Kusukela eCleopatra kuya eRazia Sultan, umlando ugcwele abesifazane abanamandla abadelela imikhuba yesikhathi sabo. Kodwa wake wezwa ngeNdlovukazi uKubaba? Umbusi waseSumer cishe ngo-2500 BC, angase abe umbusi wesifazane wokuqala oqoshiwe emlandweni wasendulo. UQueen Kubaba (Ku-Baba) ungumuntu othakazelisayo emlandweni waseMesopotamiya, okukholakala ukuthi wabusa idolobha laseKish ngenkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Omunye wabaholi besifazane bokuqala emlandweni, indaba yakhe iyisiqephu esibalulekile sendida yokuqonda indima yabesifazane emiphakathini yasendulo, kubhala i-Ancient Origins.
Kubaba kanye nohlu lwamakhosi
Igama likaKubaba livela ohlwini olwaziwa ngokuthi “Uhlu Lwenkosi”, okuwukuphela kwerekhodi elilotshiwe lokubusa kwakhe. Uhlu yilo kanye igama elisikiselayo - uhlu lwamakhosi aseSumer. Iphawula kafushane ubude bokubusa komuntu ngamunye kanye nedolobha lapho umbusi ayebusa khona. Kulolu hlu ubizwa ngokuthi “lugal”, noma inkosi, hhayi “eresh” (inkosikazi yenkosi). Kulolu hlu olubanzi, elakhe igama lowesifazane kuphela elifakazelwa kulo.
UKubaba ungomunye wabesifazane abambalwa kakhulu abake bazibuse bodwa emlandweni waseMesopotamiya. Izinguqulo eziningi zohlu lwenkosi zimbeka yedwa ohlwini lozalo lwakhe, uBukhosi besithathu bukaKishi, ngemva kokunqotshwa kukaSharrumiter waseMari, kodwa ezinye izinguqulo zimhlanganisa nobukhosi besine, obalandela ubukhulu benkosi yase-Akshak. Ngaphambi kokuba abe yinkosi, uhlu lwenkosi luthi wayengumfazi ongasekho.
I-Weidner Chronicle iyincwadi yokusakaza inkulumo-ze, ezama ukubeka indawo engcwele kaMarduk eBabiloni kusukela enkathini yokuqala, futhi ihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi amakhosi angayinaki imicikilisho yawo efanele alahlekelwe ubukhulu bukaSumer. Iqukethe ukulandisa okufushane ngokuphakama “kwendlu kaKubaba” okwenzeka ekubuseni kukaPuzur-Nirah ka-Akshak:
“Emihleni yokubusa kukaPhuzuri-Nira inkosi yase-Akisaki abadobi base-Esagila babamba izinhlanzi ukuze kudliwe inkosi enkulu uMarduk; izikhulu zenkosi zathatha izinhlanzi. Umdobi wayedoba lapho sekudlule izinsuku eziyisi-7 (noma eziyi-8) […] endlini ka-Kubaba, umgcini wethaveni […] abamletha e-Esagila. Ngaleso sikhathi OKWEPHUKILE[4] kabusha ku-Esagila […] UKubaba wanika umdobi isinkwa futhi wamnika namanzi, wamenza ukuba anikele ngezinhlanzi ku-Esagila. UMarduk, inkosi, inkosana yama-Apsû, yamthanda futhi yathi: “Makube njalo!” Uphathise uKubaba, umgcini-thaveni, ubukhosi emhlabeni wonke.”
Indodana yakhe u-Puzur-Suen kanye nomzukulu u-Ur-Zababa bamlandela esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaSumer njengobukhosi besine bamaKish ohlwini lwenkosi, kwamanye amakhophi njengabahluleli bakhe abaqondile, kwamanye nobukhosi buka-Akshak kungenelela. U-Ur-Zababa waziwa nangokuthi inkosi okuthiwa yayibusa eSumer ngesikhathi sobusha bukaSargon Omkhulu wase-Akkad, owaletha ngezempi ingxenye enkulu ye-Near East ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe ngemva nje kwalokho.
UKu-Baba, “umgcini wendlu yezihambi wesifazane owamisa izisekelo zikaKishi,” kuthiwa wabusa iminyaka eyikhulu. Okubanjiwe lapha ukuthi uhlu akuwona umthombo othembekile womlando. Uvame ukufiphalisa umugqa phakathi komlando nenganekwane. Isibonelo salokhu igama lika-Enmen-lu-ana, okuthiwa wabusa iminyaka engu-100 43,200! Noma ukubusa kukaKubaba uqobo, okubonisa ukuthi wayeneminyaka eyi-100 engenakwenzeka ephethe iSumer! Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungenzeka ukuthi umqondo ohunyushiwe wesikhathi uhlukile ohlelweni esilulandelayo namuhla. Umgcini wendlu yezihambi waphenduka unkulunkulukazi? Eduze kwegama lika-Kubaba kubhalwe ukuthi “Owesifazane Ophethe Indlu Yezihambi Owasungula Izisekelo ZikaKish.” Ukuphakama kukaKubaba ebukhosini eKish kugubuzelwe yimfihlakalo, kodwa kuvunyelwana ngokuthi wayengumgcini wendlu yezihambi, okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuhlobene nobufebe ngokwemibhalo yasendulo yaseSumeri. Idolobha laseKishi lalaziwa ngengcebo namandla futhi libambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yaseMesophothamiya. Izazi ezigqamile zokubukezwa kwabesifazane, njengoClaudia E. Suter ngokwesibonelo, zibhale ukuthi uKubaba ngezinye izikhathi wayebhekwa njengomgcini wezifebe, indlela yokumehlisa isithunzi nokubonisa “ukuphathwa kwabesifazane emphakathini owawubuswa ngabesilisa ekuqaleni kwaseMesophothamiya”. Kunalokho, ukukhiqiza nokudayisa ubhiya ezweni lasendulo laseMesophothamiya kwakuwumsebenzi ohlonishwa kakhulu. Kwakukhona ubudlelwane basendulo phakathi kobunkulunkulu besifazane kanye utshwala, futhi ngokwesazi semfundiso yenkolo uCarol R. Fontaine, uKubaba wayeyobhekwa “njengowesifazane ophumelelayo kwezamabhizinisi.” Isigodlo esilahlekile esineminyaka engu-4,500 ubudala senkosi yaseSumer yasenganekwaneni yathola Kuthiwa ubenomusa futhi engenzeleli kumakhasimende akhe, emenzela idumela njengomuntu onomusa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi udumo lwakhe lwakhula futhi waqala ukukhonzwa njengonkulunkulukazi. Lokhu kuchaza ukwenyuka kwakhe njengendlovukazi, njengoba engazange ashade nenkosi, futhi akazange azuze amandla kumzali. Ithebhulethi ye-cuneiform yaseSumer yasendulo ibonisa ukubaluleka kobhiya endaweni umnotho kanye nomphakathi waseMesophothamiya yasendulo.
Kunenganekwane yokuthi labo babusi ababengamhloniphi unkulunkulu uMarduk ngeminikelo yezinhlanzi ethempelini lika-Esagila bahlangabezana nesiphetho esingemnandi. UKubaba kukholakala ukuthi waphakela umdobi wase ecela ukuthi anikele ngezinhlanzi zakhe ethempelini lase-Esagila. Umusa kaMarduk ekuphenduleni awumangalisi: “Makube njalo,” kusho unkulunkulu, futhi ngalokho “waphathisa uKubaba, umgcini wendlu yezihambi, ubukhosi emhlabeni wonke.” Eminye imithombo isikisela ukuthi wayeyilungu lozalo lwakwaKishi olubusayo nokuthi isihlalo sobukhosi wasithola kuyise. Abanye basikisela ukuthi wayengowesifazane ojwayelekile owavuka emandleni ngamakhono akhe kanye ne-charisma. Noma ngabe iqiniso lini, u-Kubaba wayengumholi omangalisayo owashiya uphawu olungapheli kuKish. Izimpumelelo Zendlovukazi Kubaba Ngokwesiko lasendulo laseSumeriya, umbuso wawungaboshelwanga enhloko-dolobha engaguquki, kodwa kunalokho wawusuka endaweni uye kwenye, unikezwe onkulunkulu bomuzi futhi udluliselwe ngokuthanda kwabo. Ngaphambi kukaQubaba, okuwukuphela kwelungu loBukhosi Besithathu bukaKish, inhloko-dolobha yayiseMari iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu futhi yathuthela e-Akshak ngemva kweQubaba. Kodwa-ke, indodana ka-Kubaba u-Puzer-Suen kanye nomzukulu u-Ur-Zababa bathuthela inhlokodolobha okwesikhashana babuyela eKish. Ingaphambili lethempeli lase-Inanna e-Uruk, e-Iraq. Unkulunkulu wesifazane uthela amanzi okuphila.
Enye yezimpumelelo eziphawulekayo zikaKubaba kwaba ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Inanna. Leli thempeli lalisenkabeni yeKishi futhi lalingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkolo esifundeni. Kukholakala ukuthi u-Kubaba wayengumkhulekeli ozinikele wase-Inanna futhi ithempeli liwukubonakaliswa kwezinkolelo zakhe nezimiso zenkolo yakhe. Indlela Umkhathi Owenziwe Ngayo: Inguqulo YaseSumeri Kunzima Ukungajabulisi Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zakhe zenkolo, u-Kubaba wayengumholi wezempi enhloko yebutho elinamandla. Kuthiwa uye wandisa indawo kaKishi ngochungechunge lwemikhankaso yezempi esiza ukusungula iKishi njengombuso omkhulu esifundeni. Amandla ezempi kaQubaba ayeyisici esibalulekile ekubuseni kwakhe futhi amsiza ekuqinisekiseni ukubusa kwakhe okuqhubekayo phezu kukaKishi. Kungani ukubusa kwakhe kwaphela? U-Kubaba ubhekane nokuphikiswa yizifunda zamadolobha eziyizimbangi kanye neKish uqobo. Abanye bathi waketulwa yizikhonzi zakhe, kanti amanye ama-akhawunti angcono asikisela ukuthi wasilahla isihlalo sobukhosi futhi walala yedwa.
Isithombe: Uhlu Lwenkosi YaseSumeriya olubhalwe ku-Weld-Blundell Prism, olunombhalo / Isizinda Somphakathi
