Amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili ohlaza ukusuka ogwini lwe-Atlantic eSenegal kuya ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu e-Djibouti - ukutshalwa komgoqo ovimba iSahara, kwenza osopolitiki nosomabhizinisi baphakamise amashiya.
Lokhu akusenjalo. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yemizamo engaphumeleli yokuthola uxhaso oludingekayo, iphrojekthi yokubuyisela imvelo, ukuhamba kancane kogwadule kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokudla nokuziphilisa ezigidini zalabo abakhungethwe ubumpofu nokungavikeleki isibe yintshisekelo kungazelelwe emhlabeni.
Ithemba lingase libe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kodwa ngo-2021, izibonakaliso ziye zavela kohulumeni, amabhizinisi kanye nemiphakathi ethile yendawo osekuyiminyaka ilindelwe: abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe bathembise ngaphezu kwengxenye yamashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi ezidingekayo; kuze kube manje amabili kuphela aseqoqwe. “Isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni,” njengoba i-UN isibiza kanjalo, asisabonakali singenakwenzeka ngokuphelele.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okungenani kwezwe elilodwa kubonisa ukuthi uma "udonga" lwakhiwe kanzima, ukubuyisela imvelo kuzonikeza izigidi zabantu base-Afrika okuthile izingxabano, ezombangazwe kanye nesimo sezulu eziye zaphuca kubo iminyaka: ukuphepha nethemba. Futhi bazovela ohlelweni lokuqala olukhulu kangaka, olwaqanjwa ngokuphelele ngama-Afrika kubantu base-Afrika.
Kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani ukwakha udonga lwezihlahla olungamakhilomitha angu-8,000? Kungani ingaselulo udonga lwezihlahla, kodwa iqoqo lezitshalo? Ngabe, kanye nomhlabathi, kuzosiza kanjani isimo sezulu, ukuphepha kanye umnotho? Futhi ingabe kungenzeka nhlobo, nakuba - ngokuphambene nalokho okwakulindelwe - kwabonakala kunamandla ngokwezomnotho?
Lapho imvelo ifa phambi kwamehlo akho
I-Sahel (esuka ogwini lwase-Arabia) iyisifunda esikhulu e-Afrika kusukela e-Atlantic kuya oLwandle Olubomvu enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-3.05 - encane kancane kuneNdiya. Enyakatho yiSahara, eningizimu - i-savannah yaseSudan. Emathafeni abanzi, ugwadule luvela, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yomoya oyisihlabathi wezinkathi ezithile zonyaka. Yingakho amazwe ayishumi nanye kwayi-14 esifundeni esomile (iSenegal, iMauritania, iBurkina Faso, iMali, iNiger, iNigeria, i-Chad, iSudan, iSouth Sudan, i-Ethiopia, i-Eritrea kanye ne-Djibouti) izibophezele ku-Great Green Wall.
Umzila odongeni. Uma le phrojekthi isetshenziswa, izoba isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esiphindwe kathathu kunobukhulu beGreat Barrier Reef. Ngisho noma ekugcineni ingakufanelekeli le ncazelo (eyake yanikezwa yi-UN) ngenxa yoshintsho ohlelweni lokuqala lwentambo yezihlahla, “udonga” lungaguqula ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi, ngokokuqala ngqá ngosizo lwe- izinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe zase-Afrika.
Lapha, "ababaleki besimo sezulu" kanye "ne-jihad yesimo sezulu" akuwona umqondo ongacacile wekusasa. Amaphesenti angu-XNUMX omhlaba athintwa ukucekelwa phansi. Ukufudumala, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwamasimu namadlelo kanye nokungabi namandla kukahulumeni kulahla amashumi ezigidi zabantu ekungavikeleki. Lesi yisizinda esivundile sokungqubuzana nezigebengu, abahlukumezi kanye namajihadist athatha izinkulungwane zezimpilo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho naseziteshini zezindaba zomhlaba jikelele.
"Udonga", olwahlongozwa okokuqala ngo-2005, lwasekelwa ngokusemthethweni yiNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika ngo-2007 ukuze kuthuthukiswe lesi simo okungenani kancane, ngezinjongo zokuvelela:
Ngemva kweminye iminyaka engu-4, i-ejensi yase-Afrika yonke yasungulwa ukuze ibhekane nokungaqondi kahle kwabatshalizimali ("iphrojekthi izoyisiza kanjani i-Afrika?"). Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nengxenye kusukela kusiphakamiso sokuqala, futhi kutshalwe ngaphansi kwamahektha ayisihlanu kweziyi-100 million (1 million square kilometers) – ngamanye amazwi, ngaphansi kuka-5% walo lonke ibhande eliluhlaza elihleliwe. Ngenxa yokubambezeleka, i-Pan-African Great Wall Agency (APGMV) isinciphise isifiso sayo: sokuba ingxenye yesine yomklamo (izigidi ezingama-25) isilungile ngo-2030.
"Amazwe amaningi awakawuqalisi lo msebenzi ngokwesikhungo," kusho uChikaodili Orakue we-Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution e-Abuja, eNigeria. Encwadini ethize yenkosi yakhe eNetherlands, ngokuyinhloko ufunda ngesimo sezwe lakubo; ichaza ukuthi iziphathimandla zakhona sezineminyaka “zinyakazisa imilenze yazo”. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe, i-Nigeria okungenani imise i-ejensi (I-Nigerian Agency for the Great Green Wall) ukuze ihlanganise imizamo kuphrojekthi yase-Afrika futhi ibike imiphumela ethile.
Ngisho nalapho umgomo oyinhloko wawuwukumisa isihlabathi saseSahara, lo msebenzi wawuwukuphila kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-135 eSahel abathembele kulo mhlaba ogawuliwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, iSenegal, ephakathi kwamazwe aphumelele kakhulu, ingase ilahlekelwe ingxenye yayo eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. EFrance 24 ifilimu mayelana nephrojekthi, abaxhumanisi abavela eNigeria naseSenegal bakhumbula isikhathi lapho umhlaba wawuluhlaza. E-Burkina Faso, izindawo zezilwane zasendle ezazinamahlathi manje azinamuntu. Abantu bendawo baphoqeleka ukuthi bashintshe indlela abaphila ngayo kanye nendlela abaphila ngayo. Esinye isibonelo esivamile inhlekelele yemvelo yokoma kweLake Chad, encipha phambi kwamehlo abalimi bendawo, abadobi nabalimi:
Indaba yokuphepha
Le phrojekthi ibhekene nobunzima obuningi futhi izingxabano ziza kuqala. Amazwe amahlanu kulawa (iMauritania, iMali, iBurkina Faso, iNiger neChad) ayingxenye yeqembu elibizwa nge-G5 Sahel, elilwa namaqembu ahlomile neFrance. Ingxenye yomhlaba yeGreat Green Wall nayo ayifinyeleleki ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni.
E-Nigeria, i-Great Green Wall ihamba ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho iziphathimandla zingqubuzana ne-Boko Haram. "Ezokuphepha ziyinkinga enkulu eNigeria nakwamanye amazwe amaningi," kusho u-Orakue. Inkinga ayikho esimweni sezulu kuphela: ngenkathi umhlaba uwohloka, umhlaba wezolimo uyanda, kodwa ngenxa yezindleko zamadlelo - inkinga yezigidi zabalimi abafudukayo (futhi kuyo yonke iSahel kunabantu abayizigidi ezingu-50).
Ukuthuthela ezindaweni zokulima kwakungokwesizini. Namuhla, ngokusho kokhulumela indawo okwaxoxwa naye uChikaodili ngethisisi yenkosi yakhe, “ingunaphakade”. Kwenye impi ehlobene naleyo esabelweni esisodwa saseNigeria kuphela, abantu abangu-6,000 62,000 baye babulawa futhi abangu-XNUMX XNUMX bashiya amakhaya eminyakeni yamuva. Uhlelo lweGreat Green Wall ngeke lugcine ekutshaleni izihlahla lapha: kuyodingeka usizo lokuthola amanzi, ukuchelela kanye nokudla - izinyathelo ezithathiwe kuze kube manje azanele ukugcina abalimi ezweni abajwayele ukuhlala kulo.
“Lapha eNigeria, umhlaba ungcwele kwabanye abantu. Ngeke nje uthathe umhlaba. Amaqembu amaningi awazisa umhlaba ngaphezu kwanoma yini. Asinawo umhlaba owanele, kanti amanye amadlelo asephenduke umhlaba wokulima.” Chicaodili Orakue, Isikhungo Sokuthula Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano
Inhlangano Yokudla Nezolimo (i-FAO) ilinganisela ukuthi ukufinyelela endaweni eyodwa kwesikhombisa yendawo yonke ebekelwe lolu hlelo kuyalahleka ezindaweni ezikhahlamezeke izingxabano.
“Abantu abaningi bashiye amakhaya abo ngenxa yokungaphephi. E-Borno, izigodi eziningi zashiywa, abantu engangihlangana nabo basemakamu e-IDP. Abanye bangichazele ukuthi sekuphele iminyaka eyisikhombisa bengabuyi emphakathini. Ezinye zezingane zabo zingase zingayi. Akukho muntu ezigodini ngaphandle kwebutho ngenxa yeBoko Haram. izovumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ngoba ezinye izingxenye azifinyeleleki. ” Chikaodili Orakue, Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution
ENigeria, iziphathimandla zinenkinga. Ungababandakanya kanjani abantu bendawo ekuxazululeni izingxabano?
Ohulumeni abaningi kuze kube manje sebetshale imali ezindaweni zokulima ukuze bandise ukudla. Lokhu sekudale ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabalimi nabelusi, okungabangwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphela, kodwa nokulwa kwezinsiza ezishodayo lapho iziphathimandla zigxambukela khona. Lokhu kubhebhethekisa ukungezwani ezindaweni zaseBurkina Faso, Nigeria, Mali nakwamanye amazwe.
Kuphi lapho okuwukuhlakanipha khona ukuthi ungahlwanyeli izihlahla, kodwa izitshalo noma utshani ngenkathi ukhulisa umhlabathi, nokuthi yini ongayikhetha ukuze ungabhebhethekisi ukungezwani kwemiphakathi yendawo?
Konke ukutshalwa kwezimali kuwufanele
Ngisho nalapho bekunonogada, imali ibingekho iminyaka. Nokho, isithombe sezimali siyashintsha kancane kancane. Ingaphezulu kwezigidigidi ezingama-20 zathenjiswe ngonyaka odlule ngabanikeli bamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe nezinhlangano: 1 bhiliyoni nguJeff Bezos kanye nezinye izigidigidi eziyi-14.3 emhlanganweni wezinto eziphilayo eParis ngoJanuwari. I-African Development Bank izibophezele ekutholeni izigidigidi eziyisi-6.5 ngo-2025. Lokho kungaphezu kwengxenye yezigidigidi ezingama-43 ezidingekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, phakathi kuka-2010 no-2018, ukutshalwa kwezimali kulinganiselwa ku-$ 1.8 billion. Ngokusho kwe-UN Commission to Combat Desertification, izigidi ezingama-870 kuphela eseziqoqwe ngo-2020.
Futhi noma yikuphi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuphrojekthi kuzofaneleka. Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngoNovemba ku-Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) yeZizwe Ezihlangene, lapho uDnevnik athola khona ukufinyelela, lubonisa ukuthi kuwo wonke amadola atshaliwe, ukubuyisela kuyisilinganiso se-$ 1.2. Lesi yisimo esisodwa nje: inani laso lingahluka phakathi kwamadola angu-1.1 no-4.4 kuye ngezinto ezifana nezimakethe nezingezona zemakethe (isb. izinzuzo zemvelo eziqondile), indlela yokuhlela utshalomali emazweni ngamanye nakwamanye.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zimali ezitshaliwe azikwazi ukuvunwa ngaphandle kosizo lwezinkampani ezizimele - ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba "inselele" futhi kungagcini, umbiko uyaqhubeka.
Ukuhlaziywa okulungiselelwe iNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo kubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso somonakalo wezezimali ngonyaka kusukela ekucekeleni phansi komhlaba phakathi kuka-2001 no-2018 singama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 esifundeni, kanti izinzuzo eziqoshiwe zonyaka zemizamo yokuyibuyisela zifinyelela ku-4.2 billion. Eminyakeni emine nje, umonakalo odalwe ukuwohloka usungaphezu kwezinzuzo ezizuziwe ngokuhlehlisa le nqubo. Nokho, idatha iyahlukahluka ngezwe. Njengoba indawo enkulu engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezi-2 (i-12% yaseRussia) kanye nenani labantu abayizigidi ezingama-320, iNigeria ne-Ethiopia ihlaselwe kanzima ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokushesha.
Indlela yokuziphilisa nomphakathi
Ngesikhathi kutholwa imali, amanye amazwe ayesebonile ukuthi ukutshala izihlahla kwakungelona ikhambi ezinkingeni zaseSahel. Abantu bendawo kuzofanele bathole okuthile ngokubuyisela.
Emazweni amaningi, “udonga” luhlanganisa kakade okusanhlamvu, amadlelo, izinsimu zezithelo nezingadi zemifino. Isizathu: ayikho enye indlela yokubandakanya abantu kulezi zindawo, ngoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucekelwa phansi komhlaba kubulala izimpilo zabo. Futhi ngaphandle kwabo, iphrojekthi izohluleka.
Ngabe ukumisa ugwadule kuzokwanela, u-Orakue uyazibuza njengoba eqala i-thesis yenkosi yakhe. Xoxa ngendaba nabantu bendawo. Abanye abaholi bomphakathi bakule ndawo bagxeke uhulumeni ngokungawusizi ngalutho lolu hlelo. Abanye abaziboni nhlobo izisebenzi zasensimini, kodwa abafuni ukuba iziphathimandla “zifike zitshale izihlahla” endaweni yazo; ngcono ukufinyelela emanzini kanye namasimu efolishi.
“Awukwazi nje ukutshala izihlahla. Uzokwenzani ngezimpilo zabantu? Ngifunde ezingxoxweni ukuthi ezindaweni ezithintekile bavele batshale izihlahla. Amaphesenti angu-XNUMX abantu endaweni bangabalimi. Uma utshala noma yiziphi izihlahla, awuzisizi. Ugwadule lucekela phansi izindawo ezivundile ezidla kuzo. Abanye batshala izitshalo, abanye izilwane. Amadlelo kuyodingeka akhiwe kabusha ukuze kugwemeke ukungqubuzana. ” Chicaodili Orakue, Isikhungo Sokuthula Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano
Abantu bendawo balindele ukuthi iziphathimandla zihlangabezane nezidingo zabo ngqo. Izitshalo ezifana ne-millet zikhula kahle enyakatho-ntshonalanga, kodwa hhayi enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ezingxoxweni zakhe, u-Orakue uthole ukuthi abantu bendawo abavela ezindaweni ezisemngceleni baya eNiger engomakhelwane ukuze bathole imbewu ekwazi ukumelana nesomiso. Uzwa amazwi abhekiswe kubasebenzi bohlelo iGreat Green Wall: “Asibazi laba bantu.” Ekupheleni kwe-thesis yenkosi yakhe wancoma ukuthi aguqule le ndlela.
Nokho, izinyathelo “zabantu” zingaba isiphetho ngokwazo. Kwenye indawo yale phrojekthi eNigeria, iziphathimandla zizama ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zemiphakathi yendawo ikakhulukazi abesifazane kanye nezinyathelo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi, zibanikeze izitofu zezinkuni ezingu-2,300, ukushisa kwazo ngelinye ilanga nakanjani kuzovela emahlathini abuyiselwe. Isibonelo esimangalisayo sivela ku-Chikaodili Orakue, oyichazayo kuthisisi yenkosi yakhe.
Nokho, kunezibonelo ezinhle eNigeria, okuwuphawu lokuthi isincomo sika-Orakue – ukunaka kakhulu izidingo zasendaweni – sithela izithelo. Efilimini ecashuniwe ethi “France 24” Muktar Magaji, umholi wendawo esifundazweni saseKano, ubonisa indawo eyomile lapho amasimu akhe ayekhona, yake yaphakela abantu abangaphezu kuka-30. Idolobhana lakhe selivele lisebenza nabasebenzi balolu hlelo:
“Sifunde okuningi odongeni Oluluhlaza Oluluhlaza. Baqale basifundisa indlela yokunakekela izitshalo zendabuko ezimila ngokuzenzekelayo. Base besifundisa indlela yokutshala izihlahla zezithelo. Kanjani, lapho uzitshala futhi uzinakekela, zizokhula ekwindla futhi zibuyisele ingcebo eNhlabathini lapha inothile, ngiyaqiniseka. Ubugugu bawo ngiyalwazi kusukela ngisemncane. Uma singayeka ukunakekela umhlaba, abokufika bazogcina befikile lapha izingane zethu zingasahambi. ” Muktar Magaji, umholi womphakathi wendawo esifundazweni sase-Kano, phambi kwe-“France 24”
Amazwe ahluke kakhulu
Enye inselele: wonke umuntu utshale kancane, kodwa abanye benza kangcono, njengoba imibiko yabezindaba kanye nombiko we-2017 we-Pan-African Agency show.
Ngokombiko ocashuniwe e-Djibouti, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba wezolimo namadlelo, ngokwesibonelo, kunikeze ukuvikeleka kokudla emindenini eyi-100 kuphela, eyi-120 iye yasizwa ekuguqukeni ekubeni umuntu ozulazulayo aphile ngendlela engafanele, futhi abadobi abambalwa baye baqeqeshwa. ukubamba izimfanzi. I-Eritrea ayizange ibike ukuthi iyahlangabezana yini nezinhloso zayo zokuvelela. I-Niger ithuthuka kancane. I-Ethiopia igxekwe ngokuntula imibono yokusebenzisana nabantu bendawo.
E-Burkina Faso, izihlahla eziyizigidi eziyi-14 sezitshaliwe, kudalwe imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-45,000 ngesikhathi esifanayo (futhi ngo-2019 - ezinye izigidi ezi-2 ngosizo lwenhlangano ye-Tree Aid). Umzila udlula ezifundazweni ezinabantu abayizigidi eziyisi-6. Sisebenzela amaphrojekthi abantu bendawo (abesifazane, ngokombiko) ukwenza insipho namafutha edesert date. Futhi lapha imali ayanele, kodwa kukhona ithemba. Ibhotela le-shea, elikhishwe ku-walnuts wesihlahla futhi libalulekile ekuphekeni, kancane kancane liba isitshalo esibalulekile. Abantu bendawo bayasiza ekwakheni ingqalasizinda yamanzi, izihlahla ziyimikhiqizo ewusizo kwezolimo.
Izimpumelelo ngo-2020
Indaba yempumelelo kuze kube manje ibizwa ngeSenegal. Izingadi ezilukwe emnothweni wendawo zawuhambisana ngokushesha nomqondo webhande lesihlahla - kusukela ezinsukwini zasogwadule kuya ezinhlotsheni zomtholo, ujusi wazo okhiqiza inhlaka ye-arabica (inhlaka esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokudla, izindwangu, ubuciko obuhle, ukuthwebula izithombe nokunye okuningi. ) noma ama-Moor jujube (abantu bawo abanovithamini abadla noma abawasebenzise eziphuzweni; amakamela, izimbuzi nabanye abadla amaqabunga). KwakuseSenegal lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezihlahla kwaba yizithombe eziphelele zezingadi ezisebenza ngezindlela eziningi, eziyindilinga ezinokunisela ngamaconsi - umango, ama-tangerines, ijujube, amagwava - ukuhlinzeka abantu bendawo ngokudla nokuziphilisa.
Izitshalo zitshalwa ukuze izimpande zazo zisize ukugcina amanzi. Ugesi wokunisela kwezinye zazo uvela kumandla elanga. Amadolobha amakhulu angamashumi amabili, amancane amakhulu.
Namuhla, izisebenzi zethelevishini zomhlaba wonke zimagange ukuvakashela izingadi emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni aseSenegal. Ulamula, amagwava kanye nomango kusetshenziselwa umuntu siqu nasezimakethe zasemadolobheni nasezigodini futhi ondle umnotho. Enye yalezi zingadi kanye nomthelela wayo embikweni ithi:
“Ukwethulwa kwezingadi ezinemisebenzi eminingi eFerlo kube negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni impilo yansuku zonke yabantu abahlomulayo kulezi zindawo. Isivande ngasinye siyingxenye yesimiso sendawo, senhlalo, sezomnotho nesezombangazwe sesigodi esitshalwe kuso.”
Inqubo iyaqhubeka; imifino, i-papaya, ilamula, i-baobab itshalwe emibuthanweni ehlukene.
Akubalulekile ukuthi inkulu, kodwa yinde, kusho omunye wabaxhumanisi be-TV5Monde.
Endabeni yaseSenegal, umbono wendoda eyodwa uyathuthukisa: U-Heydar al-Ali, owayengungqongqoshe waseSenegal owayehola umsebenzi we-ejensi yendawo kulo msebenzi. Ngokusho kwakhe, izilwane esifundazweni zidliswa imbewu, bese isakazwa emadlelweni azo futhi isize ukutshala i-mesquite - isitshalo somndeni we-legume, esiwusizo kubantu bendawo. Abafana banikezwa ama-slingshots ukuze basakaze imbewu ye-mahogany.
Ingabe zonke lezi zinkinga zizoxazululeka? Impendulo iseza, kodwa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ubonise ukuzimisela ukusiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni engu-16 ngemva kokuba uMongameli waseNigeria u-Olosegun Obasanjo ehlongoze i-Great Green Wall, ibhola libuyela ezweni lakubo, elizozungeza isabelomali kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2023. Ngemva konyaka egxeka ukumiswa kwephrojekthi, uChikaodili Orakue uyayibona. ithemba. “Yebo, nginethemba elikhulu. Abantu abaningi bayayigxeka le nqubo. Ngikholwa wukuthi uma kunamavoti amaningi, iNigeria ngeke ivele iwashaye indiva.”
Isithombe: Umzila wodonga © greatgreenwall.org
