululwa. IsiVumelwano sikhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza okuphelele kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila. Ibekela inselele amasiko nokuziphatha okusekelwe emibonweni engajwayelekile, ukubandlulula, imikhuba eyingozi kanye nokucwaswa okuhlobene nabantu abakhubazekile.
Indlela yamalungelo abantu yokukhubazeka eyamukelwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ivuma abantu abakhubazekile njengezihloko zamalungelo kanye noMbuso nabanye njengabanesibopho sokuhlonipha laba bantu.
Ngalolu shintsho oluyingqophamlando lwepharadigm, i-CRPD yakha indawo entsha futhi idinga ukucabanga okusha. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kudinga izixazululo ezintsha nokushiya imibono edlule ngemuva.
IKomiti Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile, njengengxenye yokulalelwa komphakathi ngo-2015, yakhipha isitatimende esingaguquki eMkhandlwini WaseYurophu ukuthi “ukubekwa noma ukufakwa kwezikhungo zabo bonke abantu abakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi abantu abanokukhubazeka ngokwengqondo noma ngokwengqondo. , okuhlanganisa abantu 'abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo', kuvinjelwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa ye-athikili 14 yeNgqungquthela [CRPD], futhi ihlanganisa ukuphucwa inkululeko yabantu abakhubazekile ngokungenamthetho futhi ngokubandlulula njengoba kwenziwa ngesisekelo sangempela noma ngokucatshangwayo. ukukhubazeka.”
IKomidi le-UN liphinde latshela uMkhandlu WaseYurophu ukuthi, izinhlangano zamazwe kumele "ziqede izinqubomgomo, izinhlinzeko zomthetho nezokuphatha ezivumela noma zenze ukwelashwa ngempoqo, njengoba kuwukwephulwa okuqhubekayo okutholakala emithethweni yezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni wonke, naphezu kobufakazi obunamandla obubonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwayo kokuphumelela kanye nemibono yabantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zempilo yengqondo abaye babhekana nobuhlungu obujulile nokuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokwelashwa ngempoqo.”
