Impilo Nezidakamizwa, Ingxenye 1, Uhlolojikelele

Izidakamizwa // “Kungcono futhi kuwusizo kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nenkinga kusenesikhathi kunokufuna ikhambi ngemva kokwenziwa komonakalo” kuchaza isisho sesiLatini saphakathi nekhulu le-13. Ngokusho koMkhandlu we-European Union (Buyekeza Agasti 2022):

Izidakamizwa nomlando

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umlando wezidakamizwa uhlobene nokuba khona kwempilo eMhlabeni, eyavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 edlule, okokuqala emanzini bese kuba phezu komhlaba. Ngokuhambisana nokuthuthuka kokuphila, kuphakama inkinga eyisisekelo: indlela yokuphila nokuba yingxenye yochungechunge lokudla kuyilapho uqinisekisa ukusinda kwezinhlobo.

Ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo zenze izindlela zokuzivikela: i komthetho ezifana nezinzipho, izimpondo, imigogodla, njll kanye nalokhu okuthiwa i-inducible lawo asuka ku-synthesis yezinto ezinobuthi ngendlela yama-metabolite yesibili engadingekile empilweni yento ephilayo kodwa edingekayo ukuze isinde ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Futhi umuntu ungomunye walezi zilwane ezesabekayo! Ngakho kunobudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kokusinda nobuthi obukhona noma izidakamizwa.

Ekuqaleni kwezikhathi, impilo yomuntu yayisezweni lemimoya, imikhuba yemilingo nezinkolelo. Izinhlelo zokuphulukisa zendabuko zibuyele ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando futhi amasiko okwelapha asevele ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ezithinta ingqondo. Ku Europe, kwakuseGreece Yasendulo, ekhulwini lesi-5 BC, lapho uHippocrates abeka khona izisekelo zemithi enengqondo nezimiso zokuziphatha zezokwelapha. Isifungo sakhe sathathwa ezingeni lomhlaba yi-World Medical Association, eyasungulwa ngo-1947, kwase kuba yi-Geneva Declaration of 1948 (eyabuyekezwa ngo-2020) kanye nosokhemisi/ama-apothecaries nodokotela bamazinyo.

Kumele kwenziwe umehluko phakathi kwezidakamizwa nemithi. Umehluko omkhulu usenhloso yokusebenzisa noma ukusetshenziswa:

-Umuthi unomthamo, inhloso yokwelapha, isenzo esinembayo nesiphindaphindayo. Kodwa umuthi awunabo ubuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi. UParacelsus (1493-1541) udokotela waseSwitzerland, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezenkolo waze wathi:

-A umuthi yinoma iyiphi into, eyemvelo noma yokwenziwa, enomphumela oshintshayo esimweni sokuqaphela, ukusebenza kwengqondo nokuziphatha, okungase kubangele ukulutheka. Eminye imithi ingase ihambisane nale ncazelo kodwa umuthi usetshenziswa ngaphandle kwencwadi yezokwelapha futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamanje akunawo umgomo wokwelapha. Kungaba ukuzwa imizwa emisha noma emnandi, ukubalekela iqiniso, ukukhathazeka, izinkinga zobudlelwane, ukuhlukumezeka okwedlule, ngokuvumelana noma ukuvukela, ukuphumelela noma ukumelana nengcindezi. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izizathu namaphethini, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa akuyona ingozi ngemiphumela engalawuleki...

Izidakamizwa Nobuntu

Umlando wezidakamizwa uphinde uhlangane nomlando wesintu njengokuthi:

a) ibe Hemp (i-cannabis) eyayaziwa e-Asia kusukela nge-Neolithic, cishe ngo-9000 BC. Imbewu yayisetshenziswa e-Egypt ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokulwa nokuvuvukala, naseShayina ngokunotha kwazo okunomsoco futhi ngo-2737 BC i-hemp ifakiwe Isivumelwano semithi yezokwelapha wombusi uShen Nong; ama-hemp canes avela eYurophu angeniswe amaRoma kanye nokuhlasela okuhlukahlukene okuvela e-Asia. Futhi “kwakuyikhambi elingcwele” lemicikilisho yamashaman futhi liyingxenye yezinqubo zezokwelapha zezindela zekhulu le-12.

b) kube Amaqabunga e-Coca, kusukela esitshalweni I-Erythroxylum coca, zasetshenziswa kusukela eminyakeni engu-3000 BC e-Andes. KumaInca, lesi sitshalo sasidalwe uNkulunkulu iLanga ukuze siqede ukoma, sinqamule indlala futhi sikwenze ukhohlwe ukukhathala. Yayisetshenziswa nangezikhathi zemikhosi yenkolo njengasePeru naseBolivia. INtshonalanga yathola ukusetshenziswa kwe-coca kanye nezakhiwo ngekhulu le-16 "nabanqobi" baseSpain basePizarro (1531), izithunywa zevangeli nezifiki. Amaqabunga e-coca abe esesetshenziselwa ukugqilaza futhi athumele amaNdiya ukuba ayosebenza ezimayini zesiliva, igolide, ithusi nethini. Ngo-1860, usokhemisi waseJalimane u-Albert Niemann wahlukanisa into esebenzayo yokubulala izinzwa emaqabunga e-coca. Ngo-1863, usokhemisi waseCorsican u-Angelo Mariani wethula iwayini elidumile laseFrance le-tonic elithi "Vin Mariani" elenziwe ngewayini le-Bordeaux ne-coca leaf extracts. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-1886, uJohn Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), usokhemisi wase-Atlanta (USA), walimala empini futhi esebenzisa. i-cocaine, liphefumulelwe iwayini laseMariani lakhiqiza isiphuzo esivuselelayo esenziwe nge-coca, amantongomane e-kola nesoda. Khona-ke usomabhizinisi u-Asa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) wathenga ifomula futhi ngo-1892 wadala Inkampani yeCoca-Cola. Ngo-1902 i-caffeine yathatha indawo ye-cocaine e-Coca-cola. 

 I-cocaine iyisikhuthazi esinamandla sesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Ngemuva kokuthi "okuphezulu" sekuphelile (i-15-30 min), umuntu angase azizwe ekhathazekile, ecindezelekile, enesidingo esinamandla sokusebenzisa i-cocaine futhi. I-Cocaine ingenye yezidakamizwa okunzima kakhulu ukuzikhipha.

Kwakungeminyaka yawo-1960, ethandwa umculo nabezindaba, lapho izidakamizwa zaba izimpawu zokuhlubuka kwentsha, izinxushunxushu emphakathini futhi zaqala ukuhlasela zonke izici zomphakathi. Ngezindlela eziningi, leli bekuyishumi leminyaka lemithi lekhulu leminyaka elinenqwaba yezinto ezintsha -nezidakamizwa- ezitholakalayo.

Izidakamizwa zihlukaniswa

Uma singena ezweni lezidakamizwa, singazihlukanisa ngokwemiphumela yazo, njenge:                                                                

• Ama-Dissociatives: I-Nitrous oxide (N2O, igesi ehlekayo) isetshenziswa njenge-anesthetic kanye ne-analgesic ekuhlinzeni nasekuhlinzeni amazinyo.Futhi okwamanje isetshenziselwa ama-siphon akhilimu ohlutshiwe. Kuyaziswa kakhulu abantu abasha ngesikhathi semicimbi ngomphumela we-euphoric kodwa kungabangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemizwa, i-hematological kanye nenhliziyo. Ibhubhisa i-vitamin B12. Kuhlanganisa futhi i-Ketamine, PCP (uthuli lwengelosi), i-GBL (i-sedative) ne-GHB (i-solvent), njll.
• I-Delusional ne-entactogenic (isifiso sokuxhumana, uzwela): i-Scopolamine, i-Atropine, njll.
• Ama-Depressants: utshwala, ama-barbiturates (i-Amytal, i-Pentobarbital), i-opium, i-codeine,…
• Ama-cannabinoids (insangu, hashish): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, njll.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol, ...
• Izidakamizwa zengqondo: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), njll.
• Izikhuthazo zemvelo: i-cocaine, i-caffeine, i-theophylline, i-cocoa theobromine, njll.;
• Izinto ezikhuthazayo: ama-amphetamine, i-crystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), njll.
• Izikhuthazo zemithi: I-Adrafinil, i-Modafinil, i-Bupropion, njll.
• Ama-Psychedelic stimulants (hallucinogens): LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Psilocybin, Bufotenin (alkaloid ekhishwa isikhumba seselele elikhothwa yizimfundamakhwela) kanye ne-Ibogaine (esitshalweni se-Iboga Emaphakathi Afrika) bobabili baphuma emndenini wama-tryptamine atholakala ku-serotonin neurotransmitter .

Kufanele futhi kukhulunywe ngayo I-New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) elingisa izinto zendabuko ezithinta ingqondo - insangu, i-cathinone (kusuka emaqabunga e-khat), i-opium, i-cocaine, i-LSD noma i-MDMA (i-amphetamine). Kodwa, zinamandla kakhulu futhi ziyalutha. Izidakamizwa zokwenziwa ezingaphezu kuka-900 sezivele zikhonjwe e-Europe, azilawulwa, futhi ezingekho emthethweni kodwa zidayiswa ku-inthanethi, futhi zahlukaniswa. (okuningi ku Amaphrofayili ezidakamizwa ze-EMCD).

Izibonelo ze-NPS:

1) Ama-cannabinoids okwenziwa, atholakala ku-: Spice, Yucatan, njll. njenge-JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, njll., enobudlelwane be-CB1 receptors.

2) Okuphuma ku-synthetic ye-cathinone (i-alkaloid ekhishwe eqabungeni le-khat, i-sympathicomimetic): i-3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) kanye ne-4-MMC (Mephedrone) edala i-euphoria, i-blue-knee syndrome, ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, njll.

• I-MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), kusukela ku-"bath-salts".
• Ukweqisa ngokweqile kuholela ku-hyperthermia, isifo senhliziyo, i-arrhythmia, iziqephu ze-psychosis nokuziphatha okunobudlova.

I-3) Umkhiqizo we-opioid yokwenziwa kwengqondo: i-fentanyl, inamandla izikhathi eziyi-100 kune-morphine futhi iyalutha kakhulu, enemiphumela engalindelekile. Kuthathwa njengesidakamizwa esibulalayo kakhulu ngokweqisa.

4) I-Krokodil, isidakamizwa saseRussia "esidla inyama". Ngokusekelwe ku-desomorphine eyakhiwe eJalimane ngo-1922 isuka ku-morphine/codeine, isidambisi esinamandla esidambisa ubuhlungu esiye sashiywa. Izincibilikisi, uphethiloli, i-HCl, njll. zengezwa ukuze kukhiqizwe umuthi nge-necrosis engaphenduki.

2022 Umbiko waseYurophu ngezidakamizwa

I-European Drug Report 2022 ye-EMCDDA (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction), yaphawula ukuthi iYurophu yayinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-83.4 abaneminyaka engu-15-64 abasebenzisa izidakamizwa, i-29% yabantu. Lokhu kumelela:

• Izigidi ezingama-22.2 zensangu, umuthi osetshenziswa kakhulu (7% wabantu baseYurophu), lapho abayizigidi eziyi-16 babeneminyaka eyi-15 kuye kwengama-34;
• 3.5 million we-cocaine, okuhlanganisa nezigidi ezingu-2.2 ezineminyaka engu-15-34;
• I-Ecstasy noma i-MDMA ithinta abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.6;
• 2 million wama-amphetamine, iningi labo elineminyaka engu-15-34;
• 1 million ye-heroin namanye ama-opioid, angu-514,000 athola ukwelashwa okuhlukile.

Ababhemayo abakhulu be-cannabis yintsha yaseCzech Republic enamaphesenti angama-23 abaneminyaka engu-15-34, kulandele iFrance (22%) kanye ne-Italy (21%). INetherlands neBelgium ngamathani angu-110 e-cocaine ashaqwa ethekwini lase-Antwerp ngo-2021, kumanje kuyizikhungo zezidakamizwa eYurophu.

I-EMCDDA ibika ukuthi emazweni angama-25 ase-Europe, abantu abangama-80,000 belashelwa ukusetshenziswa kwensangu, okumela ama-45% abo bonke abangene ekwelashweni kwezidakamizwa ngo-2020.

Ukwanda kokutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo zemithi engekho emthethweni okuhlanganisa ne-NPS kuholele emikhubeni ehlukene yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa eziningi okwenza isithombe somtholampilo sibe nzima. Inani lokufa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni e- EU kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2019 okungenani kube yi-5,150 kanye ne-5,800 kufaka phakathi iNorway neTurkey. Iqembu lobudala elithinteka kakhulu lingama-35-39 futhi inani lokufa eliphindwe kabili kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile.

*E-State of Washington (USA), ucwaningo lwango-2021 lukhombisa ukuthi ukufa kwabantu ngokuzibulala kunyuke ngo-17.9% kwabaneminyaka engu-15-24 ubudala ngemuva kokugunyazwa ngokusemthethweni kwensangu.

Ukuze kuvikelwe impilo engokomzimba nengokokuziphatha yesintu futhi kusekelwe eziNgqungqutheleni zango-1925 no-1931, kwasayinwa Izivumelwano Zomhlaba ezintathu Zokulawulwa Kwezidakamizwa zeHhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezilwisana Nezidakamizwa Nobugebengu (UNODC). Lezi yiZivumelwano zango-1961, 1971 kanye neka-1988 ezimelene nethrafikhi engekho emthethweni yezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa ezithinta ingqondo.

Izingane, izidakamizwa kanye nokukhishwa kwecala

Ngo-1989, i-Convention on the Rights of the Child nayo yamukelwa. Isigaba 33 saso, esivame ukukhohlwa ohulumeni, sibeka ukuthi:

E-Europe, amazwe amaningana akuchithile ukusetshenziswa kwe-cannabis. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ku Spain, Portugal, Italy kanye ne-Netherlands, lapho abathengi bengakhokhiswa inhlawulo noma ukuboshwa uma besetshenziswa bona.

IMalta kuphela egunyaze ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa kwensangu ukuzilibazisa kulandela umthetho owaphasiswa ngoDisemba 2021 ongavumeli ukusetshenziswa kuphela kodwa nokutshala.

EJalimane, uNgqongqoshe Wezempilo uhlose ukulandela leli phethini futhi agunyaze ukusetshenziswa kwensangu ngokuzijabulisa ngo-2024. Inhloso yakhe ngokukhipha insangu ibe semthethweni iwukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okungcono kwezingane kanye nentsha kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwezempilo okungcono!

I-France ibheka ukuthi imiphumela yokwehliswa kobugebengu/yokwenziwa ngokusemthethweni ayikaqiniseki nokuthi ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cannabis kuholele ekwenziweni kancane komkhiqizo, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, futhi ngaphandle kokuvimbela abathengisi ukuthi baqhubeke nokuthengisa eminye imikhiqizo engekho emthethweni.

E-Czech Republic, Umbiko 2022 Wezidakamizwa Ezingekho Emthethweni ukusho lokho

E-Hungary insangu ayikho emthethweni kodwa a" ubuningi bomuntu siqu" (1 igremu) ibekezelelwe.

Lokhu okungenhla kuqinisekisa ukulandelana kwe-EU Drugs Strategies njengo-2021-2025 woMkhandlu we-European Union okuhloswe ngawo. ”ukuvikela nokwenza ngcono inhlalakahle yomphakathi neyomuntu ngamunye, ukuvikela nokukhuthaza impilo yomphakathi, ukunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuvikeleka kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi uwonke kanye nokwandisa ulwazi lwezempilo” nasephuzwini layo lesi-5: Vimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa futhi uqwashise ngemiphumela emibi yezidakamizwa.

Izidakamizwa, osaziwayo kanye nezemfundo

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960-70ies, kuqalwa ngeBeat Generation, bese kuba osaziwayo (abaningi abaye babhekana nesiphetho esibuhlungu esingalindelekile), abantu abasha abangenalo ulwazi oluyiqiniso nolwazi ngesihloko sezidakamizwa, baba yizisulu ezilula nezisengozini. Njengamanje, intsha ichayeke ezidakamizweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokutholakala kalula kwezidakamizwa, ukukhushulwa okunonya emithonjeni yezindaba kanye naku-inthanethi, nangenxa yokusungulwa okuqhubekayo kwemakethe yezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni yedijithali.

Kucace bha uma kukhulunywa nentsha kanye nabazali imbala ukuthi bayakulangazelela ukwazi okwengeziwe ngemiphumela eyingozi yomuthi ukuze bakwazi ukuba namaqiniso okwenza isinqumo esifanele nokuthi abazali baxoxisane kahle nezingane zabo. Ngakho-ke, ebhekene nenkinga yezidakamizwa, igama eliyinhloko lithi Imfundo! Ngempela:

Imfundo iwukutholakala okuqhubekayo kokungazi kwethu wabhala isazi sefilosofi uWill Durant (1885-1981). Lokhu ukuvimbela okungcono kakhulu kanye nesinyathelo esiyisisekelo sokuphikisa ingcindezi kanye nokunxenxa imboni yezidakamizwa.

Into eyodwa ebhubhisa kakhulu ekhona esikweni lethu lamanje izidakamizwa kusho isazi sobuntu uL. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). E-Europe, insangu (insangu) inotshwala izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngo-15,5% weminyaka engu-15-34 ubudala. Futhi insangu ibonakala iyisango lokungena endaweni yonke ebhubhisayo yezidakamizwa.

Yingakho izenzo ze-Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe kanye nekhulu layo lezinhlangano ze-Say No To Drugs kanye namaqembu amavolontiya kulo lonke elaseYurophu, azi ukuthi minyaka yonke izidakamizwa zicekela phansi izinkulungwane zezimpilo namathemba, zinikela ngenkuthalo Iqiniso Ngezidakamizwa umkhankaso wokuvikela intsha kanye nomphakathi wonkana ngolwazi oluyiqiniso mayelana nemiphumela elimazayo yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.

Okuningi ku:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

Thola ukwaziswa ngezidakamizwa mayelana: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

Zitholele maduze The European Times, ingxenye elandelayo yalesi sihloko: Impilo Nezidakamizwa: (2) Insangu.